ABSTRACT

Electric Vehicle are becoming increasingly attractive alternative to the car with combustion
engine, considering the effect on the environment as well as economic factors such as gradual
increasing price of fluid fossil fuels, maintenance and others. Due to the fact that these vehicles
are widely known for their zero emission and powered by renewable energy sources. The idea of
the project is to take another alternative design of EV prime mover to replace existing electric
motor. In general, EV are driven and controlled by the integration of electrical, electronics and
also mechanical components but the main component that actually moves these vehicles is the
electric motor. Electric motor works on principles of the electromagnetic induction by converting
electrical energy to kinetic energy. This energy conversion is the main purpose of an electric motor
and this actuator are highly popularized in most EVs designs. So a solenoid will be used to replace
the electric motor as a prime mover. For this a prototype of a solenoid is designed, built, and tested.
The solenoid will be used as kicking device. As earlier studies have investigated a solenoid as
shooting mechanism. In one study the solenoid is investigated as most suitable kicking device. The
other study designed and optimized a solenoid. In this study a prototype solenoid is designed and
tested.

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 CONTENT

1. Introduction-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
1.1. Definition--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
1.2. Principle---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
1.3. Working---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
2. Literature Review----------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
2.1. Case Study-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
3. Engine----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
3.1. Comparison-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
4. Solenoid Engine-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
4.1. Overview---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
4.2. Application of Solenoid----------------------------------------------------------------------14
5. Components Description--------------------------------------------------------------------------15
5.1. Solenoid Operated Cylinders----------------------------------------------------------------15
5.2. Magnetic Piston-------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
5.3. Connecting Rod-------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
5.4. Crank Shaft------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
5.5. Flywheel----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
5.6. Electric Cable----------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
6. Design Calculations--------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
7. Result-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
8. Scope For Future Development-------------------------------------------------------------------22
9. Fabricated Model Photographs-------------------------------------------------------------------23
10. Conclusion-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
11. References-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26

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 1. INTRODUCTION

A solenoid is a type of electromagnet when the purpose is to generate a controlled magnetic field.
If the purpose of the solenoid is instead to impede changes in the electric current, a solenoid can
be more specifically classified as an inductor rather than an electromagnet.

In engineering, the term may also refer to a variety of transducer devices that convert energy into
linear motion. The term is also often used to refer to a solenoid valve, which is an integrated device
containing an electromechanical solenoid which actuates either a pneumatic or hydraulic valve, or
a solenoid switch, which is a specific type of relay that internally uses an electromechanical
solenoid to operate an electrical switch; for example, an automobile starter solenoid, or a linear
solenoid, which is an electromechanical solenoid. Solenoid bolts, a type of electronic-mechanical
locking mechanism, also exist.

Solenoid is the generic term for a coil of wire used as an electromagnet. It also refers to any device
that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy using a solenoid. The device creates a
magnetic field from electric current and uses the magnetic field to create linear motion. Common
application of solenoids is to power a switch, like the starter in an automobile, or a valve, such as
in a sprinkler system.

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A solenoid consists of a coil and a moving metal rod, also known as armature or plunger. The
operation of solenoids is based on conversion electrical energy into mechanical energy, and
therefore solenoids are being considered as electromechanically actuators.

Normally, the coil is a copper wire wound a tiny pitch and placed in a metal (iron-based material)
case, also known as a C-frame. The C-frame is a supporting structure that also contributes to the
magnetic field produced by the coil. Applying an electric current to a solenoid coil generates a
magnetic field or flux with intensity proportional to the current. The magnetic field pulls the
plunger in. The reason for the plunger attraction is a ferromagnetic material with high magnetic
permeability, whereas air which has very low magnetic permeability. Pulling the plunger inside
closes the air gap and intensifies the field concentration inside the solenoid.

The plunger (armature) of the solenoid can only be attracted by the magnetic field, hence the
solenoid can only generate force in one direction. Normally when the solenoid is in the rest the
plunger is kept far from the coil using a spring. However, solenoid has been used as servo actuator
in engine mount application.

