Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate

‰Consider steady, incompressible, laminar flow with

constant fluid properties, no body force, no heat
generation, negligible viscous dissipation and zero
pressure gradient.
‰The boundary layer equations are
Forced Convection External ∂u ∂v
+ =0
Flows ∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u ∂ 2u
u + v =ν 2
∂x ∂y ∂y
∂T ∂T ∂ 2T
u +v =α 2
∂x ∂y ∂y

‰Since constant properties are assumed, the solution of

continuity and momentum equation equations is
independent of temperature.

Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 202

Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate
(Similarity Solution of Hydrodynamic Field) (Similarity Solution of Hydrodynamic Field)
‰It can be shown that
‰Let’s define stream function ψ(x,y).
∂u u d2 f ∂u u d2 f ∂ 2u u∞2 d 3 f
‰Velocity components u and v are defined in terms of steam function: = − ∞η 2 , = u∞ ∞ , =
∂x 2 x dη ∂y νx dη 2 ∂y 2 νx dη 3
∂ψ ∂ψ
u= and v = − ‰Substituting into the momentum equation gives
∂y ∂x
d3 f d2 f
‰Then, the new independent and dependent variables, η and 2 +f =0
f(η) , are defined as dη 3
dη 2
ψ ‰The boundary conditions are
η = y u∞ /νx and f (η ) =
u∞ νx / u∞ u ( x,0) = v( x,0) = 0 and u ( x, ∞) = u∞
‰Velocity components u and v, in terms of new variables, are df df
or in terms of η and f : = f (0) = 0 and =1
∂ψ ∂ψ ∂η νx df u∞ df dη η = 0 dη η =∞
u= = = u∞ = u∞
∂y ∂η ∂y u∞ dη νx dη ‰Numerical solution of this equation shows that if η=5,
∂ψ ⎛ νx df u∞ ν ⎞ 1 νu∞ ⎛ df ⎞ u/u∞=0.99. Since this happens at y=δ,
v=− = −⎜⎜ u∞ + f ⎟⎟ = ⎜η −f⎟ 5 5x
∂x ⎝ u ∞ dx 2 u ∞ x ⎠ 2 x ⎝ d η ⎠ η y =δ = 5 ⇒ δ u∞ /νx = 5 ⇒ δ = =
u∞ /νx Re x
Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 203 Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 204

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 Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate
(Similarity Solution of Temperature Field)
(Similarity Solution of Hydrodynamic Field)
‰Introducing dimensionless temperature T*=(T-Ts)/(T∞-Ts) and
‰The wall shear stress is assuming T*=T*(η), the temperature equation reduces to
∂u d2 f
τs = μ = μu∞ u∞ /νx 2 = 0.332u∞ ρμu∞ / x d 2T * Pr dT *
∂y y =0 dη η = 0 + f =0
dη 2 2 dη
‰The local friction coefficient is ‰The boundary conditions are
τ 0.664 T * (0) = 0 and T * (∞) = 1
C f , x = 2s =
ρu∞ / 2 Re x ‰Numerical solutions of this equation for Pr ≥ 0.6 can be
correlated by *
dT
= 0.332 Pr1/ 3
dη η =0
‰Local convection heat transfer coefficient is
∂T T∞ − Ts ∂T * ∂T *
1/ 2
qs'' 1 ⎛u ⎞
hx = =− k =− k = k⎜ ∞ ⎟
Ts − T∞ Ts − T∞ ∂y y =0
Ts − T∞ ∂y y =0 ⎝ νx ⎠ ∂η η =0
‰The local Nusselt number is hx
Nu x = x = 0.332 Re1x/ 2 Pr1/ 3
k
Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 205 Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 206

Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate Turbulent Flow over a Flat Plate
(Average Friction Coefficient and Nusselt Number) (Reynolds Analogy)
‰Average friction coefficient and Nusselt number over the ‰Consider the near-wall region of a turbulent boundary layer
length of the plate from the leading edge to location x are in which apparent shear stress and apparent heat flux heat
defined as flux are constant. ( μ + ρε ) ∂u = τ
∂y
M s
τ s,x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 x
ρu∞ / 2 ρu∞ / 2 x ∫0 ρu∞ / 2 x ∫0
C f ,x = 2 = 2 τ s , x dx = 2 C f , x ρu∞2 / 2dx = ∫0 C f , x dx ∂T
x ( k + ρc p ε H ) = − q"s
∂y
hx x x ⎡1 x
‰Assuming Pr=Prt=1 and dividing these two equations gives
⎤ 1 x Nu k x Nu
Nu x = = ⎢ ∫0 hx dx ⎥ = ∫0 x dx = ∫0 x dx 1 ∂u τ
k k ⎣x ⎦ k x x = s
c p ∂T − qs"
‰Plugging the local values into these equations gives
‰Integrating this equation from wall to the free stream gives
C f , x = 1.328 Re −x1/ 2
τs u∞ τs qs" 1 h 1
Nu x = 0.664 Re1x/ 2 1/ 3
Pr ≥ 0.6 = ⇒ = ⇒ Cf = ⇒ C f = St
Pr − qs" c p (T∞ − Ts ) ρu∞2 ρc p u∞ (Ts − T∞ ) 2 ρc pu∞ 2
1
‰More accurate results is obtained from C f = St Pr 2 / 3
2
Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 207 Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 208

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 Turbulent Flow over a Flat Plate Turbulent Flow over a Flat Plate
(Boundary Layer Thickness and Local Friction Coefficient) (Boundary Layer Thickness and Local Friction Coefficient)

‰Prandtl’s one-seventh power law fits u+ vs. y+ data in ‰Momentum integral equation for the time-averaged
turbulent flows: momentum equation can be written as
1/ 7
u + = 8.74 y + d δ τ
dx ∫0
u (u∞ − u )dy = s
ρ
‰This equation can be written as ‰Or, in terms of the normalized coordinates
d δ+
u ⎛ y (τ s / ρ ) 1/ 2 1/ 7
⎞ ∫0 u + (u∞+ − u + )dy + = 1
= 8.74⎜⎜ ⎟ dx +
(τ s / ρ )1/ 2 ν ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ‰Substituting the one-seventh power law correlation for
‰Calculating this equation at y=δ gives u+ and integrating gives
1/ 7 d δ+
8.74 y + (u∞+ − 8.74 y + )dy + = 1
1/ 7 1/ 7
u∞ ⎛ δ (τ s / ρ )1/ 2 ⎞ ∫0
= 8.74⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟ dx +
(τ s / ρ )1/ 2
⎝ ν ⎠ d⎡ + 7 +8 / 7 7 9/7 ⎤
⎢⎣8.74u∞ 8 δ − 8.742 δ + ⎥ = 1
‰This equation can be rewritten as follows dx + 9 ⎦
−1 / 4
7 dδ +
4/7
⎛δ ⎞
1/ 7
⎛τ s ⎞ ⎛δ ⎞
1/ 4
τs τs ⎛u δ ⎞ d ⎡7 + + 7 + + ⎤ 1 7 dδ τ
⇒ u∞7 / 4 = (8.74 )7 / 4 ⎜ ⎟ u∞+ = 8.74δ +
1/ 7 2 2
u∞ = 8.74⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⇒ = 0.0225⎜ ∞ ⎟ ⇒ + ⎢
u∞ δ − u∞ δ ⎥ = 1 ⇒ = 2 ⇒ =
⎝ν ⎠ ⎝ρ⎠ ⎝ν ⎠ ρ ρu∞2 ⎝ ν ⎠ dx ⎣ 8 9 ⎦ 72 dx + u∞+ 72 dx ρu∞2

Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 209 Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 210

