Trysten Guillen

ISM- 1st period

Jobe, Alan H., and Eduardo Bancalari. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. American Journal of

Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 24 Nov. 2000,

www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.2011060.

BPD was first identified in 1967 by Northway as a preterm lung injury.

In 1978 the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute further defined BPD.
In 1985 the pathophysiology of BPD went under review as researchers discovered
that Chronic Lung issues developed because of both oxygen and ventilators, not
just mechanical ventilators supporting the premature animals in a series of
experimental trials.
Researchers discovered that BPD is less likely to develop in patients exceeding
1,200 grams in weight after birth or being born 30 weeks or later.
The patients dying from BPD showed more inflation in their lungs due to the
exposure of oxygen and the mechanical ventilator as they havent gone through
the aveolar development stage, which usually happens around 36 weeks.
Exposure to oxygen causes the stunt of growth for premature patients.
Lack of nutrition, or rather being able to withhold weight and obtain nutrition can
be a contributing factor to the development of BPD in premature patients.
73% of women with spontaneous preterm births occurring prior to 30-week
gestation. (Jobe)
Chronic morbidity for patients with BPD has a deciding factor of whether or not
the patient develops an obstructive airway disease.
Data collected on BPD came from the tissues of infants who passed away from
BPD.
The currently found treatments and care for BPD were discovered through
intervention trials.
More careful studies on BPD come from two sources, patients who died because
of BPD and patients who died because of other causes but had BPD, to allow
researchers to further analyze and figure out how to treat this chronic lung
disease.

This source went into depth on the development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, the chemical
nature of BPD and the study on this chronic lung disease as researchers studied the after effects
of BPD on the tissues of deceased premature patients who had BPD and while also studying the
effects of this disease in animal trials to find treatment, prevention, and care for patients
suffering from BPD in the future.

1
 Trysten Guillen
ISM- 1st period

Voyles, Joy B. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. The American Journal of Nursing, vol. 81, no.

3, 1 Mar. 1981, pp. 510514. JSTOR, JSTOR,

www.jstor.org/stable/3424912?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=bronchop

ulmonary&searchText=dysplasia&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Ffc%3Do

ff%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp

%3BQuery%3Dbronchopulmonary%2Bdysplasia&refreqid=search%3Ad761ae1d49c77b

681df960a35f604875&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.

Premature patients who develop IRDS (idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome)

have a 25 to 50 percent chance of developing BPD.
BPD moves through 4 stages as it digresses from acute to chronic.
Stage one is considered to by IRDS.
Stage two is the regeneration phase- happens between 4 to 10 days and can be the
deciding factor as to the patient being weaned from a ventilator or not.
Stage three is the beginning of the chronic phase of the disease, often considered
the start of BPD- happens roughly 20 days after birth in premature patients,
patients can be oxygen dependent or require a ventilator depending on the severity
of the case.
Stage 4 happens one month after birth, this is the chronic stage as patients can live
with BPD to nearly two years, but become less oxygen dependent as they
continue to grow.
The need for oxygen is based on the premature patients development, whether it
is acute, mild, or chronic in its stages
In order for a premature patient to be discharged the parents must go through a
training course on how to take care of their child and must meet the requirements
to take care of their child at home while they go through the stages of BPD.

This source was in depth as to how BPD progresses in patients, while also showing that the
stages of BPD, and the growth, are different in every patient, however, the article was unable to
tell how BPD develops, just factors that contribute to the development of BPD, while also
providing information on how to provide for babies with BPD when discharged from the
hospital.

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 Trysten Guillen
ISM- 1st period

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Pediatric Research and Clinical Trials. Boston Childrens

Hospital, 2013, www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-and-

treatments/conditions/b/bronchopulmonary-dysplasia/research-and-clinical-trials.

Premature babies often need to be placed onto ventilators as they are not supposed
to breath on their own at this age, however, this can cause inflammation and
damage their lungs.
Recently hospitals have tested ventilators on mice to see the damage done to the
lungs and discovered that stem cells from bone marrow injected into the blood
can prevent or lower the percentage of damage done to the mices lungs.
Stella Kourembanas, MD, has discovered that the chemical make-up of bone
marrow stromal cells (BMSC) could be used as a treatment and prevention for the
development of lung complications for premature patients while in the NICU.
Success in finding a treatment for BPD and other chronic lung diseases has been
limited, however, Boston Childrens Hospital has been looking further into stem
cell treatment.
Their Research department used the BMSCs of adult mice and injected them into
the blood stream of the newborn mice placed on ventilators in hopes they would
develop into lung cells.
In conclusion to the study, the researchers discovered that the tissues did not
retain the BMSCs, causing them to believe that repair directly was not the cause
of prevention to inflammation and protection of blood vessels.
BMSC was seen to have better develop the lungs at a faster rate allowing them to
depend less on a ventilator for oxygen.

This source provided information on clinical trials concerning treatment for Bronchopulmonary
Dysplasia as the team of researchers at Boston Childrens Hospital tested Stem cell treatment on
mice as a possible treatment plan for prenatal patients in the future; the source was able to
describe the outcomes and research found during the experimental trials and leads to
hypothetical solution for BPD in the future on premature babies.