HFSS
High Frequency Structure Simulator
9.2
N ew editions of this manual w il l incorp orate al l material up dated since the p rev ious
edition. The manual p rinting date, w hich indicates the manual s current
edition, changes w hen a new edition is p rinted. M inor corrections and up dates
w hich are incorp orated at rep rint do not cause the date to change.
U p date p ack ages may be issued betw een editions and contain additional and/ or
rep l acement p ages to be merged into the manual by the user. N ote that p ages
w hich are rearranged due to changes on a p rev ious p age are not considered to
be rev ised.
E d i t i on: R E V 2 .0
D a t e: 3 1 M arch 2 0 0 4
S of t w a r e V er s i on: 9 .2
What is HFSS?
HFSS is a high-p e r f o r m an c e f u l l -w av e e l e c t r o m agn e t ic ( E M ) f ie l d sim u l at o r f o r
ar b it r ar y 3 D v o l u m e t r ic p assiv e d e v ic e m o d e l in g t hat t ak e s ad v an t age o f t he
f am il iar M ic r o so f t W in d o w s gr ap hic al u se r in t e r f ac e . I t in t e gr at e s sim u l at io n ,
v isu al iz at io n , so l id m o d e l in g, an d au t o m at io n in an e asy -t o -l e ar n e n v ir o n m e n t
w he r e so l u t io n s t o y o u r 3 D E M p r o b l e m s ar e q u ic k l y an d ac c u r at e l y o b t ain e d .
A n so f t HFSS e m p l o y s t he Fin it e E l e m e n t M e t ho d ( FE M ), ad ap t iv e m e shin g, an d
b r il l ian t gr ap hic s t o giv e y o u u n p ar al l e l e d p e r f o r m an c e an d in sight t o al l o f y o u r
3 D E M p r o b l e m s. A n so f t HFSS c an b e u se d t o c al c u l at e p ar am e t e r s su c h as S-
P ar am e t e r s, R e so n an t Fr e q u e n c y , an d Fie l d s. T y p ic al u se s in c l u d e :
P ac k age M o d e l in g B G A , Q FP , Fl ip -C hip
P C B B o ar d M o d e l in g P o w e r / G r o u n d p l an e s, M e sh G r id G r o u n d s,
B ac k p l an e s
Sil ic o n / G aA s - Sp ir al I n d u c t o r s, T r an sf o r m e r s
E M C / E M I Shie l d E n c l o su r e s, C o u p l in g, N e ar - o r Far -Fie l d R ad iat io n
A n t e n n as/ M o b il e C o m m u n ic at io n s P at c he s, D ip o l e s, Ho r n s, C o n f o r m al
C e l l P ho n e A n t e n n as, Q u ad r af il ar He l ix , Sp e c if ic A b so r p t io n R at e ( SA R ),
I n f in it e A r r ay s, R ad ar C r o ss Se c t io n ( R C S), Fr e q u e n c y Se l e c t iv e
Su r f ac e s( FSS)
C o n n e c t o r s C o ax , SFP / X FP , B ac k p l an e , T r an sit io n s
W av e gu id e Fil t e r s, R e so n at o r s, T r an sit io n s, C o u p l e r s
Fil t e r s C av it y Fil t e r s, M ic r o st r ip , D ie l e c t r ic
HFSS is an in t e r ac t iv e sim u l at io n sy st e m w ho se b asic m e sh e l e m e n t is a
t e t r ahe d r o n . T his al l o w s y o u t o so l v e an y ar b it r ar y 3 D ge o m e t r y , e sp e c ial l y t ho se
w it h c o m p l e x c u r v e s an d shap e s, in a f r ac t io n o f t he t im e it w o u l d t ak e u sin g
o t he r t e c hn iq u e s.
T he n am e HFSS st an d s f o r High Fr e q u e n c y St r u c t u r e Sim u l at o r . A n so f t
p io n e e r e d t he u se o f t he Fin it e E l e m e n t M e t ho d ( FE M ) f o r E M sim u l at io n b y
d e v e l o p in g/ im p l e m e n t in g t e c hn o l o gie s su c h as t an ge n t ial v e c t o r f in it e e l e m e n t s,
ad ap t iv e m e shin g, an d A d ap t iv e L an c z o s-P ad e Sw e e p ( A L P S). T o d ay , HFSS
c o n t in u e s t o l e ad t he in d u st r y w it h in n o v at io n s su c h as M o d e s-t o -N o d e s an d Fu l l -
W av e Sp ic e .
A n so f t HFSS has e v o l v e d o v e r a p e r io d o f y e ar s w it h in p u t f r o m m an y u se r s an d
in d u st r ie s. I n in d u st r y , A n so f t HFSS is t he t o o l o f c ho ic e f o r high-p r o d u c t iv it y
r e se ar c h, d e v e l o p m e n t , an d v ir t u al p r o t o t y p in g.
Contents
This document discusses some basic concepts and terminology used throughout
the A nsof t H F S S application. I t prov ides an ov erv iew of the f ollow ing topics:
0. F undamentals
A nsof t H F S S D esk top
O pening a D esign
S etting M odel Type
1. P arametric M odel C reation
1.1 B oundary C onditions
1.2 E x citations
2 . A nalysis S etup
3. D ata R eporting
4. S olv e L oop
4.1 M esh O perations
5. E x amples A ntenna
6. E x amples M icrow av e
7 . E x amples F ilters
8. E x amples S ignal I ntegrity
9. E x amples E M C / E M I
System Requirements
Microsoft Windows XP, Windows 2000, or Windows NT4.0. For up-to-da te
inform a tion, re fe r to th e H FS S R e l e a se Note s.
Pe ntium b a se d com pute r
1 28 MB R A M m inim um
8 MB V ide o C a rd m inim um
Mouse or oth e r pointing de v ice
C D -R O M driv e
2 . O pen dialog
Getting Help
If you have any questions while you are using Ansoft HFSS you can find answers
in several ways:
Ansoft HFSS Online Help p rovid es assistance while you are work ing.
T o get help ab out a sp ecific, active d ialog b ox , click the Help b utton
in the d ialog b ox or p ress the F1 k ey.
Select the m enu item Help > Contents to access the online help
system .
T ooltips are availab le to p rovid e inform ation ab out tools on the
toolb ars or d ialog b ox es. W hen you hold the p ointer over a tool for a
b rief tim e, a tooltip ap p ears to d isp lay the nam e of the tool.
As you m ove the p ointer over a tool or click a m enu item , the Sta tu s
B a r at the b ottom of the Ansoft HFSS wind ow p rovid es a b rief
d escrip tion of the function of the tool or m enu item .
T he Ansoft HFSS G etting Started guid e p rovid es d etailed
inform ation ab out using HFSS to create and solve 3 D E M p roj ects.
Ansoft T ec h nic a l Su ppor t
T o contact Ansoft technical sup p ort staff in your geograp hical area,
p lease log on to the Ansoft corp orate web site, www. ansoft. com and
select C onta c t.
