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2016 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 2017 June;57(6):794-801
Online version at http://www.minervamedica.it DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.16.06358-1
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
BODY COMPOSITION, NUTRITION
1Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Rome, Italy; 2ELAV Institute, Citt di
Castello, Perugia, Italy; 3Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
*Corresponding author: Massimo Sacchetti, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Piazza Lauro De
Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy. E-mail: massimo.sacchetti@uniroma4.it
A B S T RAC T
BACKGROUND: The present study tested the possibility of a localized fat mass (FM) reduction by means of training programmes focusing on
specific bodily regions.
METHODS: Sixteen physically inactive women (age: 314; BMI: 27.52.1), randomly allocated to two groups, completed an 8 week train-
ing programme. In one group (UpBdResist) training sessions consisted of upper body resistance exercises followed by 30-minute cycling at
50%VO2max, while the other group (LwBdResist) performed lower body resistance exercises followed by 30 minutes on an arm-ergometer.
Regional body composition was assessed by DEXA and skin fold measures.
RESULTS: Regardless of a similar reduction in both groups, UpBdResist training elicited a greater reduction of the upper limbs (UL) FM as
compared to the lower limbs (LL) (% UL vs. LL: -12.13.4 vs. -4.04.7; P=0.02). Conversely, in the LwBdResist group, FM loss was more
pronounced in the LL as compared to the UL (% UL vs. LL: -2.37.0 vs. -11.58.2, P=0.02). Likewise, LwBdResist elicited a larger effect on
lean mass (LM) of the LL as compared to UL (% LL vs. UL: +8.45.8 vs. -2.75.0, P<0.01), yet no differences between upper and lower limb
LM changes were detected in UpBdResist group.
CONCLUSIONS: The present data suggest that a training programme entailing localized explosive resistance exercise, prior to an endurance
exercise bout, may target specific adipose tissue sites eliciting localised fat mass loss in the upper and lower limbs.
(Cite this article as: Scotto di Palumbo A, Guerra E, Orlandi C, Bazzucchi I, Sacchetti M. Effect of combined resistance and endurance exercise train-
ing on regional fat loss. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017;57:794-801. DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.16.06358-1)
Key words: Weight loss - Exercise - Physical conditioning, human.
fatty acid stored in the adipose tissue (AT).2 However, implications of fat distribution modifications, along with
AT sites located in different body regions do not equally the attraction of aesthetic body sculpting the hypothe-
respond to exercise. For instance, abdominal subcutane- sis of localised fat mass loss by targeted exercise (also
ous AT (SCAT) has been shown to be a preferential target known as spot slimming) has gained interest overtime.
794 The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness June 2017
not permitted. It is not permitted to remove, cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, log
means which may allow access to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use i
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EXERCISE AND REGIONAL FAT LOSS SCOTTO di PALUMBO
The question has been matter of debate for long. limbs) on body composition, with particular regard to
The early observations of Olson and Eldelstein,6 who fat mass (FM) distribution.
detected a reduced skinfold in the arm undergoing re-
sistance exercise compared to the control arm, were not Materials and methods
supported by subsequent investigations.7-9 Neverthe-
less, the interest was renewed and supported by studies Subjects
adopting more accurate investigation techniques. Ko- Twenty-two young women were enrolled according
stek et al.10 for instance, failed to detect any significant to the following inclusion criteria: 1) age between 25
regional SCAT reduction, as assessed by magnetic reso- and 40 years; 2) BMI between 23 and 30 kg/m2; 3) not
nance imaging, after 12 weeks of resistance training of physically active (less than 1hr/week); subjects were
the non-dominant arm, in spite of a significant skinfold also excluded if they were smokers, had high alcohol
reduction. In contrast, data supporting the possibility of intake, presented any chronic cardiovascular, metabol-
regional lipolysis were reported by Stallknecht et al.,4 ic, pulmonary disease, or assumed any medications or
who found that during one-leg endurance exercise, adi- supplements.
