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Nadia Putri Wijanarko

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Foundation Engineering Homework

(1) Geotechnical profile and pile (required depth 38 - 40 m) construction method for soil
BH-1A
a. Geotechnical Profile of BH-1A
GWL = 1.5 m

Depth (m) Type Consistency Detail SPT N Value


1-4 Silty clay Soft - medium - 4
4-13.5 Silty clay Very soft - soft - 3
13.5-18 Clayey silt Very stiff Trace of sand 21
18-20 Silty sand - Coarse grained 50/12
Fine - medium
20-24 Silty sand - grained 50
24-26 Silty clay - - -
26-31 Silty clay Very stiff - 16
31-36 Silty clay Stiff - very stiff - 18
Trace to a little of
36-39 Clayey silt Very stiff sand 22
39-40 Silty clay Very stiff - 26
40-57 Clayey silt Very stiff A little of sand 28
57-60 Clayey silt Very stiff - 24
Strength Test Atterberg's Limit
Depth
(m) Type C qu t Gs e0 PL Water Content LL
U=
4.7 UNC 0.11-0.37 20 0.22 1.58 2.68 1.48 33 46 90
R= 0.07-0.3 27 0.4 - - -
9 UU 0.05 14 - 1.37 2.7 2.68 40 96 113
24.8 UU 1.1 8- 1.75 2.69 1.24 46 30 94
32.8 UU 0.8 5- 1.67 2.7 1.39 48 30 96
38.8 UU 1.6 9- 1.97 2.7 0.71 25 33 54
44.7 UU 1.5 5- 1.78 2.7 1.17 41 43 83

b. Pile Construction Method


Based on the soil profile, it can be concluded that the vast majority of the soil is of fine
grained soil (silts and clay) and its consistency is mostly stiff. The groundwater level is
positioned on 1.5 m depth, meaning that 58.5 m of the drilled soil is not submerged. The pile
depth required for the foundation is 38-40 m.
Analyzing from the soil profile, required depth, and theories, the method suitable for the
pile construction is by boring. Bored piles have deeper depth restriction (+/- 50 m; over the
required depth); whereas driven piles are restricted to only 20 - 30 m in depth. Due to the
limitations of jointing and pulling out of the driving tube, driven and cast-in-situ piles employing
withdrawable tube can not be used. The boring should be supported with borehole by bentonite
slurry. Taking the size of the soil grain and consistency/stiffness; obtained from triaxial test, into
the consideration, theoretically fine-grained and stiff soil such as silty clay and clayey silt also
points to the use of bored piles. Meanwhile for soft clay and granular soil (sand, gravel), it is
better to use driven or cast-in-situ piles.
Reviewing from the SPT (indicate density and internal friction of soil), the mean soil
density in BH-1A based on SPT can be categorized in compact soil. The soil profile tested is
well compacted and dense. Meanwhile considering the soil is mainly composed of silts and clay,
it can be categorized to be cohesive soil. Compacted cohesive soil is better suited with bored
piles.
In order to know which material to be used for the pile; timber, steel, concrete, or
composite, the chemical properties of the soil needs to be furtherly investigated as the
mechanical properties alone can not predict how the material would react with the soil. By
knowing the properties, the most suitable material can be chosen as well as preparing the
protection method necessary.
(2) Geotechnical profile and pile (required depth 38 - 40 m) construction method for soil
BH-2A
a. Geotechnical Profile of BH-2A
Depth (m) Type Consistency Detail SPT N Value
1-3 Silty clay Medium - 4
3-10 Silty clay Very soft - 1
10-11 Silty clay - Trace of organic wood 20
11-14 Silty clay Very stiff - 22
14-15.5 Clayey silt Hard Trace of fine grained sand 38
15.5-18 Silty clay Very stiff - 25
18-19 Clayey silt - - 20
19-20 Silty clay Stiff Trace of organic wood 7
20-21.5 Silty clay Stiff Trace of organic wood 8
21.5-23 Silty clay - - 20
23-26 Clayey silt Hard - 39
Fine grained, slightly
26-26.5 Silty sand - cemented 38
26.5-28 Sand - Trace of silt, fine grained 37
28-30 Silty clay Very stiff - 39
30-32 Silty clay Very stiff - 22
Very stiff -
32-36 Silty clay hard - 30
36-40 Clayey silt - Some sand 23
40-57 Silty clay Very stiff - 25
57-60 Silty clay Very stiff Trace of fine grained sand 22
Strength Test Atterberg's Limit
Depth Water
(m) Type C qu t Gs e0 PL Content LL
4.5 UU 0.07 16 - 1.32 2.65 3.18 40 108 113
8.8 UNC U=0.09-0.3 6 0.18 1.3 2.67 3.29 41 103 109
R=0.06-0.11 26 0.12
32.8 UNC U=0.67 - 1.34 1.68 2.7 1.41 50 30 102
R=0.46 - 0.92
39 UU 1.25 9 - 1.75 2.68 0.91 25 36 56
42.8 UU 0.9 5 - 1.67 2.7 1.44 21 51 103

b. Pile Construction Method


A review of BH-2A soil profile shows that the majority of the soil is consisted of fine
grained soil; silt and clay (silty clay and clayey silt). The majority of the soil's consistency is
very stiff; varying from soft - hard. The groundwater level (GWL) is found at the depth of 1.5 m;
majority of soil is not submerged in groundwater. Hence, based on the soil profile and theory, a
suitable pile construction method for the depth 38 - 40 m can be analyzed.
The required depth of 38 - 40 m shows that the pile must be constructed using boring
method. This is due to the fact that boring pile has depth restriction up to 50 m as opposed to
driven piles' 20-30 m. Considering the limitations of jointing and pulling out of the driving tube,
driven and cast-in-situ piles employing withdrawable tube can not be used. An analysis in terms
of soil grain size; silt and clay, also determine that the piles are better constructed using boring
methods. The triaxial test also shows that the majority of the soil is categorized as stiff to very
stiff. This fact lead to the recommendation of using boring construction method as it can drill to
stiffer (up to soft rock; hard consistency) soil as opposed to you driven pile's capability to
construct in looser and softer soil. The boring should be supported with borehole by bentonite
slurry.
The density of the soil can be obtained using the N value from SPT test. It is known that
based on the SPT, the density of the soil varies mainly from compact to dense. However, the top
layer of the soil is known to be lose. It can be concluded that the soil is mostly well compacted.
Considering this fact, it is known that compacted soil is better suited with boring method. In
terms of cohesiveness of the soil, clay and silt are known to be cohesive soil. Cohesive and
compacted soil is suitable with boring method.
In order to know which material to be used for the pile; timber, steel, concrete, or
composite, the chemical properties of the soil needs to be furtherly investigated as the
mechanical properties alone can not predict how the material would react with the soil. By
knowing the properties, the most suitable material can be chosen as well as preparing the
protection method necessary.
SOURCES
Woodward, Tomlinson. Pile Design and Construction Practice, 6th Edition. CRC Press:
2008.
http://www.geotechdata.info/geotest/standard-penetration-test.html (retrieved on
September 15th 2017)

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