Y our Ansoft sales engineer m ay also b e contacted in ord er to
ob tain this inform ation.
V is iting th e A ns o f t W eb S ite
If your com p uter is connected to the Internet, you can visit the Ansoft W eb site to
learn m ore ab out the Ansoft com p any and p rod ucts.
From the Ansoft D esk top
Select the m enu item Help > A nsof t Cor por a te W eb si te to access
the O nline T echnical Sup p ort ( O T S) system .
From your Internet b rowser
V isit www. ansoft. com
E l S e gund o, C A
( 3 1 0 ) 4 2 6 -2 2 8 7 Ask for Technical Support
Ansoft Terms
The Ansoft HFSS window has several optional panels:
A Project Manager whic h c ontains a desig n tree whic h lists the stru c tu re of
the proj ec t.
A Mes s age Manager that allows y ou to view any errors or warning s that
oc c u r b efore y ou b eg in a sim u lation.
A Prop erty W i nd ow that display s and allows y ou to c hang e m odel
param eters or attrib u tes.
A Progres s W i nd ow that display s solu tion prog ress.
A 3 D Mod el er W i nd ow whic h c ontains the m odel and m odel tree for the
ac tive desig n. For m ore inform ation ab ou t the3 D M odeler W indow, see
c hapter 1 .
M e n u
b a r
T o o lb a r s
3 D M o d e le r
W in d o w
P r o je c t
M a n a g e r
w ith p r o je c t
tre e
P ro g re s s
M e s s a g e
W in d o w
M a n a g e r
S ta tu s
b a r P r o p e r ty W in d o w
C o o r d in a te E n tr y F ie ld s
Project Manager
P r o je c t M a n a g e r W in d o w
P r o je c t
D e s ig n
D e s ig n S e tu p
D e s ig n A u to m a tio n
P a ra m e tr ic
O p tim iz a tio n
S e n s itiv ity
S ta tis tic a l D e s ig n R e s u lts
Property Window
P r o p e r ty W in d o w
P ro p e rty P ro p e rty
ta b le b u tto n s
P ro p e rty ta b s
Ansoft 3D Modeler
3 D M o d e le r W in d o w
G r a p h ic s M o d e l
a re a
3 D M o d e le r
d e s ig n tr e e
C o n te x t m e n u
E d g e
V e rte x
C o o r d in a te S y s te m (C S )
P la n e
O r ig in
F a c e
M o d e l
M a te r ia l
O b je c t
O b je c t C o m m a n d H is to r y
Grouped by Material
O bj ec t V iew
Design Windows
In the Ansoft HFSS Desktop, each project can have multiple designs and each
design is display ed in a separate w indow .
Y ou can have multiple projects and design w indow s open at the same time.
Also, y ou can have multiple view s of the same design visib le at the same time.
T o arrange the w indow s, y ou can drag them b y the title b ar, and resiz e them b y
dragging a corner or b order. Also, y ou can select one of the follow ing menu
options: Window >Cascade, Window >T il e V er t ical l y , or Window > T il e
H or iz ont al l y .
T o organiz e y our Ansoft HFSS w indow , y ou can iconiz e open designs. C lick the
Iconiz e * * sy mb ol in the upper right corner of the document b order. An icon
appears in the low er part of the Ansoft HFSS w indow . If the icon is not visib le, it
may b e b ehind another open document. R esiz e any open documents as
necessary . Select the menu item Window > A r r ang e I cons to arrange them at
the b ottom of the Ansoft HFSS w indow .
Select the menu item Window > Cl ose A l l to close all open design. Y ou are
prompted to Save unsaved designs.
Ic o n iz e
S y m b o l
D e s ig n ic o n s
Toolbars
The toolbar buttons are shortcuts for frequently used commands. M ost of the
av ai lable toolbars are di sp layed i n thi s i llustrati on of the A nsoft H F S S i ni ti al
screen, but your A nsoft H F S S w i ndow p robably w i ll not be arrang ed thi s w ay.
Y ou can customi z e your toolbar di sp lay i n a w ay that i s conv eni ent for you.
S ome toolbars are alw ays di sp layed; other toolbars di sp lay automati cally w hen
you select a document of the related typ e. F or ex amp le, w hen you select a 2 D
rep ort from the p roj ect tree, the 2 D rep ort toolbar di sp lays.
To d i sp lay or h i d e i n d i v i d u al t oolbars:
R i g ht-cli ck the A nsoft H F S S w i ndow frame.
A li st of all the toolbars i s di sp layed. The toolbars w i th a check mark
besi de them are v i si ble; the toolbars w i thout a check mark are hi dden.
C li ck the toolbar name to turn i ts di sp lay on or off
To mak e chang es to the toolbars, select the menu i tem Tools > Customize. S ee
Customize and Arrange Toolbars on the
A n s o ft H F S S
nex t p ag e.
p a n e ls
T o o lb a r s
4 . S olv e L oop - the sol ution proc ess is ful l y autom ated
To understand how these proc esses c o-ex ist, ex am ine the il l ustration show n
b el ow .
D es ig n
S olu tion T y p e
1 . 1 . B ou ndaries
1 . P ar am e t r ic M o d e l
G eom etry/ M aterial s
1 . 2 . E x citations
4 . 1 Mes h
O p erations
2. Analysis
Sol ution Setup
Freq uenc y Sw eep
Mes h
A naly z e S olv e
R ef inement
3 . R e su lt s
2 D R eports N O
C onv erg ed
Fiel ds
4 . S o lv e L o o p
Y E S
U p date
F inis h ed
T o s et t h e s olu t ion t y p e:
1. Select the m enu item HFSS > Solution Type
2 . Solution Type W indow:
1. Driven Modal
3 . E ig enm ode
G r a p h ic s M o d e l
a re a
3 D M o d e le r
d e s ig n tr e e
C o n te x t m e n u
P ro p e rty P ro p e rty
ta b le b u tto n s
P ro p e rty ta b s
Grid Plane
To simplify the creation of structural primitives, a grid or draw ing plane is used.
The draw ing plane does not in any w ay limit the user to tw o dimensional
coordinates b ut instead is used as a guide to simplify the creation of structural
primitives. The draw ing plane is represented b y the active grid plane ( The grid
does not have to b e visib le) . To demonstrate how draw ing planes are used,
review the follow ing section: Creating and Viewing Simple Structures.
A c t iv e C u rs o r
The active cursor refers to the cursor that is availab le during ob j ect creation. The
cursor allow s you to graphically change the current position. The position is
displayed on the status b ar of the A nsoft H F S S D esk top W indow .
W hen ob j ects are not b eing constructed, the cursor remains passive and is set
for dynamic selection. S ee the O verview of S electing O b j ects for more details.
3 . S et the H eight
Create a Box
W e w ill inv estigate creating a box to demonstrate these steps. T hese steps
assume that project and a H F S S design hav e already been created. T hree
points are req uired to create the box . T he first tw o form the base rectangle
and the third sets the height.