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 1.1. Definition of Electromagnetic Engine :

An engine powering device with magnetic components that aid in the operation of piston propelled
engines by attaching the device individually to the pistons, causing the pistons to perform the up
and down thrusts Without the use of fuel thereby mobilizing the engine, eliminating the necessity
of fuel and preventing pollution exhausting into the atmosphere. This engine has magnetic
shielding safety components to protect people and other electronic devices from strong rare earth
magnets and electromagnets.

1.2. Principle :

An engine powering device with magnetic components that aid in the operation of piston propelled
engines by attaching the device individually to the pistons, causing the pistons to perform the up
and down thrusts Without the use of fuel thereby mobilizing the engine, eliminating the necessity
of fuel and preventing pollution exhausting into the atmosphere. This engine has magnetic
shielding safety components to protect people and other electronic devices from strong rare earth
magnets and electromagnets. A straight current carrying conductor produces a circular magnetic
field around itself at all points along its length and that the direction of rotation of this magnetic
field depends upon the direction of current flow through the conductor, the Left Hand Rule. The
force that sets up the magnetic field depends on the number of turns on the coil and the magnitude
of the current flowing. This force is called the Magneto Motive Force and the unit of measurement
is the Ampere-turn. This equals the current times the number of turns. (MMF = I x n). The material
that the magnetic field is being built up in, in this case air, has a resistance to being magnetized.
This resistance to the flux build up is called Reluctance.

The magnetic field does not appear instantly, it tarts from nothing when the current is first turned
on and as the current increases so the magnetic field increases. When the current is turned off the
field takes a little time to decade again.

H = (I x N)/L
WHERE :
H - Is the strength of the magnetic field in ampere turns/meters , A t/m
N - Is the number of turns of the coil
I - Is the current flowing through the coil in amps,
L - Is the length of the coil in metres, m

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 1.3. Working :
The cylinder, piston and connecting rod appear similar to the conventional Internal combustion
engine or it may vary in certain areas. The arrangement completely depends upon the configuration
used in designing the electromagnetic engine.
It has a permanent magnet, electromagnet, piston, cylinder and connecting rod. Usually
Neodymium is used as the permanent magnet and is mounted on top of the piston. Neodymium is
either welded or stuck using super glue to keep it from coming out of the piston, while working.
The electromagnet is placed in the position of spark plug. The electromagnet is capable of changing
the polarity when the direction of the current is changed. The permanent magnet responds to the
pull or push of the electromagnet, thereby causing the piston to reciprocate along the length of the
cylinder. This power is taken as output from the connecting rod and the crankshaft.

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 2. LITREATURE REVIEW :

[1]

AUTHOR : Atulkumarsingh, PrabhatRanjanTripathi,

TITLE : Microcontrolled Electromagnetic Engine, 2011

CONCLUSION : The paper proposes an idea of electromagnetic engine which uses the property
of an electromagnet by virtue of which it changes the polarity of its poles whenever the direction
of current entering the windings is changed.

[2]

AUTHOR : J.Rithula,J.Jeyashruthi and Y Anandhi,

TITLE : Electric Vehicle with Zero-fuel Electromagnetic Automobile Engine,2013

CONCLUSION : In this paper, we have depicted a revolutionary engine which need not be
separately manufactured, but existing engines can be easily modified to work this way. The
proposed engine is a simple and excellent technique to run the electric vehicle in a highly
efficient manner.

[3]

AUTHOR : Shirsendu Das,

TITLE : An ELECTROMAGNETIC MECHANISM WHICH WORKS LIKE AN ENGINE,

2013

CONCLUSION : In this system ,They have used 2 Solenoids at Top dead centre (TDC) &
Bottom Dead centre (BDC). Except piston the other parts (cylinder, connecting rod, crank shaft
etc) should be made by non-magnetic materials like aluminium alloys or forged steel.