pose tissue blood flow and interstitial glycerol concen- Six subjects (3 per groups) did not complete the study.
tration were greater in the AT adjacent to the contracting Therefore, the entire protocol was completed by 8 sub-
muscles, compared to the AT in the resting muscles. jects per group. Subjects characteristics are reported in
Interestingly, in such a contradicted scenario, the im- Table I.
pact of different exercise types has not been thoroughly The study was approved by the Local Ethics Com-
investigated. Indeed, it is logic to assume that by re- mittee. Participants gave their written consent after be-
sponding to the entity of the stressing stimulus, physi- ing informed of the purpose of the research, the experi-
ological adjustments to exercise are specific, i.e. the di- mental procedure, and the possible related benefits and
verse components of exercise (duration, intensity, type, risks of the study.
modality, timing, nutritional status), differently and
specifically affect metabolic pathways. As an instance, Experimental design
high intensity resistance exercise elicits a large release
of catecholamines and other lipolytic mediators,11 yet A randomised controlled trial with two intervention
lower energy expenditure and fat oxidation,12 as com- groups was designed in order to determine the effect of
pared to aerobic endurance exercise. Moreover, differ- two different exercise training protocols on regional fat
ent exercise combinations/sequences may induce differ- distribution.
ent responses in terms of lipid utilisation. Indeed, it was After a preliminary analysis, subjects were randomly
shown that lipolysis and fat oxidation were augmented assigned to the two groups, which performed a 12-week
when aerobic exercise was preceded by a resistance training programme conducted 3 times per week. The
exercise bout,13 whereas a blunted growth hormone re- training session of the first group (UpBdResist, resis-
sponse occurred when resistance exercise followed aer- tance exercise for upper body) entailed a combination
obic exercise.14 Furthermore, Kang et al.15 highlighted of resistance exercises for the upper body, followed by
the role of exercise intensity, by demonstrating that fat an aerobic exercise bout for the lower body. The sec-
oxidation during aerobic exercise was greater when pri- ond group session (LwBdResist, resistance exercise for
or resistance exercise intensity was high. lower body) consisted in a combination of resistance
Based on the abovementioned observations, it could exercises for the lower body, followed by an aerobic ex-
be hypothesized that the combination of diverse exer- ercise bout for the upper body.
cise types, when performed in different bodily region,
may induce different effects on regional body compo- Procedures
or other proprietary information of the Publisher.
sition. The aim of the present study was thus to elu- Preliminary analysis
cidate the effect of combining explosive resistance ex-
ercise with steady state endurance exercise, performed Subjects performed two preliminary sessions, 2 to 4
separately in different body regions (lower limbs/upper days apart. The first session was held in the laboratory,
Vol. 57 - No. 6 The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 795
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means which may allow access to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use i
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COPYRIGHT 2017 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA
SCOTTO di PALUMBO EXERCISE AND REGIONAL FAT LOSS
whilst the second in the gym where training sessions lowed by 18W increase in power output every minute
were delivered. until either the criteria for documentation of VO2max
where met (plateau in VO2 despite increasing work
First session rate; reaching 95% of the age-predicted maximal HR)
or volitional exhaustion was reached. The pedal ca-
Participants were instructed to refrain from exercise dence was kept constant at 60rpm for the entire test
since two days preceding the first experimental trial. duration.