P oint 1 : Defines the start point of the base rectangle
P oint 2 : Defines the siz e of the base rectangle
P oint 3: Defines the height of the B ox
P o in t 1
G r id P la n e
P o in t 3
B a s e R e c ta n g le
P o in t 2
2 . U s e the mo us e to cr ea te the b a s e s ha p e
1. Set the s ta r t p o int b y p o s itio ning the a ctiv e cur s o r a nd click the lef t
mo us e b utto n.
3 . Set the H eig ht b y p o s itio ning the a ctiv e cur s o r a nd click ing lef t mo us e
b utto n.
Specifying Points
Grid
From the example, we saw that the simplest way to set a point is b y
c lic k ing its position on the g rid plane. T o set the prec ision of the g rid plane,
selec t the menu item View > Grid Settings. From here you may spec if y the
G rid T ype, S tyle, V isib ility, and P rec ision. B y pressing the S a v e A s D e f a u l t
b u tton, you c an set the d ef au lt b ehav ior f or f u tu re H FS S D esig ns.
C o o rdin a t e E n t ry
A nother way to spec if y a c oord inate is to u se the C oord inate E ntry f ield s
whic h are loc ated on the statu s b ar of the A nsof t H FS S D esk top. T he
position may b e spec if ied in C a rt e s ia n , C y l in dric a l , or S p h e ric a l
c oord inates. O nc e the f irst point is set, the C oord inate E ntry will d ef au lt to
R elativ e c oord inates. I n R elativ e mod e the c oord inates are no long er
ab solu te ( measu red f rom the orig in of the work ing c oord inate system) , b u t
relativ e to the last point entered .
E q u a t io n s
T he C oord inate E ntry f ield s allow eq u ations to b e entered f or
position v alu es. E xamples: 2 * 5 , 2 + 6 + 8 , 2 * c os( 1 0 * ( pi/ 1 8 0 ) ) .
V ariab les are not allowed in the C oord inate E ntry Field
N o t e : T rig f u nc tions are in rad ians
R e la tiv e m o d e
Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v9 Users Guide 1-6
1
Parametric Model Creation
C o m m a n d s
A ttr ib u te s
Overview of Draw
Primitives
In solid modeling, the basic element or object is often called a p rimitiv e.
E x amp les of p rimitiv es are box es, cy linders, rectangles, circles, etc. T here
are tw o ty p es of p rimitiv es: 3 D p rimitiv es or solids, and 2 D p rimitiv es or
su rfaces. B y p lacing a collection of p rimitiv es in the correct location and of
the correct siz e w e can create a rep resent comp lex stru ctu ral objects.
T o create comp lex objects, p rimitiv es can be u sed as tools to cu t holes,
carv e aw ay , or join. T he op erations that are p erformed w ith these tools
are often referred to as B oolean op erations.
2 D p rimitiv es can be sw ep t to create arbitrarily shap ed solid p rimitiv es
2 D D ra w O b j ec ts
T he follow ing 2 D D raw objects are av ailable:
R ectangle, C ircle, L ine, P oint, S p line, E llip se, R egu lar P oly gon ( v 8 . 5
circle)
3 D D ra w O b j ec ts
T he follow ing 3 D D raw objects are av ailable:
B ox , C y linder, S p here, T oru s, H elix , B ond W ire, C one, R egu lar
P oly hedron ( v 8 . 5 cy linder)
T ru e S u rf a c es
C ircles, C y linders, S p heres, etc are rep resented as tru e su rfaces. In
v ersions p rior to release 9 , these p rimitiv es w ou ld be rep resented as
faceted objects. If y ou w ish to u se the faceted p rimitiv es ( C y linders or
C ircles) , select the R egu lar P oly hedron or R egu lar P oly gon.
T o control the mesh generation of tru e su rfaces objects, see the section on
M esh C ontrol.
Snap Mode
As an aid for graphical selection, the
m odeler prov ides S nap options. T he
defau lt is to snaps are show n here. T he
shape of the activ e cu rsor w ill dy nam ically
change as the cu rsor is m ov ed ov er the
snap positions.
Mov i ng
B y defau lt all activ e cu rsor m ov em ent is in three dim ensions. T he m odeler
can also b e set to allow the activ e cu rsor to only m ov e in a plane or ou t of
plane. T hese are set from the m enu item 3 D Model er > Mov em ent Mode.
I n addition, the m ov em ent can b e lim ited to a specific direction ( x , y , or z )
b y holding dow n the x , y , or z k ey . T his prev ents m ov em ent in the other
directions.
P ressing the C T R L + E nt er k ey sets a local reference point. T his can b e
u sefu l for creating geom etry graphically that is b ased on an ex isting
ob j ects. T his is ou tlined on the nex t page:
Moving (Continued)
S t e p 1: S t a r t P o i n t S te p 2 : H o ld X k e y a n d s e le c t v e r te x p o in t
S te p 3 : C T R L + E n te r K e y s s e t a lo c a l r e fe r e n c e S te p 4 : H o ld Z k e y a n d s e t h e ig h t
S o r te d b y O b je c t S o r te d b y M a te r ia l
Object Attributes
An objects attributes set the following user defined properties:
Name U ser defined nam e. D efault nam es start with the prim itiv e ty pe
followed by an increasing num ber: B ox 1 , B ox 2 , etc.
M at er i al U ser defined m aterial property . T he default property is v acuum .
T his can be changed by using the m aterial toolbar
S o l v e I n s i d e B y default H F S S only solv es for fields inside
dielectrics. T o force H F S S to solv e inside conductors, check
solv e inside.
O rientation
M o d el O b j ec t C ontrols if the object is included in the solv e
D i s p l ay W i r ef r ame F orces the object to alway s be display ed as wirefram e
C o l o r S et object color
T r an s p ar en c y S et the transparency of an object. 0 S olid, 1 - W irefram e
No t e: V isibility is not an object property .
Materials
By clicking on the property button for the material name, the material d efinition
w ind ow w ill appear. Y ou can s elect from the ex is ting d atabas e or d efine a
cus tom proj ect material.
Materials (Continued)
User Defined Project Material
To define a custom material click the A dd Material b utton from the material
definition w indow . The follow ing dialog w ill ap p ear. E nter the material
definitions and click the O K b utton.
P a n Z o o m In /O u t
R o ta te D y n a m ic Z o o m
C on t e x t M e n u
R ight cl ick in the graphics area and sel ect the menu item V i e w and choose
f rom the options outl ined in the T ool b ar section. T he contex t menu al so
of f ers the f ol l owing:
F i t A ll T his wil l z oom the def ined structure to a point where it f its in
the drawing area
F i t S e le c t i on T his f its onl y the sel ected ob j ects into the drawing
area.
S p i n D rag the mouse and rel ease the mouse b utton to start the
ob j ect spinning. T he speed of the dragging prior to rel easing the
mouse control s the speed of the spin.