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[4]

AUTHOR : Abil Joseph Eapen, AbyEshowVarughese, Arun T.P,Athul T.N,

TITLE : ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE,2014

CONCLUSION : The prototype is an idea which uses the property of an electromagnet by

virtue of which it changes the polarity of its poles whenever the direction of current is changed.
This variation in polarity is utilized to attract or repel the permanent magnet attached to the
piston. The usage of relay and timer will limit the output of the engine. By using an ECU in the
engine instead, power can be obtained on each stroke which will result in an increased output.

[5]

AUTHOR : AmarnathJayaprakash, Balaji, G., Bala Subramanian, S. and Naveen, N.,

TITLE : STUDIES ON ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE, 2014

CONCLUSION :

Residual magnetism by Reverse Degauss System & Down cycle Degauss system.
Demagnetization of permanent magnets at higher temperature.
Speed and torque depends on the size of the battery.
Complicated engine design.
Controlling the engine is difficult.

[6]

AUTHOR : C. Sudhakar, K. Premkumar, K.Vijith, S.Balaji,

TITLE : EMISSIONLESS ENGINE BY USING ELECTRO MAGNET, 2014

CONCLUSION : From this paper they tried to implement v-type engine that consist of two
permanent and electromagnet respectively that works as per the magnetic principle, Which can
give better output.

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 2.1. CASE STUDY

Shirsendu Das (Jun 2013):

An Electromagnetic Mechanism Which Works Like an Engine

Engine is the main power source of Automobiles, where combustion takes place & produces
heat which converts into mechanical energy. We know IC-Engines are used in Automobiles,
Aeroplane etc. But the incomplete combustion produces some harmful gasses, which is one main
cause of air pollution. Modern Science & Technology has been taken many positive steps for
emission control. Like, using CNGs & LPGs instead of petrol & diesel. Now technology brings
Electrical bikes, scooters & cars. The battery of electrical vehicle can charge easily like mobile.
They have less running cost & 100% emission free. But they have very less load carrying
capacity & not suitable for long run. So basically we have to prefer Engines for more power &
more running capacity. Here I have introduced a mechanism which has more load caring &
running capacity then electrical vehicles but makes zero emission or pollution.

Abil Joseph Eapen, Aby Eshow Varughese (Jun 2014):

ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE

Increasing fuel prices and pollution are the major demerits of Internal Combustion (IC) engines.
Also presently the demand for fuel has increased and in the nearby future, shortage of fossil fuels
is being expected due to the ever growing consumption. So need of alternative energy has
become necessary. The main aim of the project is the zero point fuel consumption. The working
principle of the engine is the magnetic force principle, i.e. magnetic repulsion between the same
poles of two different magnets. When similar poles of two different magnets come in contact
with each other they repel each other. This phenomenon of repulsion is used in this engine to
create motion.

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 3. ENGINE

An engine is a device that converts energy in one form into mechanical energy.

In modern usage, the term Engine typically describes devices, like steam engines and internal
combustion engines, that burn or otherwise consume fuel to perform mechanical work by
exerting a torque or linear force (usually in the form of thrust). Devices converting heat energy
into motion are commonly referred to simply as engines.

Examples of engines which exert a torque include the familiar automobile gasoline and diesel
engines, as well as turboshafts.

Examples of engines which produce thrust include turbofans and rockets.

When the internal combustion engine was invented, the term motor was initially used to
distinguish it from the steam enginewhich was in wide use at the time, powering locomotives
and other vehicles such as steam rollers. The term motor derives from the Latin verb moto which
means to set in motion, or maintain motion. Thus a motor is a device that imparts motion.

Motor and engine later came to be used largely interchangeably in casual discourse.

However, technically, the two words have different meanings. An engine is a device
that burns or otherwise consumes fuel, changing its chemical composition, whereas a motor is a
device driven by electricity, air, or hydraulic pressure, which does not change the chemical
composition of its energy source. However, rocketry uses the term rocket motor, even though
they consume fuel.