Turbulent Flow over a Flat Plate Turbulent Flow over a Flat Plate
(Boundary Layer Thickness and Local Friction Coefficient)
(Local Nusselt Number)
‰ Replacing for the right hand side and integrating gives an equation
for the boundary layer thickness ‰In turbulent flows δ≈δt.
7 dδ ⎛u δ ⎞ ‰Using the Reynolds analogy, the local Nusselt number is
-1/4 -1/4 -1/4
⎛ u∞ ⎞ 4 5/ 4 ⎛u ⎞
= 0.0225⎜ ∞ ⎟ ⇒ δ 1/ 4dδ = 0.231⎜ ⎟ dx ⇒ δ = 0.231⎜ ∞ ⎟ x
72 dx ⎝ ν ⎠ ⎝ν ⎠ 5 ⎝ν ⎠ obtained as
δ
-1/4 -1/5 -1/5
⎛ u∞ ⎞ ⎛u ⎞ ⎛u x⎞ 1
δ 5 / 4 = 0.289⎜⎟ x ⇒ δ = 0.37⎜ ∞ ⎟ x
4/5
⇒ = 0.37⎜ ∞ ⎟ = 0.37 Re −x1/ 5 St x ⋅ Pr 2 / 3 = C f ,x
⎝ν ⎠ ⎝ν ⎠ x ⎝ ν ⎠ 2
‰ An equation for local friction coefficient is obtained by combining C f ,x
this and the correlation between shear stress and boundary layer Nux = St x ⋅ Re x ⋅ Pr = ⋅ Re x ⋅ Pr1 / 3
thickness −1 / 4
2
−1 / 4 −1 / 5
τs ⎛u δ ⎞ τs ⎛u ⎛u x⎞ ⎞ Nux = 0.0296 Re4x / 5 Pr1 / 3 5 × 105 ≤ Re x ≤ 107 and 0.6 ≤ Pr ≤ 60
= 0.0225⎜ ∞ ⎟ ⇒ = 0.0225⎜ ∞ 0.37 x ⎜ ∞ ⎟ ⎟
ρu∞2 ⎝ ν ⎠ ρu 2 ⎜ ν ⎝ ν ⎠ ⎟⎠
∞
−1 / 5 ⎝
τs ⎛ u∞ x ⎞
C f ,x = 2 = 0.0576⎜ ⎟ ⇒ C f , x = 0.0576 Re−x1/ 5
ρu∞ / 2 ⎝ ν ⎠
‰ Empirical data shows that better results is obtained if the constant
is slightly modified. −1 / 5
C f , x = 0.0592 Re x
Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 211 Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 212

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 Turbulent Flow over a Flat Plate Flow over Flat Plate with Uniform Heat Flux
(Average Friction Coefficient and Nusselt Number)
‰If flow is turbulent from the leading edge to location x, the ‰The previous correlations for Nusselt number were for
average friction coefficient and Nusselt number are given an isothermal flat plate. The local Nusselt number for a
by uniform heat flux flat plate is
C f , x = 0.074 Re −x1/ 5 5 × 105 ≤ Re x ≤ 107 Nu x = 0.453 Re 0x.5 Pr1/ 3 Re x ≤ 5 × 105 and Pr ≥ 0.6

Nu x = 0.037 Re 4x / 5 Pr1/ 3 5 × 105 ≤ Re x ≤ 107 and 0.6 ≤ Pr ≤ 60 Nu x = 0.0308 Re 4x / 5 Pr1/ 3 Re x > 5 × 105 and 0.6 ≤ Pr ≤ 60
‰The local temperature of the plate at location x is
obtained as follows.
‰If flow is laminar at the leading edge of a plate and changes qs"
to turbulent at a downstream location, average friction qs" = hx (Ts ( x) − T∞ ) ⇒ Ts ( x) = T∞ +
hx
coefficient and Nusselt number are
C f , x = 0.074 Re −x1/ 5 − 1742 / Re x 5 × 105 ≤ Re x ≤ 107
( )
Nu x = 0.037 Re 4x / 5 − 871 Pr1/ 3 5 × 105 ≤ Re x ≤ 107 and 0.6 ≤ Pr ≤ 60

Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 213 Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 214

Flow across Cylinders Flow across Cylinders

‰Consider a cylinder with length L and diameter D.
‰Reynolds number for this cylinder is defined as
ρVD
Re D =
μ
‰The critical Reynolds number for flow over a cylinder is ReD=26
Rec=2×105.
‰Drag force applied to a cylinder in cross flow is
1
FD = C D A f ρV 2 ReD=1.54
2
where CD is the average drag coefficient and Af =LD is
the normal or frontal area.
‰The total heat transfer rate from cylinder is given by
q = h A(Ts − T∞ )
where A=πDL is cylinder surface area.
Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 215 Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 216