A n i m at e C reate or displ ay the animation of parametric geometry
S h ort c u t s
S ince changing the view is a f req uentl y used operation, some usef ul
shortcut k eys ex ist. P ress the appropriate k eys and drag the mouse with
the l ef t b utton pressed:
A L T + D rag R otate
I n addition, there are 9 pre-def ined view angl es that can b e
sel ected b y hol ding the A L T k ey and doub l e cl ick ing on the
l ocations shown on the nex t page.
S h i f t + D rag - P an
A L T + S h i f t + D rag D ynamic Z oom
Shortcuts - P re d e f i n e d V i e w s
These 9 pre-d ef i n ed v i ew s c a n b e seen b y ho l d i n g t he A L T k ey a n d d o u b l e
c l i c k i n g t he l ef t m o u se b u t t o n o n t he l o c a t i o n s sho w n b el o w .
Top
P r e d e fin e d V ie w A n g le s
L e ft R ig h t
B ot t om
H id e S e le c tio n
The visibility of selected objects can be set hidden by selecting the
object( s) and choosing the m enu View > H id e S elec tio n > A ll Views.
R e n d e r in g
To chang e the rendering select the m enu item V iew > Render > W irefram e
or V iew > Render > S m ooth S haded
C o o r d in a te S yste m
To control the view of the coordinate system , select the m enu item :
Visibility:
Tog g le the m enu item View > C o o r d in a te S ystem > H id e
(S h o w)
S iz e :
Tog g le the m enu item View > C o o r d in a te S ystem > S m a ll
(L a rg e)
B a c k g r o u n d C o lo r
To set the back g round color, select the m enu item Vie w > M o d if y A ttr ibu te s
> B a c k g r o u n d C o lo r
G l ob al CS
The def au lt f ix ed coordinate system
R el ativ e CS
U ser def ined local coordinate system.
O f f set
R otated
B oth
F ac e CS
U ser def ined local coordinate system. I t is tied to the location of the obj ect
f ace it w as created on. I f the siz e of the base obj ect changes, all obj ects
created relativ e to the f ace C S w ill be u p dated au tomatically.
C ontinu ed on N ex t P age
3 . Set X -A x is
S t e p 1: S e l e c t F a c e S te p 2 : S e le c t O r ig in
N e w W o r k in g C S
S t e p 3 : S e t X -A x i s
C o n e is c r e a te d w ith F a c e C S
C h a n g e th e s iz e o f th e b o x a n d
th e C o n e is a u to m a tic a lly
m o v e d w ith th e F a c e C S
Parametric Geometry
The parametric modeler capability allows us to define variables in replace of a
fix ed position or siz e. O nce this has been defined the variable can be chang ed
by the user or by O ptimetrics. O ptimetrics can then be used to perform
automatic O ptimiz ation, P arametric S weeps, S tatistical, or S ensitivity A nalysis.
Defining Parameters
S elect the command to parameteriz ed
C hoose the value to chang e
E nter a variable in replace of the fix ed value
D efine the variable using any combination of math functions or desig n
variables.
The model will automatically be updated
U n it s
W hen defining variables they m u st contain u nits. The defau lt u nits
for variables is m eters.
E q u at io n s
The variables can contain com plex eq u ations. See the O nline Help
for a com plete list of m ath fu nctions
A n im at io n
R ig ht-C lick in the 3 D M odel W indow & C hoose A nim ate to preview
the param eteriz ation
Boundary Conditions
This chapter describes the basics for applying boundary conditions. B oundary
conditions enable you to control the characteristics of planes, faces, or interfaces
betw een obj ects. B oundary conditions are im portant to understand and are
fundam ental to solution of M ax w ell s eq uations.
W h y th e y are I m p ortant
The w av e eq uation that is solv ed by A nsoft H F S S is deriv ed from the differential
form of M ax w ell s E q uations. F or these ex pressions to be v alid, it is assum ed
that the field v ectors are single-v alued, bounded, and hav e continuous
distribution along w ith their deriv ativ es. A long boundaries or sources, the fields
are discontinuous and the deriv ativ es hav e no m eaning. Therefore boundary
conditions define the field behav ior across discontinuous boundaries.
A s a user of A nsoft H F S S you should be aw are of the field assum ptions m ade by
boundary conditions. S ince boundary conditions force a field behav ior w e w ant
to be aw are of the assum ptions so w e can determ ine if they are appropriate for
the sim ulation. I m proper use of boundary conditions m ay lead to inconsistent
results.
W hen used properly, boundary conditions can be successfully utiliz ed to reduce
the m odel com plex ity. I n fact, A nsoft H F S S autom atically uses boundary
conditions to reduce the com plex ity of the m odel. A nsoft H F S S can be thought of
as a v irtual prototyping w orld for passiv e R F dev ices. U nlik e the real w orld
w hich is bounded by infinite space, the v irtual prototyping w orld needs to be
m ade finite. I n order to achiev e this finite space, A nsoft H F S S applies a
back ground or outer boundary condition w hich is applied to the region
surrounding the geom etric m odel.
The m odel com plex ity usually is directly tied to the solution tim e and com puter
resources so it is a com petitiv e adv antage to utiliz e them w henev er possible.
W av e P orts ( E x ternal )
L um ped P orts ( I nternal )
2 . S u r f ace A p p r oxim ations
S ym m etry P l anes
P erfect E l ectric or M ag netic S urfaces
R adiation S urfaces
B ack g round or O uter S urface
3 . M ate r ial P r op e r tie s
The background can af f ect how y ou make material assignments. F or ex amp le, if
y ou are modeling a simp le air-f illed rectangular w av eguide, y ou can create a
single obj ect in the shap e of the w av eguide and def ine it to hav e the
characteristics of air. The surf ace of the w av eguide is automatically assumed to
be a p erf ect conductor and giv en the boundary condition outer, or y ou can
change it to a lossy conductor.
P e r f e ct E P e r f e c t E i s a p e r f e c t e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c to r , a ls o r e fe r r e d to a s a p e r fe c t
c o n d u c to r . T h is ty p e o f b o u n d a r y fo r c e s th e e le c tr ic f i e l d ( E -F i e l d ) p e r p e n d i c u l a r
to th e s u r fa c e .T h e r e a r e a ls o tw o a u to m a tic P e rfe c t E a s s ig n m e n ts :
A n y o b je c t s u r fa c e th a t to u c h e s th e b a c k g ro u n d is a u to m a tic a lly d e fin e d to
b e a P e r fe c t E b o u n d a r y a n d g iv e n th e b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n n a m e outer.
A n y o b je c t th a t is a s s ig n e d th e m a te r ia l p e c (P e r fe c t E le c tr ic C o n d u c to r ) is
a u to m a tic a lly a s s ig n e d th e b o u n d a r y c o n d itio n P e r fe c t E to its s u r fa c e a n d
g iv e n th e b o u n d a r y c o n d itio n n a m e s m eta l .
P e r f e ct H P e r f e c t H i s a p e r f e c t m a g n e t i c c o n d u c t o r . F o r c e s E -F i e l d t a n g e n t i a l
to th e s u rfa c e .