A heat engine may also serve as a prime movera component that transforms the flow or
changes in pressure of a fluid into mechanical energy. An automobile powered by an internal
combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps, but ultimately all such devices
derive their power from the engine. Another way of looking at it is that a motor receives power
from an external source, and then converts it into mechanical energy, while an engine creates
power from pressure (derived directly from the explosive force of combustion or
other chemical reaction, or secondarily from the action of some such force on other substances
such as air, water, or steam).

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 3.1. Comparison

An engine can be put into a category according to two criteria: the form of energy it accepts in
order to create motion, and the type of motion it outputs.

(A) Heat Engine

In Engineering, a heat engine converts heat energy to mechanical work by using the temperature
difference between a hot "source" and a cold "sink". Heat is transferred from the source, through
the "working body" of the engine, to the "sink", and in this process some of the heat changes into
work by using the qualities of the gas or liquid inside the engine.

There are many kinds of Heat engines. Each has a thermodynamic cycle. Heat engines are often
named after the thermodynamic cycle they use, like the Carnot cycle. They often pick up
everyday names, such as gasoline/petrol, turbine, or steam engines.

(B) Non-thermal chemically powered motor

Non-thermal motors usually are powered by a chemical reaction, but are not heat engines.
Examples include:

Molecular motor - motors found in living things

Synthetic molecular motor.

(C) Electric Motor

An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, usually through the
interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors. The reverse process, producing
electrical energy from mechanical energy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo. Traction
motors used on vehicles often perform both tasks. Electric motors can be run as generators and
vice versa, although this is not always practical. Electric motors are ubiquitous, being found in
applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household
appliances, power tools, and disk drives. They may be powered by direct current (for example a
battery powered portable device or motor vehicle), or by alternating current from a central
electrical distribution grid. The smallest motors may be found in electric wristwatches. Medium-
size motors of highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical
power for industrial uses. The very largest electric motors are used for propulsion of large ships,
and for such purposes as pipeline compressors, with ratings in the thousands of kilowatts.
Electric motors may be classified by the source of electric power, by their internal construction,
and by their application.

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 4. Solenoid Engine

4.1. Overview
A SOLENOID derive in turn from the Greek solen ("pipe, channel") and edios ("form, shape")
is a coil wound into a tightly packed helix. The term was invented by French physician to
designate a helical coil.

In ENGINEERING, The term may also refer to a variety of transducer devices that convert
energy into linear motion. The term is also often used to refer to a solenoid valve, which is an
integrated device containing an electromechanical solenoid which actuates either a pneumatic or
hydraulic valve, or a solenoid switch, which is a specific type of relay that internally uses an
electromechanical solenoid to operate an electrical switch; for example, an automobile solenoid a
linear solenoid, which is an electromechanical solenoid. Solenoid machine a type of electronic-
mechanical locking mechanism.

How Do Electromagnet Solenoids Work?

When a lazy charge sits on its couch, doing nothing, it is surrounded by an electric field. This
makes sense, because it's an electric charge, after all. But once that charge gets some motivation
and goes for a run around the block, suddenly it produces a magnetic field. This might strike you
as odd, and you wouldn't be alone! As physicists figured out later, both fields are part of the
same force of nature: electromagnetism.

Because of this, we can create a magnet by simply running a current through a wire. When we
run a current through a solenoid, however, we get a super strong magnet because the magnetic
field is concentrated inside the coil. This can be incredibly useful in our everyday lives.

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 4.2. Applications

(A)Uses of Electromagnet Solenoids

Electromagnetic solenoids find uses all over the world. They're in hotel door locks, water-
pressure valves in air conditioning systems, MRI machines, hard disk drives, speakers,
microphones, power plants, and cars. You can hardly swing a bat without hitting a solenoid.

Speakers and microphones, for example, both contain solenoids. In fact, a speaker and
microphone are pretty much exactly the same thing in reverse of each other. A speaker takes
electrical signals and runs it through a solenoid to create motion; that motion drives the speaker
and creates a sound. A microphone does the opposite; your voice pushes the solenoid back and
forth, and that motion of the solenoid creates an electrical signal that can be used to create the
sound elsewhere. Without solenoids, we wouldn't be able to record or reproduce sound at all.

