Rjopes Research Journal in Organizational Psychology & Educational Studies 3(4) 252-257 Rjopes

Emerging Academy Resources (2014) (ISSN: 2276-8475)

www.emergingresource.org

PLANNING THE DYNAMICS OF TOURISM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN

KENYA; A CASE OF LAKE VICTORIA REGION
1
Kennedy B. Mwengei Ombaba, 2Phylis A. Arogo and 1Phillip Bii
1
Garissa University College;
Faculty of Management and Social Sciences-Corresponding Author
2
University of Eldoret; Dept. of Development Studies
Corresponding Author: Kennedy B. Mwengei Ombaba
___________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Tourism is an important industry in many developing countries. It helps to ensure sustainable development and
achievement of Millennium development Goals (MDGs). In the past few decades, the issue of how to minimize the
negative effects of tourism on natural and cultural environments and maximize its positive effects on economic
development has been a major topic for tourism researchers and practitioners. Successful tourism-related policies not
only can deliver economic benefits to communities, regions, and countries, but also can facilitate their sustainable
economic, environmental, and cultural development. Within this context, it is important for policy-makers to
incorporate sustainable initiatives into tourism-related policy making. The question of how policy-makers can
incorporate sustainable initiatives into tourism-related policy making in a way that will allow them to develop
implementable policies and achieve sustainable tourism is, however, not a simple question to answer. In this paper, we
examine the benefits of tourism dynamics to regional development and conclude on its potentials in transforming the
rural poors life. Tourism industry is a veritable tool for poverty alleviation, attainment of the millennium goals
(MDGs), and sustainable development (Olorunfemi & Raheem 2008). This paper is therefore motivated by the
Millennium development goals (MDGs) and the Kenya vision 2030 which aim to eradicate poverty and hunger through
sustainable development. This study therefore aim at contributing to this area by investigating how sustainable tourism
development through system dynamics approach could reduce poverty and hunger and ensure that there is even
development in Kenya.
Emerging Academy Resources
KEYWORDS: Sustainable Development, Tourism, System Dynamics, Lake Victoria Region, Kenya
__________________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION strategic importance in the countrys socio-economic
Tourism is an important industry in many developing development agenda. For instance, the Economic
countries , actually the tourism industry is the largest Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation
industry in the world, with receipts from international (ERSWEC) 2003-2007 and the Vision 2030 have
tourism expenditure totaling US $474 billion in 2004 and
it is estimated by the World Tourism Organization to recognized the contribution of the tourism sector to the
continue to grow up to the year 2020. The industry is a countrys economic growth, environmental sustainability
veritable tool for poverty alleviation, attainment of the and creation of job opportunities poverty and hunger
millennium goals (MDGs), and sustainable development reduction and economic equality.
(Olorunfemi & Raheem 2008). It brings economic
benefits by increasing employment, income, and To realize the sectors contribution to the countrys socio-
revenues, especially for poor and disadvantaged economic development, several policies and strategies
communities (Simpson, 2008). On the other hand, it have been outlined including the National Tourism
could be a source of culture collapse and environmental Master Plan Tourism Policy the Tourism Bill 2010 and
degradation. the Vision 2030 among others. Within the Vision 2030
for instance, Kenya aims to be one of the top ten long-
In Kenya tourism sector has been one of the key haul tourist destinations in the world, offering a high-end,
economic drivers generating approximately 10% of the diverse, and distinctive visitor experience and tourism has
countrys GDP and 9% of total formal employment, in been seen as one of the six pillars to ensure economic
2010 for instance, foreign exchange earnings from the growth in Kenya by 2030 (G.o.K. 2010).
sector rose by 17.9% to KSh 73.7 billion in 2010 from
KSh 62.5 billion in 2009 (Ndivo 2012) . Further, due to However, despite of the countrys rich endowment with a
its many linkages to other sectors (including unique combination of tourist attractions spread
throughout the country (comprising tropical beaches,
agriculture, manufacturing, banking and finance, wildlife, abundant wildlife in natural habitats, scenic beauty, a
entertainment and handicrafts), tourism has shown great geographically diverse landscape and diverse cultures
potential to generate employment and wealth (Ndivo et al from the countrys 42 ethnic communities), tourism in
2012). Such importance has seen the sector being given Kenya has always been almost exclusively centered on

252
 Research Journal in Organizational Psychology and Educational Studies (ISSN: 2276-8475) 3(4):252-257
Planning The Dynamics Of Tourism For Sustainable Development In Kenya; A Case Of Lake Victoria Region
two geographical areas: the south coast beaches and a
handful of game reserves and or national parks (Ndivo et
al 2012). Noting this skewed nature of tourism
development, this study thus aimed at adopting adopt
appropriate planning dynamics especially evaluation and
monitoring of each region like Lake Victoria Region for
sustainable development through tourism development.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Sustainable development is the development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs (UNCED
1987). Sustainable development requires the negotiation
of a balance among the three distinct, every day
development processes: economic development,
community development, and ecological development.