N atu r al f o r a P e r f e c t H b o u n d a ry th a t o v e r la p s w ith a p e rfe c t E b o u n d a ry ,
th is r e v e r ts th e s e le c te d a re a to its o r ig in a l m a te r ia l, e r a s in g th e P e rfe c t E
b o u n d a r y c o n d itio n .It d o e s n o t a ffe c t a n y m a te r ia l a s s ig n m e n ts .It c a n b e
u s e d , fo r e x a m p le , to m o d e l a c u t -o u t in a g ro u n d p la n e fo r a c o a x fe e d .
L ay er ed Impedance M u l t i p l e t h i n l a y e r s i n a s t r u c t u r e c a n b e m o d e l e d a s a n
i m p e d a n c e s u r f a c e . S e e t h e O n l i n e He l p f o r a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n o n h o w t o u s e
th e L a y e re d Im p e d a n c e b o u n d a ry .
L u mped R L C a p a r a l l e l c o m b i n a t i o n o f l u m p e d r e s i s t o r , i n d u c t o r , a n d / o r
c a p a c i t o r s u r f a c e . T h e s i m u l a t i o n i s s i m i l a r t o t h e Impedance b o u n d a r y , b u t t h e
s o f t w a r e c a l c u l a t e t h e o h m s / s q u a r e u s i n g t h e u s e r s u p p l i e d R, L , C v a l u e s .
Inf i ni t e G r o u nd P l ane G e n e r a l l y , t h e g r o u n d p l a n e i s t r e a t e d a s a n i n f i n i t e ,
P e r fe c t E , F in ite C o n d u c tiv ity , o r Im p e d a n c e b o u n d a r y c o n d itio n . If r a d ia tio n
b o u n d a r ie s a r e u s e d in a s tr u c tu r e , th e g r o u n d p la n e a c ts a s a s h ie ld fo r fa r -f i e l d
e n e r g y , p r e v e n tin g w a v e s fr o m p r o p a g a tin g p a s t th e g r o u n d p la n e . to s im u la te
th e e ffe c t o f a n in fin ite g r o u n d p la n e , c h e c k th e In fin ite g r o u n d p la n e b o x w h e n
d e fin in g a P e r fe c t E , F in ite C o n d u c tiv ity , o r Im p e d a n c e b o u n d a r y c o n d itio n .
R adi at i o n Ra d i a t i o n b o u n d a r i e s , a l s o r e f e r r e d t o a s a b s o r b i n g b o u n d a r i e s ,
e n a b le y o u to m o d e l a s u r fa c e a s e le c tr ic a lly o p e n : w a v e s c a n th e n r a d ia te o u t o f
th e s tr u c tu r e a n d to w a r d th e r a d ia tio n b o u n d a r y . T h e s y s te m a b s o r b s th e w a v e a t
th e r a d ia tio n b o u n d a r y , e s s e n tia lly b a llo o n in g th e b o u n d a r y in fin ite ly fa r a w a y
f r o m t h e s t r u c t u r e a n d i n t o s p a c e . Ra d i a t i o n b o u n d a r i e s m a y a l s o b e p l a c e d
r e la tiv e ly c lo s e to a s tr u c tu r e a n d c a n b e a r b itr a r ily s h a p e d . T h is c o n d itio n
e lim in a te s th e n e e d fo r a s p h e r ic a l b o u n d a r y . F o r s tr u c tu r e s th a t in c lu d e r a d ia tio n
b o u n d a r i e s , c a l c u l a t e d S -p a r a m e t e r s i n c l u d e t h e e f f e c t s o f r a d i a t i o n l o s s . W h e n
a r a d i a t i o n b o u n d a r y i s i n c l u d e d i n a s t r u c t u r e , f a r -f i e l d c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e
p e r fo r m e d a s p a r t o f th e s im u la tio n .
Technical Overview
Ports are a unique type of boundary condition that allow energy to flow into and
out of a structure. Y ou can assign a port to any 2 D obj ect or 3 D obj ect face.
B efore the full three-dim ensional electrom agnetic field inside a structure can be
calculated, it is necessary to determ ine the ex citation field pattern at each port.
A nsoft H F S S uses an arbitrary port solv er to calculate the natural field patterns or
m odes that can ex ist inside a transm ission structure with the sam e cross section
as the port. T he resulting 2 D field patterns serv e as boundary conditions for the
full three-dim ensional problem .
Wave Port
The port solver assumes that the Wave Port y ou d ef i n e i s c on n ec ted to a semi -
i n f i n i tely lon g w aveg ui d e that has the same c ross-sec ti on an d materi al properti es
as the port. E ac h Wave Port i s ex c i ted i n d i vi d ually an d eac h mod e i n c i d en t on a
port c on tai n s on e w att of ti me-averag ed pow er. Wave Ports c alc ulate
c harac teri sti c i mped an c e, c omplex propag ati on c on stan t, an d g en erali z ed S -
P arameters.
Wave Equation
The f i eld pattern of a traveli n g w ave i n si d e a w aveg ui d e c an b e d etermi n ed
b y solvi n g M ax w ell s eq uati on s. The f ollow i n g eq uati on that i s solved b y
the 2 D solver i s d eri ved d i rec tly f rom M ax w ell s eq uati on .
1
E ( x, y ) k02 r E ( x, y ) = 0
r
w here:
E( x , y ) i s a phasor represen ti n g an osc i llati n g elec tri c f i eld .
k0 i s the f ree spac e w ave n umb er,
r i s the c omplex relati ve permeab i li ty .
r i s the c omplex relati ve permi tti vi ty .
Modes
For a waveguide or transmission line with a given cross section, there is a series
of b asic f ield p atterns ( modes) that satisf y M ax well s E q uations at a sp ecif ic
f req uency . A ny linear comb ination of these modes can ex ist in the waveguide.
Mode Conversion
I n some cases it is necessary to include the ef f ects of higher-order modes
b ecause the structure acts as a mode converter. For ex amp le, if the mode
1 ( dominant) f ield at one p ort is converted ( as it p asses through a structure)
to a mode 2 f ield p attern at another, then it is necessary to ob tain the S -
p arameters f or the mode 2 f ield.
L ab oratory measu rements, su ch as those from a vector netw ork analyz er,
or circu it simu lators u se a constant reference imp edance ( i. e. the p orts are
not p erfectly matched at every freq u ency) .
S ym m etry the p ort s olver unders tands Perfect E and Perfect H s ym m etry
p lanes . The p rop er Wave Port im p edance m ultip lier needs to be ap p lied
when us ing s ym m etry p lanes .
R adiation the default s etting for the interface between a Wave Port and a
R adiation boundary is to ap p ly a Perfect E boundary to the edge of the
p orts .
T i p Y ou may n eed to run a p orts-on l y sol uti on f i rst to hel p determi n e how
the I n teg rati on L i n es n eed to be ap p l i ed to a Wave Port an d thei r di recti on .
3 . F rom the table, select the I n teg ra ti on L i n e colu m n for the first m ode
and choose N ew L i n e.