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(B)Solenoid Engine
The Solenoid Engine will replace the Combustion Engine in electricity production and
transportation. The Solenoid Engine will reduce the effects of Climate Change. The engine will
end over 60% of greenhouse gases which will affect the climate of the World. The engine will
end over 75% of the World's dependency on Oil.

The Solenoid Engine :

NO Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy

NO Exhaust Greenhouse Gases

The Solenoid Engine operates by taking electricity from a battery, converting it to Magnetic
Energy using electromagnets, and converting that kinetic energy to Mechanical Energy using the
crankshaft. The electricity, stored in a battery, is the primary energy source. The energy is send
to electromagnets which turn that electricity into Magnetic Energy, magnetic force. The
magnetic force is used to turn a crankshaft.

The crankshaft will increase the energy using Mechanical Advantage and send that Mechanical
Energy to two places:

1) It will send part of the energy as electricity, by turning an alternator, back to the battery and
electromagnets. 2) It will send the remaining energy, Mechanical Energy, using a shaft which
can turn ether a generator or a transmission.

The Solenoid Engine can produce various amounts of horsepower and torque.

The horsepower is controlled by two things,

1) the size of the crankshaft which dictates the amount of magnetic force needed from the
electromagnets and 2) the number of Magnetic Chambers.

Magnetic Chamber

The Magnetic Chamber uses the magnetic force from an Electromagnet and Permanent Magnet
repelling and attracting to each other to turn a crankshaft. The linear motion of the Magnetic
Chamber is converted into circular force and torque.

The Opposite Pole Electromagnet and the Permanent Magnets produce magnetic forces. These
forces will repel or attract each other. The Opposite Pole Electromagnet, powered by electricity,
has one pole at either end of the electromagnet. The pole can be either North Pole or South Pole
and can be reversed by changing the polarity.

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 5. Components Description

5.1. Solenoid operated cylinders :

The cylinder developed is made of Plastic, a non- magnetic material which limits the magnetic
field within the boundaries of cylinder periphery. Usage of Plastic material makes the engine
lighter unlike the cast-iron cylinder used in internal combustion engine.

Each solenoid cylinder from cylinders and valves is manufactured from top quality materials in
order to deliver outstanding performance and reliability. These small bore solenoid cylinders
feature hydraulic and pneumatic operation and are available in large and heavy duty
configuration.

Our solenoid cylinder design include DC powered electric solenoids. All of our solenoid
cylinders can be modified in a no. of ways to meet your unique requirements.

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 5.2. Magnetic piston:

Magnetic piston is the modified version of the simple reciprocating piston in which the simple
reciprocating piston is replaced by permanent magnet and work on the principle of magnetism.

The hollow piston casing is made up of non-magnetic stainless steel. One end of the hollow
case is fitted with a powerful permanent magnet made of neodymiumiron-boron (NdFeB)

Magnet is the piece of material that have equal no of poles. Poles are the points where all the flux
lines meet. Magnet attracts when there are unlike poles (north-south) are brought near each other
repel when there like poles (north-north) and (south-south) when they brought near each other.

Force of attraction and repulsion between two magnets depends on

Shape

Magnetization

Orientation

Separation of the magnets

5.3. Connecting Rod

In a reciprocating engine, the connecting rod is used to connect the piston to the crankshaft. It
converts the linear motion or reciprocating motion of the piston to the circular motion of the
crankshaft. The connecting rod used in this engine is that of a power sprayer. The material of the
connecting rod is cast iron. As the magnetic fields are contained inside the cylinder, the
connecting rod will not be affected much. The connecting rod is same as that of an Internal
Combustion engine. No modification is required.