The importance of maintaining a balance among these
three processes is evident in cities, towns and regions
throughout the world. Balancing the diverse interests of
business, the environment, and community development
requires partnerships.
Tourism is a very important sector in achieving the
millennium development Goals and the Kenya vision
2030 and other
The Lake Victoria region is one of the regions which are
full of tourism sites but poorly developed, hence less
tourism activities taking place. Therefore for sustainable
development through tourism to occur in this region there
must be some planning dynamics. These dynamics are
strategic, participatory, evaluation and monitoring.
Tourism is regarded as one of the most foreign exchange
earner in Kenya. This sector has been growing over the
years. The tourism sector in Kenya has been one of the
key economic drivers generating approximately 10% of
the countrys GDP and 9% of total formal employment
(Ndivo 2012). It is important for our economic growth
and development. However, despite of the countrys rich
endowment with a unique combination of tourist
attractions spread throughout the country (comprising
tropical beaches, abundant wildlife in natural habitats,
scenic beauty, a geographically diverse landscape and
diverse cultures from the countrys 42 ethnic
communities), tourism in Kenya has always been almost
exclusively centered on two geographical areas: the south
coast beaches and a handful of game reserves and or
national parks (Ndivo et al 2012).
The importance of tourism to economic growth, national
development, and poverty reduction cannot be
overemphasized. This had been enunciated in recent
national and international policies, such as the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), New
Partnership for African Development (NEPAD), and
National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) and
the Kenya vision 2030. This paper contributes more
knowledge on the millennium development goals and the
Kenyan vision 2030.
253
Research has been done on tourism but to best of our
knowledge none has looked at the dynamics of tourism
for sustainable development in Kenya and the developing
nations. (Ndivo 2012) his paper tried to look at the areas
mostly toured in Kenya no study has really looked how
the dynamics of planning in tourism can lead to
development in Kenya. It is for this very reason this paper
will like to address how can the planning dynamics in
tourism can lead to sustainable development.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the planning dynamic in tourism that will
lead to Sustainable development Lake Victoria region. 660
Specific Objectives
1. To determine how participative planning will
influence sustainable development Lake Victoria
region
2. To determine how planning will influence
sustainable development in Lake Victoria region
3. To determine how evaluation and control will
affect sustainable development in Lake Victoria
region
Lake Victoria Region
Lake Victoria Region is in the Western Kenya with a
population of over 10 million people, out of the 40
million people in Kenya. The region possess tourism
attraction potential since it houses the second largest
fresh water lake in the world lake victoria, a number of
rivers, the Kakamega forest which is the only remaining
indigenous forest in Africa and rich in both fauna nad
flora and other man made reserves and parks and other
resources like soap stone curving in Tabaka Kisii,
Mountain Elgon national park, the Ruma Reserve park,
the Ndere Bird sanctuary park and main Islands of
tourism values such as Mageta, Hippo Point, Kisumu,
Crying stone of Ilesi, Bull Fighting in Kakamega, Kit-
Mikayi among others. The main economic activities of
the region are agriculture, fishing and livestock rearing.
The region is rich of culture as it is occupied with
different communities among them the Luos, Kipsigis,
Kisiis, Luhyias, Nandis, and the Kuria. Therefore, the
purpose of this research is to adopt appropriate planning
dynamics especially evaluation and monitoring of each
region like Lake Victoria Region for sustainable
development through tourism development.
Tourism Development in Kenya
Kenya is endowed with a unique combination of tourist
attractions spread throughout the country comprising
tropical beaches, abundant wildlife in natural habitats,
scenic beauty, a geographically diverse landscape and
diverse cultures from the countrys 42 ethnic
communities. Such a rich heritage has seen tourism
become a leading economic sector in the country
contributing about 12% of the countrys Gross Domestic
Product and accounting for over 9% of total wage
employment.