4 . E nter the p osition and leng th of the line u sing one of the following
m ethods
Typ e the start and stop p oints of the line directly into the x , y,
or z ax is fields, referenced to the work ing coordinates. F or
m ore inform ation on coordinates, refer to G etting O riented in
the D rawing S p ace in C hap ter * * , D rawing B asics and Tip s.
G rap hically p ick the p oints in the D esig n Window s g rap hics
area. The line is disp layed as a vector; the vector indicates
direction. F rom the I n teg ra ti on L i n e colu m n, select S w a p
E n d p oi n ts to reverse the direction of the line, if necessary.
5 . R ep eat step s 3 and 4 to define and ap p ly lines to other m odes of the
cu rrent Wave Port.
6 . C lick the O K bu tton when you are finished defining I nteg ration L ines
S te p 3 : C r e a te N e w L in e
I n g en er a l , t he i m p ed a n c e l i n e s ho u l d b e d ef i n ed b et w een t w o p o i n t s a t
w hi c h t he v o l t a g e d i f f er en t i a l i s ex p ec t ed t o b e a m a x im u m . If y o u a r e
a n a l y z i n g m u l t i p l e m o d es , d ef i n e a s ep a r a t e I n t eg r a t i o n L i n es f o r ea c h
m o d e s i n c e t he o r i en t a t i o n o f t he el ec t r i c f i el d w i l l v a ry .
B ec a u s e t he c a l i b r a t i o n l i n es o n l y d et er m i n e t he p ha s e o f t he ex c i t a t i o n
s i g n a l a n d t he t r a v el i n g w a v e, t he s y s t em i g n o r es t hem d u r i n g t he P o r t s -
O n ly s o lu tio n
7 . R ep eat s t ep s 1 -6 t o ap p ly li n es t o ot her W av e P or t s .
P o rt 4
P o rt 3
P o rt 2
u n ifo r m c r o s s s e c tio n
n o u n ifo r m c r o s s s e c tio n a d d e d fo r e a c h W a v e P o rt
a t W a v e P o rts
The length of the uniform cross section must be long enough to allow non-
p rop agating mod es to d ie out. This ensures accurate simulation results. F or
ex amp le, if a non-p rop agating mod e tak es ap p rox imately one-eighth of a
w av elength to d ie out, either because of losses or because it is an
ev anescent mod e, then y ou should mak e the uniform cross section one-
eighth of a w av elength. O therw ise, y ou must includ e the effects of that
higher-ord er mod e in the simulation.
D iscontinuities p laced close to the p ort may also cause non-p rop agating
mod es to reach the p ort. P lacing the p ort too close to d iscontinuities w ill
cause erroneous results since the bound ary cond ition at the p ort w ill
p rev ent the simulated solution from matching the actual solution ( i. e. The
sy stem forces the field at each p ort to be a linear combination of the mod es
y ou req uest) . The energy from the non-p rop agating mod es that reach the
p ort w ill affect the ap p arent energy in the d ominate mod e and p rod uce
erroneous results.
W hen the W av e P orts lengths are correct, for mod es that are includ ed in
the simulation there is a p erfect matched cond ition at a W av e P ort, as if the
w av eguid e ex tend ed to infinity . F or mod es that are not includ ed in a
simulation, a W av e P ort ap p ears as a p erfect cond uctor.
Propagating Modes
Propagating modes are those that have a propagation constant, (rad/ m),
that is greater than their attenu ation constant, (N p/ meter). O ne w ay to
determine w hich modes need to b e model ed is to set u p the prob l em w ith
mu l tipl e modes and generate a sol u tion w ith no adaptive passes. T hen,
inspect the compl ex propagation constant, = + , associated w ith each
mode. T o inspect the compl ex propagation constant (G amma) af ter an
anal y sis has b een perf ormed:
1. F rom the HFSS, Analysis Setup menu , sel ect M atr ix D ata.
Analysis Setup
This chapter provides details on Analysis in the Ansoft HFSS v.9.0 softw are su ch
as:
Add Solu tion Setu p
Adapt Freq u ency
C onverg ence C riteria
I nitial M esh O ptions
Adaptive O ptions
L ow -O rder B asis Fu nctions
Setu p
P roperties
Add Sw eep
Sw eep P roperties and Types of Sw eeps
Adaptive Meshing
The adaptive meshing constructs a mesh that conforms to the electrical
performance of the device. B y employ ing adaptive meshing, the mesh is
automatically tuned to give the most accurate and efficient mesh possib le.
W ithout adaptive meshing, the responsib ility of generating the correct mesh
w ould b e left to the user. This is b oth error prone and tedious. W ith A daptive
M eshing y ou w ill k now the answ er is right the first time.
How it Works
The adaptive meshing algorithm searches for the largest gradients in the E -
field or error and sub -divides the mesh in those regions. I t also targets
singularities, such as the edge of a conductor, as locations to add ex tra
elements.
The mesh grow th for each adaptive pass is controlled b y the Tetrahedron
R efinement in Setup Solution (Advanced Tab). Y ou should notice, that the
Tet. R ef inem ent is a percentage. This ensures that b etw een each pass the
mesh is sufficiently perturb ed and guarantees that y ou w ill not receive false
convergences.
A fter the mesh has b een refined, a full solution is performed and the
process is repeated until convergence
C on v e rg e n c e
A fter each adaptive pass, H F SS compares the S-P arameters from the
current mesh to the results of the previous mesh. I f the answ ers have not
changed b y the user defined value or D elta S, then the solution has
converged and the current or previous mesh can b e used to perform a
freq uency sw eep. I f the solution has converged, then technically , the
previous mesh is as good as the current mesh. I n this case, A nsoft H F SS
w ill use the previous mesh to perform freq uency sw eeps if they have b een
req uested.
D e l ta S
The D elta S is the default criteria used to determine mesh/ solution
convergence. The D elta S is defined as the max imum change in the
magnitude of the S-parameters b etw een tw o consecutive passes:
M ax ij[ mag( SNij S( N-1 ) ij) ] , w here i and j cover all matrix entries and N
represents the pass numb er
Since this is the magnitude of a vector q uantity , it can vary b etw een
0 and 2
Broadband Structures
F or br oadband str u ctu r es, the end f r eq u ency shou l d be u sed since the f iner
mesh shou l d be val id at al l l ow er f r eq u ency points.
F i l ters
F or f il ter s or nar r ow -band devices, a f r eq u ency w ithin the pass-band or
oper ating r egion shou l d be u sed since in the stop-band the E-f iel d is onl y
pr esent at the por ts.
F ast F req uency Sw eep s
F or F ast F r eq u ency Sw eeps, ty pical l y u se the center of the f r eq u ency
band. T he F ast F r eq u ency Sw eep u ses the mesh/ sol u tion at the adaptive
f r eq u ency point. Since the er r or in the F ast F r eq u ency Sw eep ty pical l y
incr eases as y ou move aw ay f r om this point, the center of the f r eq u ency
band is u su al l y the pr ef er r ed sol u tion f r eq u ency to ex tr apol ate the entir e
band f r om. I t is al so impor tant to center the f r eq u ency sw eep ar ou nd a
center point that w il l pr odu ce an adeq u ate mesh. T his is especial l y tr u e f or
ver y high Q devices su ch as nar r ow -band f il ter s. I f the center f r eq u ency is
not in the f il ter s pass-band, the bandw idth and r esonant f r eq u ency w il l not
be accu r ate.