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5.4. Crank Shaft

The crankshaft, sometimes casually called the crank, is the part of an engine which changes
the up and down motion of the pistons into rotation. To convert the motion, the crankshaft
has one or more offset shafts. The pistons are connected to the crankshaft by these shafts.
When the piston moves up and down, it pushes the offset shaft. This in turn rotates the
crankshaft.The pistons cause a pulsing affect in the rotation. A crankshaft usually connects
to a flywheel. The flywheel smooths out the rotation. Sometimes there is a torsion or
vibration damper on the other end of the crankshaft. This helps reduce vibrations of the
crankshaft.

CRANK SHAFT OF ENGINE

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 5.5. Flywheel

A flywheel is a mechanical device specifically designed to efficiently store rotational energy.

Flywheels resist changes in rotational speed by their moment of inertia. The amount of energy
stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed. The way to change a
flywheel's stored energy is by increasing or decreasing its rotational speed applying a torque
aligned with its axis of symmetry.

FLYWHEEL OF ENGINE

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 5.6. Electric Cable

In this solenoidal engine we use the copper wire because they are good conductor of electricity
.There are also positive and negative cables in the jumper cable set.

Jump cables are cables which are use to connect two different terminals. Owning a working set of
jumper cables and knowing how to use them is a must. Since using jumper cables incorrectly can
be dangerous, follow every step precisely. Most jumper cables have an instruction card or label so
you can make sure you're connecting them the right way .

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6. DESIGN CALCULATIONS

Input voltage = -----V

Input current = ----- A

Input Power = Voltage Current= -------W

Force exerted by electromagnet on piston: F1=(N2*I2*K*A)/ 2*G2

Where, N = number of turns = 350

I = Current flowing through coil = 3.34 A

K = Permeability of free space = 410-7

A = Cross-sectional area of electromagnet (radius,r =m)

G = Least distance between electromagnet and permanent magnet = ..m

d = diameter of electromagnet = .. m

On substitution we get

Max Force F1 = N

On substituting flux density we get

Max Force F2 = N

F = F1 + F2=..N

Torque, T = F r

Where , F = total force on piston = N

r = crank radius = .m

Torque T = . N-m

Output Power: P=(2NT)/60

Where, N = speed= rpm

T = Torque= . N-m

On substitution ,we get P = . W

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 7. RESULT

The prototype of an electromagnetic engine which works on the principle of magnetism was
successfully developed, fabricated and tested. Result analysis was done on the prototype.

The results obtained are as follows.

Prototype of an engine which works on the principle of magnetism was tested successfully.

It uses electricity as its input without fuel.

The prototype creates no pollution and is eco-friendly.

Only the repulsive force between the magnet and electromagnet is used for power generation.

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8. Scope For Future Development :

The prototype is an idea which uses the property of an electromagnet by virtue of which it
changes the polarity of its poles whenever the direction of current is changed. This variation
in polarity is utilized to attract or repel the permanent magnet attached to the piston. By using
an ECU in the engine instead, power can be obtained on each stroke which will result in an
increased output. Also, by inserting more permanent magnets in series on the piston will
enhance the output of the engine. By slight modification in design and by the use of better
hands the engine can be modified to generate more power, thereby increasing its efficiency,
so that it can be used in commercial vehicles and other applications.

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9. Fabricated Model Photographs :

9.1.SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE MODEL

23
9.2. FOUR CYLINDER SOLENOID ENGINE

FBRICATED MODEL : 4 CYLINDER SOLENOID ENGINE

24
10) CONCLUSION

We developed the schematics of engine ensuring following parameters:

There is no effect on atmosphere because electromagnetic engine cause no atmospheric

pollution.
It required less maintenance compared to IC engine.
It provide alternative to the fossil fuels.
It is Lighter in weight than an internal combustion engine.
It provide more efficiency with lesser torque.

25
11) REFERENCE

11.1. Websites :

www.Google.com
www.Youtube.com
www.Wikipedia.com
www.Studyworld .com
www.esatjournals.net

11.2. Published Texts :

International Journal of Recent Advances in Engineering & Technology (IJRAET)

International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology
ElectromagneticAutomobile Engine,2013,Chennai ,INDIA

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