 Research Journal in Organizational Psychology and Educational Studies (ISSN: 2276-8475) 3(4):252-257
Planning The Dynamics Of Tourism For Sustainable Development In Kenya; A Case Of Lake Victoria Region
Noting the skewed nature of Kenyas tourism
development, the study tended to find how planning
dynamics in tourism can increase sustainable
development. From figure one we can see that the
number of hotels are skewed to the coast and Nairobi
leaving this other area with the least.
Figure 1 Distribution of hotels in Kenya.
Source: Ndivo et al 2012
The Essence of Destination Appeal in Destination
Competitiveness
Destination appeal has been conceived to be a factor of
tourism destination competitiveness. According to The
Calgary Model of Competitiveness in Tourism by
(Ritchie and Crouch 1999) destinations appeal refers to
both destination attractors and deterrents. The model
identifies attractors as including eleven elements: natural
features, climate, cultural and social characteristics,
general infrastructure, basic services infrastructure,
tourism superstructure, access and transportation
facilities, attitudes towards tourists, cost/price levels,
economic and social ties and uniqueness. On the other
hand, destination deterrents refer to destination security
and safety (i.e. political instability, health and medical
concerns, poor quality of sanitation, laws and regulations
such as visa requirements). Such factors are a formidable
barrier to visiting a particular destination. Further,
(Dwyer and Kim 2003) in their integrated model of
destination competitiveness identify destinations
resources including endowed resources, created resources
and supporting resources as being the primary elements
that together provide the various characteristics of a
destination that make it attractive to visit, the foundations
upon which a successful tourism industry is established
and thus they provide the basis for destination
competitiveness. The authors identify destination
endowed resources as including both natural and
heritage resources while created resources refer to
such resources as tourism infrastructure, special events,
shopping, among others. Supporting resources on the
254
other hand refer to resources such as general
infrastructure, accessibility, service quality, among
others.
It is important to note that the appeal of a destination has
the potential to be enhanced. Several factors have been
identified as enhancers of destination appeal. (Crouch and
Ritchie 1999) identify marketing initiatives as a one of
the factors that has the potential to enhance the perceived
appeal of a destination. Further, (Dwyer and Kim 2003)
identifies destination management factors as being
capable of enhancing the appeal of the core destination
resources and attractors, strengthen the quality and
effectiveness of these primary factors and resources, and
best adapt to the situational conditions. The authors
identify these destination management factors as
including the activities of destination management
organizations (DMOs); destination marketing
management; destination policy, planning and
development; human resource development; and
environmental management.
Planning
According to (Koontz and ODonnell 1972), Planning is
deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do
it, and who is to do it. Meaningful participation in
planning processes requires concerted awareness
creation, sensitization and education of the citizenry.
Planning is a systematic decision making process that
focuses attention on problem identification, resource
mobilization and how to resolve them. There are certain
dynamics which have to accompany planning as a
process if it has to succeed. These are strategic
participatory, evaluation and monitoring. Planning is
essential if Kenyan has to develop.
Good planning and development of tourism product in
the rural areas could be an avenue through which the
livelihoods of the rural community can be improved
(Wood & Hopkin 2001) for instance believes that through
tourism, majority of the rural areas can regulate
themselves both economically and socially in the
dynamic global setting.
Planning dynamics are required for both private as well
as public investments on tourism sector in this region. For
this to succeed regional authorities as local and urban
authorities need to play a very important role. Lake
Victoria Basin Development Authority, public
Universities operating this region should be encouraged
to playing a leading role on tourism investment in this
region.
Strategic Planning
Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on
the basis of the projections of the desired future. That is, a
strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from
where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten
years. Strategic planning is the process used by
community groups, government departments,
 Research Journal in Organizational Psychology and Educational Studies (ISSN: 2276-8475) 3(4):252-257
Planning The Dynamics Of Tourism For Sustainable Development In Kenya; A Case Of Lake Victoria Region
organizations, businesses and others develop a blueprint
for action and change within their community,
department, organization or business. In strategic
planning involves definition of strategic goals: based on a
long-term future perspective, to describe the sustainable
development vision; Establishment of strategic plans:
strategic deployment and support systems that fit the
goals and strategy; Strategy implementation & evaluation
process management of projects, project management
systems integration, coordination and integration,
implementation capacity management; monitoring,
feedback and evaluation.