F ul l -W av e Sp i ce E x p ort
F or F u l l -W ave Spice pr obl ems, u se the K nee F r eq u ency
( F knee 0 . 5 / r ise_ time) to adapt to conver gence. T hen per f or m 2-5 mor e
f r eq u ency points to adapt at. T he additional points shou l d be sel ected
betw een the K nee F r eq u ency and the max imu m f r eq u ency ( O nl y needs 2-3
passes per f r eq u ency point) .
F r eq u encies bel ow the K nee F r eq u ency shou l d have the l ar gest
impact on the time-domain, ther ef or e the K nee F r eq u ency is u sed
f or the pr imar y adaptive meshing. U nf or tu natel y , the mesh needed
at the higher f r eq u encies may not be r esol ved enou gh w ithou t
per f or ming the additional adaptive mesh passes.
D u e to the l ar ge bandw idths, ty pical l y y ou w il l u se an I nter pol ating
Sw eep. U sing mu l tipl e f r eq u ency sw eeps and combining the r esu l ts
may al so be u sef u l .
Setting Convergence
It is very common to request too much accuracy when defining the D el ta S .
R ememb er! T he manufacturing p rocess, the l ab oratory equip ment, and the
measurement p rocess al l have inherent errors associated with them. A sk ing
H F S S to p rovide a l evel of accuracy that is orders of magnitudes greater then
what you can ob tain in the real -worl d does not b uy you anything other then ex tra
simul ation time. Instead, use the C onvergence M onitoring and good engineering
j udgment to determine when to terminate the adap tive meshing p rocess and how
to set the D el ta S . In general a D el ta S of 0 . 0 2 ( 2 % ) , which is the defaul t, or as
l ow as 0 . 0 1 ( 1 % ) , is sufficient.
D ef aul ts Tab
The D efaults tab allows you to save the current setting s as the defaults for
future solution setups or revert the current setting s to the standard setting .
Frequency Sweeps
Using the converged mesh or initial mesh if no adaptive passes were req u ested,
the swept freq u ency response of the device can b e ob tained. A nsoft H F S S
provides several methods for calcu lating the freq u ency response:
Discrete performs a fu ll solu tion at every freq u ency u sing the cu rrent
mesh. T he time req u ired is the single freq u ency solve times the nu mb er of
freq u ency points. F ields can b e display ed at any freq u ency within the
sweep range if the S ave F ields B ox is check ed.
F a st u ses an A daptive L ancz os-P ade S weep( A L P S ) b ased solver to
ex trapolate an entire b andwidth of solu tion information from the center
freq u ency . V ery good for high-Q devices b u t it can not b e u sed to solve for
devices that pass throu gh cu t-off. O nce the b and has b een ex trapolated, a
high nu mb er of freq u ency points can b e calcu lated withou t a penalty . I n
addition, the F ields can b e display ed at any freq u ency within the sweep
range. T he time and memory req u ired to solve a fast freq u ency sweep
may b e mu ch larger then the single freq u ency solve.
I n terp o l a tin g performs solves at discrete freq u ency points that are fit b y
interpolating. A nsoft H F S S determines the freq u ency points to solve at
b ased on the error in the interpolation b etween consecu tive passes. T he
interpolation error and max imu m nu mb er of points is defined b y the u ser in
the E d it S w eep . A s with the fast freq u ency sweep, the I nterpolating S weep
can generate a larger nu mb er of freq u ency points. B u t y ou only have the
field solu tion for the last solved freq u ency . T he max imu m solu tion time is
the single freq u ency solve times the max imu m nu mb er of points.
Add Sweep
After a Solution Setup has been added you can also add a Frequency Sw eep.
T o do this, rig ht-click on Setup in the H FSS M odel T ree. T he E dit Sw eep w indow
w ill appear
Sweep Type
Sa v i ng Fi el d s
I t is possibl e to sav e the F iel d d ata for ev ery point in the F ast S weep and
the D iscrete S weep. T o sav e the F iel d inform ation m ak e sure that the
S av e F iel d s ( Al l F requencies) box is check ed .
F or the I nterpol ation S weep, onl y the F iel d d ata for the l ast sol v ed
frequency wil l be av ail abl e for post-processing .
Overview
Ansoft HFSS has very powerful and flexible data management and plotting
c apabilities. O nc e understood, it will mak e the whole solution proc ess muc h
easier, and will help c raft the entire problem setup.
T o p ic s o f D is c u s s io n
D ata management
2 D P lotting
3 D P lotting
Antenna c harac teristic s
Field P lotting
Data Management
With every model variation that is solved, a new data entry is stored within the
p roj ec t resu lts direc tory. T his c ap ab ility has imp lic ations in that the u ser c an
p erf orm a p arametric sweep of a model withou t needing an O p timetric s lic ense.
N O T E : A u tomatic p arametric sweep s along with the other O p timetric s
f u nc tions, O p timiz ation, S ensitivity, and S tatistic al analyses, D O req u ire an
O p timetric s lic ense.
T he dataset validity c an b e c hec k ed b y selec ting HFSS > Results > Browse
Soluti on s
Data Management
Post-p r oc e ssi n g ste p s c a n a l so b e p e r f or m e d i n th e n e w i n te r f a c e f or H F S S . T h e
c om m on op e r a ti on s th a t w e r e p r e v i ou sl y p e r f or m e d i n th e M a tr i x D a ta m od u l e of
p r e v i ou s r e l e a se s a r e :
Port Impedance Renormalization
Port D e-emb edding
D if f erential pair analy s es
O th e r p ost-p r oc e ssi n g op e r a ti on s th a t u se d to r e q u i r e th e M a tr i x D a ta m od u l e
th a t a r e n ow c om p u te d b y d e f a u l t i n H F S S v e r si on 9 .0 a r e th e Y- and Z -matrices .
A l so, g i v e n th a t th e S olu tion T y pe d e f i n e d e a r l y on i n th e p r oc e ss, n e g a te th e
n e c e ssi ty of c om p u ti n g T e r m i n a l S -p a r a m e te r s f r om M od a l S -p a r a m e te r s.
Data Management
Differential pair analyses
For multiple terminals per port, differential pairs can be created to look at
differential S -parameters instead of sing le-ended S -parameters. T h is can
be useful for inv estig ating th e possible conv ersion betw een differential and
common mode w ith in a g iv en structure.
W ith in th e w av e port dialog , th e D ifferential P airs tab controls th e creation
of th e pairs from th e indiv idual T erminals
1. T o create a differential pair, select N ew P air, and select th e terminal
lines th at represent th e positiv e and neg ativ e sides
2 . From h ere, y ou can also ch ang e th e Differential and C o m m o n mode
impedance setting for each pair.