They arrived at the laboratory between 08.00 and 09.00
a.m. after an overnight fast. Second session
adopted to calibrate the turbine Environmental condi- sion of an exercise specialist. Subjects completed a re-
tions were monitored by a portable thermo-hygrometer sistance circuit training consisting of 5 exercises on the
(BAR208HG, Oregon Scientific, Taulatin, OR, USA). following isotonic machines (Technogym, Gambettola,
The test started with a 6-minute warm-up at 50W, fol- Italy): chest press, low row, arm curl, deltoids machine,
796 The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness June 2017
not permitted. It is not permitted to remove, cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, log
means which may allow access to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use i
This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies
(either sporadically or systematically, either printed or electronic) of the Article for any purpose. It is not permitted to distribute the electronic copy of the article through online internet and/or intranet file sharing systems, electronic mailing or any other
COPYRIGHT 2017 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA
EXERCISE AND REGIONAL FAT LOSS SCOTTO di PALUMBO
triceps machine for the UpBdResist group; gluteus ma- way repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine
chine, seated leg curl, abductor machine, leg extension, main (training regime, bodily region) and interaction ef-
adductor machine for the LwBdResist group. For each fects. When interaction effects were observed, between
exercise, 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 60% 1RM were per- groups and between districts effects were detected by
formed requiring the subjects to provide the maximal one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with base-
contraction velocity, with a 30 seconds inter-set recov- line values as covariates, and within group (same dis-
ery, in an effort to induce the maximal power output for trict) effects were detected by paired samples T-test.
any specific movement 16 and to increase the metabolic Significance was set at level of 0.05. Cohens d was
stress.11, 17 At the completion of the circuit, the same used to calculate the effect size between two means.
sequence was repeated for a second time. Values are reported as meansSD.
Resistance exercise was followed by a 30-minute
aerobic exercise conducted at an intensity correspond- Results
ing to 50% VO2max. UpBdResist exercised at the cycle-
ergometer whilst LwBdResist at the arm-ergometer. En- Subjects characteristics are reported in Table I. No
durance exercise intensity was set as reported to elicit significant difference between groups was detected at
maximal fat oxidation in untrained women.18 baseline.
In order to detect the regional effect of exercise type,
resistance exercise was performed with the UL by Up- Training compliance
BdResist, and with the LL by LwBdResist. Conversely,
endurance exercise was conducted with the UL by LwB- Of the 22 volunteers initially enrolled in the train-
dResist, and with the LL by UpBdResist at the same ing programme, 16 completed the post-treatment as-
exercise intensity (50% VO2max previously determined sessment (72%). Three subjects withdrew for personal
at the cycle-ergometer) to provoke similar energy ex- reasons, including lack of time and other concomitant
penditure between groups. A 10-minutes warm-up and commitments. One subject entered a hypo-caloric diet
a 5-minutes cool down period were performed at the and failed to comply with dietary activity pattern, and
beginning and at the end of each training session. two subjects were not compliant with the training pro-
gramme. Compliance was set at 85% of the session held.
Changes in body composition over the 12-week train-
Dietary intake and physical activity
ing period are reported in Table II.
Subjects were asked to maintain their usual dietary
pattern and physical activity level throughout the pro- Whole body
gramme. A four days food-diary (two week days and
two weekend days) and a physical activity log were ad- Total body mass did not change significantly after the
ministered at baseline, at week 6, and at week 12. training programme in both groups (% UpBdResist vs.
LwBdResist -1.13.8; -1.04.5). FM significantly de-
creased after the training period in both groups with no
Post-training analysis effect of different training regime. Lean mass (LM) did
not change in both groups as compared to baseline.
Three days after the last training session, participants
replicated the pre-treatment assessment with the excep-
Table I.Subjects characteristics at baseline.
tion of the maximal oxygen uptake test.
Variable UpBdResist LwBdResist
N. 8 8
Statistical analysis Age, yr 324 304
Height, m 1.630.04 1.640.09
or other proprietary information of the Publisher.
Statistical analysis was performed using the Statis- Body Mass, kg 70.37.0 71.78.7
tical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS for Mac, BMI, kg*m-2 27.72.3 27.41.9
VO2max, mL*kg*min-1 26.42.7 26.13.0
version 20). Baseline group differences were assessed
Values are reported as meansSD.
using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A two
Vol. 57 - No. 6 The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 797
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means which may allow access to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use i
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SCOTTO di PALUMBO EXERCISE AND REGIONAL FAT LOSS
Figure 1.Changes in total and regional fat mass after the 12-week Figure 2.Changes in total and regional lean mass after the 12-week
exercise training programme in the UpBdResist (black bars) and LwB- exercise training programme in the UpBdResist (black bars) and LwB-
dResist (gray bars) group. dResist (gray bars) group.