Strategic development of business and conference
tourism also holds promise for sustainable development.
Infrastructural development can be used so as to benefit
local communities through the provision of roads,
telephones, piped and treated water supplies, waste
disposal and recycling and sewage treatment.
Infrastructure provision functions as the nervous system
for effective tourism development and the success of
tourism destinations in world markets. It influences
relative competitiveness of destinations or tourist regions
(Enright & Newton, 2004). Based on the dimensions and
attributes (Beerli & Martn, 2004) of tourism
development, the various types of physical infrastructures
that influence tourism development and create an image
of the destination or tourism region are general/ basic
infrastructure, and tourist infrastructure (Decrop, 2010).
The sector is faced by a number of challenges which
ranges from: in adequate bed capacity, especially in the
new tourism circuits in western Kenya and North Eastern
regions due to poor and inefficient infrastructure
(Munene et al 2012)
The two categories of infrastructure development, i.e.,
general infrastructure, essentially forms a part of macro
level development that helps in attracting and bringing
the tourist to the destinations and other functions. This
includes transportation, communication, and health
services at broader perspective. (Decrop, 2010)
The second category of infrastructure, i.e., tourist
infrastructure mostly functions at the tourist destination
level where the activities take place comprises of
accommodation, food facilities, information and
entertainment facilities (Beerli et al., 2004). These two
categories of infrastructure are though overlapping to
each other, vary with dimensions and scale. However,
there is an inter-linkage between the two types of
infrastructure.
Creating linkages by developing the related sectors like
agriculture can also lead to tourism attraction. In effect,
strong linkages catalyse a multiplier effect that can
generate broad-based economic benefits at the national
level as well as in situ employment opportunities and
poverty reduction at the local level (UNCTAD 2013).
Tourism industry depends on other sectors of the
economy for its development (Okech et al 2012)
255
Tourism development of a region essentially depends on
a host of parameters both exogenous and endogenous to
the system; however, infrastructure plays the most
important role as satisfiers and encourages the tourist to
visit a tourist region. Hence in the Lake Victoria basin all
these need to be improved so as to attract the tourists to
these regions.
Significant tourism development would be experienced, if
road infrastructure, rail infrastructure and accommodation
infrastructure of a tourism resource rich region are
enhanced in combination in appropriate proportions.
Participative Planning
Participative management is a practice that managers use
as an attempt to satisfy employees and increase
productivity. It is a system which encourages employees
to participate in the process of making decisions that
directly affect their work lives (Yohe et al 2003).
Participative management is utilized to improve work
practices, productivity, and organizational performance
(Yohe et al 2003).
Integration and Involvement of the poor and the locals in
the tourism sector can help to attain sustainable
development (World Tourism Organization 2004).
Through the employment of the poor in tourism
enterprises, can occur in small as well as large enterprises
and in rural and urban areas. Through the supply of goods
and services to tourism enterprises by the poor can also
lead to sustainable development (World Tourism
Organization 2004). Those are pro-poor strategies that
focus specifically on unlocking opportunities and
generating net benefits for the poor through tourism
(Economics and Organization 2008). However, it is
necessary to combine these strategies with general
strategies for tourist development in order to achieve
optimal effects. Cooperation between stakeholders should
be adjusted, as it is very important for ensuring faster
economic development of the tourist destinations
(Economics and Organization 2008).
Regional and national partnerships between the private
and public sector in tourism development should be
embraced as this forms the power behind successful
tourist destinations (Ndivo et al., 2012). Tourism
marketers for instance, need to play a more aggressive
role in providing information to the domestic market and
facilitating the making of holiday decisions. Developing
partnerships between public and private sector bodies, in
the tourism industry will lead to sustainable development.
Successful planning requires effective involvement of
stakeholders. Planners should be prepared to work with
people from diverse backgrounds, interests and abilities.
The regional and central governments should come
together and facilitate sustainable development through
tourism funding and development.
 Research Journal in Organizational Psychology and Educational Studies (ISSN: 2276-8475) 3(4):252-257
Planning The Dynamics Of Tourism For Sustainable Development In Kenya; A Case Of Lake Victoria Region
EVALUATION
This is a systematic method for collecting, analyzing, and
using information to answer questions about projects,
policies and programs, particularly about their
effectiveness and efficiency. The government and
concern authorities should evaluate the programs and see
if the intended goals are achieved. The effective
implementation of the Plan will contribute to the
achievement of the Millenniumn Development Goals and
the Kenya Vision 2030, especially those relating to
poverty reduction, gender equality and empowerment of
women, environmental conservation, and global
partnerships for development. For sustainable
development there should be rightly created tourist policy
as well as developing plans which evaluate the programs.
