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Physics
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Term 1

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1/1/2016

Tanushi Siriwardena

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 Physics

Usage of fossil fuels can add greenhouse gases (Carbon Dioxide). This
Greenhouse gases can heat up the world known as global warming.
Many electricity are generated by burning fossil fuels ( UK)
Electricity is a way of transferring energy( moving from one place to
another)
Energy can also be transferred by heating, forces, sound, and light and
infrared radiation.
Energy resources are stores of energy which we need for different uses.
When fossil fuels combine with oxygen they can transfer energy.
The raw materials for the production of energy are known as Energy
resources.
Primary Source an energy that occurs naturally. ( Bio mass, fossil fuels,
solar, tidal and wind)
Secondary resources an energy source made using primary resources for
example electricity.
Electricity can be generated by a different varieties of resources ( solar,
fossil, wind, hydroelectricity)
Fossil fuels are burnt they produce heat energy and a pollutants ( mainly
carbon dioxide)
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas it traps heat energy and prevent
escaping to the space this. This makes the earth warmer. Large quantities
of greenhouse gases can lead to a fatal disaster known as global warming
which will bring droughts, increase the sea water level due to melting ice
caps in the polar reign, flooding will occur.
Energy can be stored in many ways ( chemical energy, nuclear energy,
kinetic energy, potential energy, electric energy, magnetic energy)
Chemical energy stored in foods and cells (batteries). Fossil fuels have
chemical energy.
Kinetic energy moving objects have kinetic energy. The more heavily and
faster the objects movement the more kinetic it possesses. Planets and
atoms also have kinetic energy.
Nuclear energy the store of energy in atoms is known as nuclear energy.
(Nuclear energy in sun converts into light and heat.) (Nuclear power in
uranium can be used to generate electricity in nuclear power stations.)
 Potential Energy - Gravitational Potential energy when an object is in
the higher position and lifted against gravity. Elastic Potential Energy
energy stored in an object when it is bent stretched, squashed or twisted.

Gravitational P.E

Elastic P.E

Electrical energy - energy stored in electricity (in electrons) Electric

energy is the energy created by electrons moving through
an electrical conductor.
Magnetic energy energy stored in magnets. Magnetic energy is
the energy within a magnetic field.
Law of conversation of energy defines that energy cannot be created or
destroyed but can only change from one form to another.
Useful energy energy that is transferred to the use and Waste energy
energy that is transferred to something that isnt much needed.
The conversations of energy can be represented in a Sankey diagram which
is easy to draw however is not very accurate. It is easy to understand the
differences between the useful and wasted energy. It is not time
consuming.

Efficiency = Useful
energy / Total
energy used in the
above diagram
Efficiency = 10/ 100 = 10%
How electricity is produce in a fossil fuelled power station Fossil fuels is
burnt (coal) to heat water which converts to steam, which is then forced to
turn the large turbines which also turn the generators which have large
magnets inside a massive coil of wires. A moving magnet inside a coil of
wire creates electricity. This is sent to a transformer and is flow to the
National Grid by cables.
Burning fossil fuels contributes to global warming, and sulfur dioxide
produce by burning coal can cause acid rain.
Nuclear Power stations doesnt produce any harmful gases and the
electricity produce is cheaper but it is financial cost of building is high and
its radioactive substances (waste) are difficult to store safely. Nuclear power
is non- renewable.
Fossil Fuels there are easily available and produce high amounts of
energy and the cost is low. Despite this it is non renewable and contributes
to global warming.
Kinetic energy in the wind can be used to turn the wind turbines it
doesnt produce harmful gases and is a renewable energy although it takes
up large place and destroys the natural beauty of the environment and adds
to noise pollution.
Hydroelectricity is generated when water stored in a reservoir in the hills
is allowed to flow down to a power station which makes the turbines spin.
Electricity can be caused by moving water ( waves and tides)
Pumped storage a kind of power station where spare electricity is used to
allow pumping water to a high reservoir. This water can be allowed to fall
again if there is a demand for electricity.
Tides - renewable and environmental friendly and doesnt need any fuel
consumption but the cost is expensive to build a tidal power plant. Can
cause harm to aquatic animals and tides only happen 1 or twice a day?
An electric current is a flow of electrons.
Circuit symbols
 Resistor