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 Flow across Cylinders Drag Coefficient for Smooth Cylinder and Sphere in Cross Flow

ReD=2000

ReD=30000

ReD=10000

Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 217 Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 218

Average Nusselt Number for Flow across Cylinders

Local Nusselt Number for a Smooth Cylinder in Cross Flow ‰ The average Nusselt number for flow across cylinders is given by
hD
Nu D = = C Re mD Pr1/ 3
k
‰ C and m for circular cylinders are
Re C m

0.4 – 4 0.989 0.330

4 – 40 0.911 0.385

40 - 4000 0.683 0.466

4000 – 40,000 0.193 0.618

40,000 – 400,000 0.027 0.805

‰ All properties are calculated at film temperature Tf=(Ts+T∞)/2

‰ A correlation that covers the range of ReDPr ≥ 0.2 is
5/8 4 /5
hD 0.62 Re1D/ 2 Pr1/ 3 ⎡ ⎛ Re D ⎞ ⎤
Nu D = = 0.3 + ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
k [1 + (0.4 / Pr) 2 / 3 ]1/ 4 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 282,000 ⎠ ⎥⎦
Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 219 Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 220

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 Average Nusselt Number for Flow across Cylinders
Average Nusselt Number for Flow across Spheres
‰The average Nusselt number for flow across non-
circular cylinders is given by ‰The average Nusselt number for flow across spheres
hD is given by
Nu D = = C Re mD Pr1/ 3
1/ 4
⎛μ⎞
k Nu D = 2 + (0.4 Re0D.2 + 0.06 Re2D/ 3 ) Pr 0.4 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ μs ⎠
where D, C and m are 0.71 < Pr < 380
3.5 < Re D < 7.6 × 104
1.0 ≤ μ / μs ≤ 3.2

‰All properties except μs are calculated at T∞.

‰All properties are calculated at film temperature

Tf=(Ts+T∞)/2.
Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 221 Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 222

Flow across Banks of Tubes Aligned and Staggered Tube Arrangements in a Bank

Aligned Tube Banks

ST
Vmax =
ST Vmax = V or
ST − D
V ST − D
ST
Vmax = V
Staggered Tube Banks 2( S D − D )

Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 223 Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 224

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 Average Nusselt Number for Banks of Tubes Heat Transfer Rate from Banks of Tubes
‰Average Nusselt number for banks of tubes with 10 or more ‰Heat transfer rate per unit length of the tubes is
rows is given by q ' = N hπDΔTlm
Nu D = 1.13C1 Re mD ,max Pr1/ 3
‰N is number of tubes.
N L ≥ 10 , 2000 < Re D ,max < 40,000 , Pr ≥ 0.7
‰ΔTlm is log-mean temperature difference given by
‰C1 and m are given in Table 7.5.
(Ts − Ti ) − (Ts − To )
‰ReD,max=ρVmaxD/μ where Vmax is the maximum fluid velocity ΔTlm =
⎛ T −T ⎞
which may happen at plane A1 or A2. ln⎜⎜ s i ⎟⎟
⎝ Ts − To ⎠
‰All properties are calculated at the film temperature.
where Ti and To are fluid temperatures as it enters and
‰If NL<10, a correction factor given in Table 7.6 may be
leaves the bank respectively.
applied such that
Nu D N = C2 Nu D N ‰The outlet fluid temperature may be estimated from
L <10 L ≥10
Ts − Ti ⎛ πDN h ⎞⎟
‰Another correlation for Nusselt number is given in book as = exp⎜⎜ − ⎟
Equation 7.64. Ts − To ⎝ ρVNT ST c p ⎠
Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 225 Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 226

Impinging Jets Local Nusselt Number Distribution for a Single Impinging Jet

‰Correlations for average Nusselt number are given in the

text book.

Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 227 Advanced Heat Transfer (ME 211) Younes Shabany 228

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