Evaluation is there to help make correct decisions.
In control actual performance is compared with planned
performance, (2) difference between the two is measured,
(3) causes contributing to the difference are identified,
and (4) corrective action is taken to eliminate or minimize
the difference. Control is an indispensable function of
management. Without control function, the management
process is incomplete. In business organizations, the need
for control arises due to several factors;
Specific issues in responding to crises and violent
incidents involve disaster awareness and preparedness;
the immediate response, including minimizing the
physical and psychological impacts; dealing with
speculation and misinformation; restoring the confidence
of tourists and businesses; dealing with panic; and
responding to reactions from other Governments.
Response capabilities in terms of coordination and
proactive measures concern more general issues that
cover the well-being of all citizens, tourists and
businesses. Consequently, there is a need to work closely
with agencies, ministries and organizations in other
sectors. These factors can significantly influence tourists
travel decisions (UNCTAD 2013).
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The importance of tourism to economic growth, national
development, and poverty reduction cannot be
overemphasized. This had been enunciated in recent
national and international policies, such as the Kenya
vision 2030, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),
New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD), and
National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP),
among others. The potential for this sector is clearly
enormous for Africa, but a lot has to be done to cash-in
the dividends of these policy reforms
Hence the use of participatory methods and tools has
become common practice restitution, participatory
planning is the initial step in the definition of a
common entities. Over the period, this initial step is
expected to evolve for the parties concerned towards
a selfsustaining development planning process at the
local level. Participative management has been found to
256
be helpful in improving employee satisfaction and
productivity. Hence participative management can be
used to help achieve sustainable development. The
regional and central governments should come together
and facilitate sustainable development through tourism
funding and development
Planning dynamics are required for both private as well
as public investments on tourism sector in this region. For
this to succeed regional authorities as local and urban
authorities need to play a very important role. Lake
Victoria Basin Development Authority, public
Universities operating this region should be encouraged
to playing a leading role on tourism investment in this
region.
For sustainable development there should be rightly
created tourist policy as well as developing plans which
evaluate the programs. Evaluation is there to help make
correct decisions.
Nothing can be planned if it is not able to be controlled
hence it is very important to be able to control the tourism
activities to reduce adverse effects to the society and the
country at large. The monitoring of tourism performance
ensures that tourism interventions contribute to attaining
poverty reduction objectives. Since it may not be possible
to measure all impacts from tourism activities, indicators
must be developed to provide decision-makers and
communities with a good understanding of the impacts of
tourism development activities (especially on the poor),
make decisions how to amend plans and actions, and
improve the outcome. Some impacts such as increased
community empowerment cannot be seen within a short
time; it may be necessary to evaluate actions of pro poor
tourism development activities over the medium term.
Basic principles of sustainable approach to planning
1. Integration: the effective integration of
environmental, social and economic
considerations in decision making.
2. Community involvement: recognition that
sustainability cannot be achieved, nor significant
progress made toward it, without the support and
involvement of the whole community.
3. Precautionary behaviour: where there are threats
of serious or irreversible environmental damage,
lack of full scientific certainty should not be
used as a reason for postponing measures to
prevent environmental degradation.
4. Equity within and between generations: fairness
and equal access to opportunities both in our
lifetimes, as well as for future generations.
5. Continual improvement: the declining
environmental situation means there is an
imperative to take immediate action to become
more sustainable and to make continual
improvement.
 Research Journal in Organizational Psychology and Educational Studies (ISSN: 2276-8475) 3(4):252-257
Planning The Dynamics Of Tourism For Sustainable Development In Kenya; A Case Of Lake Victoria Region
6. Ecological integrity: to protect biological
diversity and maintain essential ecological
processes and life support systems.
This paper therefore concludes that with appropriate
planning dynamics particularly evaluation and monitoring
of potentiality of each region in terms of tourism
development regions like Lake Victoria can easily
undertake tourism investments in various forms, hence
boost the regional development.
For this to succeed county governments, regional
authorities, local and urban authorities, public universities
should be encouraged to play a leading role on tourism
development.
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