*Significant between-group difference; significant within-group differ- *Significant between-group difference; significant within-group differ-
ence compared to fat mass in the leg. ence compared to lean mass in the leg.
798 The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness June 2017
not permitted. It is not permitted to remove, cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, log
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EXERCISE AND REGIONAL FAT LOSS SCOTTO di PALUMBO
for a spot FM reduction by exercise training.7-10 Like- circulating hormones influence all adipose tissue depots
wise, a recent investigation 19 failed to detect differ- and not selectively adipose tissue adjacent to contract-
ences in FM of the non-dominant leg after 12 weeks of ing muscles. Indeed, it is ascribed to an increased blood
one-leg resistance training at 10% to 30% 1RM. flow in adipose tissue adjacent to contracting muscles
Vol. 57 - No. 6 The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 799
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SCOTTO di PALUMBO EXERCISE AND REGIONAL FAT LOSS
that a larger amount of circulating hormones are deliv- sity of 50%VO2max measured at the cycle-ergometer.
ered to the exercising districts, thus promoting regional Thus, as arm cranking exercise has been reported to
lipolysis.4 Nevertheless, lipolysis, along with a rise in elicit a ~20% lower maximal aerobic capacity 28 as
adipose tissue blood flow, is only part of fat mass loss compared to cycling, it is plausible that LwBdResist,
picture, as mobilised FFA are ultimately to be taken up maintained a relative intensity around 65% VO2peak of
and oxidised by skeletal muscle in order to avoid re- the arm cranking, which may have provoked a stronger
esterification. Thus, an elevated FFA availability is able adrenergic and glycolytic response.29 However, a com-
to enhance regional as well as total fat oxidation when pensatory mechanism in fat utilisation during recovery
total energy request is significantly augmented, while has been reported after after exercise at higher intensity,
during endurance exercise.26 Accordingly, it is possible i.e. the higher the exercise intensity, the greater the fat
to speculate that FFA released during high intensity re- oxidation during the following recovery period.25
sistance exercise, are not entirely oxidised, owing the
lower total energy expenditure.27 This may help ex- Conclusions
plaining the lack of regional SCAT alterations observed
by Kostek et al.10 between trained and untrained arm, In conclusion, the present data suggest that a train-
after 12 weeks of training of the non-dominant arm con- ing programme involving localized explosive resis-
ducted from 65% to 90% 1RM. In that investigation, the tance exercise, combined with subsequent endurance
exercise protocol entailed elbow flexion and extension exercise bout, may target specific adipose tissue sites,
of a single arm, which plausibly induced only a minor opening to the possibility that appendicular fat mass
rise in energy expenditure. Instead, in the present study, in young women may respond to combined resistance
resistance exercise was followed by a bout of moderate (explosive) and endurance exercise training depending
intensity endurance exercise, in an attempt to promote on where the former is applied. However, it remains to
the oxidation of mobilised FFA. We found that FM was be addressed whether the effect of exercise on spot fat
significantly reduced in the regions undergoing resist- reduction is related to specific body district targeted in
ance exercise, corroborating the role of high intensity the present investigation, or it may also occur in other
exercise, combined with substantial elevation of energy body regions.
expenditure, as a requirement for regional FM loss.
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not permitted. It is not permitted to remove, cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, log
means which may allow access to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use i
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(either sporadically or systematically, either printed or electronic) of the Article for any purpose. It is not permitted to distribute the electronic copy of the article through online internet and/or intranet file sharing systems, electronic mailing or any other
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Conflicts of interest.The authors certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript.
Manuscript accepted: May 20, 2016. - Manuscript revised: May 6, 2016. - Manuscript received: December 16, 2015.
or other proprietary information of the Publisher.
Vol. 57 - No. 6 The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 801