A circuit consists of energy to push the electrons (cells), a complete circuit

to flow and components that transfer energy.
The size of an electric current is measured using an ammeter. The units are
amps (A)
A voltage is a way of measuring how much energy does the cell gives to the
current. The voltage can be measured by the voltmeter (parallel). The units
for volts are (V)
To increase the voltage supplied to a cell you can use more cells in series
and cells that have a higher voltage.
What happens if you increase the voltage? - Current increases and the
amount of energy transferred by each amp of current increases.
A resistor reduces the size of the current in a circuit by making it harder
for current to flow. It converts the electrical energy to heat energy.
The power of an appliance is the number of joules of energy it transfers
every second.
Power = energy/time
Unit for power is watts
1 watt = I joules transferred every second.
Watts = energy/ time (seconds)
Satellites are launched to orbit around earth some even orbit around other
planets.
Earth observation satellites take pictures or measurements of the earth.
They are put on low orbits that are tilted. There used for -: weather
forecasting, making maps, scientific research and a military equipment to
spy on other countries military.
A satellite in a polar orbit eventually passes over all parts of the Earth.
 Geostationary orbits which ensure that satellites are always above the
same point on the ground. For example Communication satellites.

A
C
B

Ball A is dropped and gravity pulls it straight down

Ball B Is thrown horizontally, gravity pulls it down but it moves
sideways at a steady speed.
Ball C the ball is thrown horizontally but the curve of its fall matches
with earths curve. The ball is in the orbit and moves steady with no air
resistance.

Gravity the force of attraction between two objects. The downward pull
is known as gravitational force.
Mass is the amount of matter taken and weight is the force of gravity
pulling you down.
Weight is measured in Newton (N). I N = 10 Kg
Higher the mass is the more weight acts on you.
What causes gravitational force -? All the masses attract each other, the
closer the mass the stronger the pull. The forces between similar masses
are fragile.
Factors affect the strength of gravity are mass, size and distance from the
object
The force of gravity between earth and sun keeps the earth moving in an
elliptical orbit ( an oval orbit)
Anything that orbits a planet is called a satellite. Moon is a natural
satellite; it is much closer to the earth than the sun so its affected by the
earths gravity. Moon is kept in orbit around the earth due to the
gravitational force between earth and Moon.
A satellite is kept in its orbit by the gravitational attraction between the
satellite and the planet or moon it is orbiting.
There is an attraction force between all the stars in a galaxy.
Even different galaxies attract each other.
Early scientists learn on planets and stars using telescopes.
Telescopes are built on the top of the mountains because to clear the clouds
and dust in the atmosphere.
The Hubble space telescopes (HST) orbits around the earth. It helps
scientists all over the world with their researches
Scientists have more information now do to space probes which have flown
past or landed on other planets or their moons.
Phoenix Lander is a space probe which analyses soil in Mars and sent
valuable scientific data back to earth.
Mars Express orbit around earth and had sent thousands of pictures of
mars back to earth.
Electromagnetic spectrum is the family of waves which include the waves
frequency and wavelength (they differ) but they all travel at the same
speed.
Nuclear reactions in side stars give of different electromagnetic waves.
Earth atmosphere absorbs some of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Radio waves ( for communication), Microwaves ( cooking food and
communication)(microwaves, mobile phones)
Infrared - * all objects emit infrared radiation the more hotly the object is
the more infrared radiation it will emit. ( Electric fire, Infrared grills)
(toaster, night vision cameras, food under grill)
Visible light ( we use for sight, photography)
Ultraviolet ( sun beds and security system)
X- rays (to check cracks in bones, check cracks in buildings, security
procedures(airport))
Gamma Rays to sterilize medical equipment. To kill microorganism in
food and in the use of radio therapy.