Data Management
Importing Data from other solutions
Often it is desirable to compare the results of one simulation to the results
of another simulation, H F S S , circuit, or planar, or ev en measurements.
T his can be accomplished readily w ithin the H F S S v ersion 9 . 0 desk top
env ironment.
T o import solutions into H F S S Desk top:
N OT E : T he minimum req uirements for importing a solution are an
ex isting model w ith at least one port.
1. S elect HFSS > Results > Import Solutions, and the follow ing dialog
w ill appear:
Data Management
3. From this window, select Browse to f ind the f ile to b e imp orted. T he
a ccep ta b le f ile f orma ts a re: . sN p , . sz g , . f lp , . y N p , . z N p , a nd . tou .
4 . C lick O p en to loa d the f ile.
A ll solu tions will a p p ea r in the rep ort editor u nder the S weep ca teg ory
( more on this la ter)
Plotting Data
Data plotting can take a variety of forms. The most often used format is 2 D
C artesian plotting, b ut w e also have the capab ility to plot in 3 D as w ell. B elow is a
list of all the q uantities that can b e plotted on various graphs. F or definitions of
each of these q uantities, see the online help.
Eigenmode solution
E igenmode P arameters ( modes)
D r iv en M oda l S olution
S-parameters
Y-parameters
Z-parameters
V SW R
G amma ( complex propagation constant)
P ort Zo
D r iv en T er mina l S olution
S-parameters
Y-parameters
Z-parameters
V SW R
P ow er ( at port)
V oltage Transform matrix ( T)
Terminal P ort Zo
F ields
M ag_ E
M ag_ H
M ag_ J vol
M ag_ J surf
C omplex M ag_ E
C omplex M ag_ H
C omplex M ag_ J vol
C omplex M ag_ J surf
L ocal_ SA R ( Specific A b sorption R ate)
A verage_ SA R
N O T E: F or all F ield plots, a polyline or surface must b e selected b efore
creating the F ield plot.
Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v9 Users Guide 3-7
3
Ansoft HFSS Data Reporting
Plotting Data
Types of Plots:
Rectangular Plot
Polar Plot
3 D Rectangular Plot
3 D Polar Plot
S m i th C h art
D ata T ab le
Rad i ati on Pattern
To C r ea te a Plot:
1. S elect H F S S > Res ults > C reate Rep ort
Plotting Data
Creating a Plot (contd)
4. Contex t
D es ign ch oos e f r om a v a i l a b l e de s i g ns w i th i n a p r oj e ct
S w eep ch oos e f r om a v a i l a b l e s w e e p s i ncl u di ng a da p ti v e p a s s e s
a nd i m p or te d da ta
D om ain de f a u l ts to S w e e p , b u t ca n b e s w i tch e d to T i m e dom a i n f or
p l otti ng S -p a r a m e te r s w i th a n i m p u l s e or s te p r e s p ons e .
5 . S w eep / X / Y T ab s
7 . S e l e ct D one w h e n f i ni s h e d
A n e x a m p l e of a m u l ti -tr a ce p l ot of th e s w e e p ta b s h ow n on th e p r e v i ou s p a g e i s
s h ow n ne x t
Plotting Data
Plotting Data
3D Plots si m p ly a d d a th i r d d i m e n si on su c h th a t i n ste a d of p lotti n g a f a m i ly of
c u r v e s, y ou c a n p lot a 3D su r f a c e th a t r e p r e se n ts y ou r d a ta c h a n g i n g w i th tw o
i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b le s. B e low i s a 3D p lot of th e p r e v i ou s f a m i ly of c u r v e s.
Plotting Data
Output Variables
In addition to being able to plot the built-in s olv ed q uantities , y ou c an als o
c r eate y our ow n by us ing output v ar iables .
C lic k ing on the O utput V ar iables button in the T r ac es dialog s how n bef or e,
br ings up the f ollow ing dialog:
Data Manipulation
Sometimes, the built-in c a lc ula ted q ua n tities a r e n ot a d eq ua te ev en g iv en the
outp ut v a r ia ble c a p a bility . B ec a use of this, A n sof t H F SS ha s the f lex ibility built in
w ith a n a r bitr a r y f ield s c a lc ula tor .
Y ou c a n use the F ield s C a lc ula tor to ma n ip ula te f ield q ua n tities to obta in a n y
n umber of v a lues. O n e c ommon use is to ev a lua te p ow er f low w ithin a str uc tur e.
T his c a n be a c c omp lished by in teg r a tin g the P oy n tin g v ec tor ov er a g eometr ic
sur f a c e. T his c a n ea sily be a c c omp lished w ithin the f ield c a lc ula tor .
To access the fields calculator:
Selec t HFSS > Fields > Calculator
F or a mor e d eta iled ex p la n a tion of the f un c tion s w ithin the f ield c a lc ula tor , v isit
our on lin e tec hn ic a l sup p or t a t http : / / w w w . a n sof t. c om. ots
3 . Y ou can then chang e the frequency of the stimulus or phase with the
resultant dialog box :
S electing the ob j ect arm, and plotting within the v olume y ields:
Y ou can also leave the default of clou d plot and adj ust the clou d
dens ity and point s iz e until the plot look s acceptab le
2 . Typically, you can accept the defau lts, b u t you may w ant to change the
nu mb er of steps to limit compu tation time.
2 . S elec t the F ields R eporter tab, and c hec k , , or unc hec k , , the fields plot
you want displayed.
Solve Loop
Unlike pre-pro c es s ing , t h e s o lu t io n pro c es s is v ery a u t o m a t ed . O nc e t h e
pro b lem h a s b een d ef ined pro perly , H F S S w ill t a ke o v er a nd s t ep t h ro u g h s ev era l
s t a g es o f t h e s o lu t io n pro c es s . T o s t a rt t h e s o lu t io n pro c es s , rig h t c lic k o n
Analysis in t h e H F S S M o d el T ree a nd s elec t Analyz e .
Initial Solution
P or t s O n l y &
S eed ing and F re q u e n c y S w e e p
Initial Mesh L am b d a R ef inem ent P o r t S o lu tio n
( S ing le F r eq u enc y )
F u ll V o lu m etr ic S o lu tio n
( S -P ar am eter s/ E -F ield s)
No A d a p t i v e M e s h i n g
A d ap tiv e M e s h L oop
R ef ine Mesh
( G r ad ient o f E -F ield No
at S ing le F r eq u enc y )
C hec k C o nv er g enc e Y E S
( D elta S ) F r eq u enc y S w eep
F u ll V o lu m etr ic S o lu tio n
( S -P ar am eter s/ E -F ield s)
Monitoring Convergence
You can view the Convergence of the entire solution process. Right click on
Analysis/Setup in the H F S S m od el tree. T he C o nv er g enc e T ab can b e used to
d isplay a tab le or a plot.
Profile
At any time during or after the solution process, you can examine the computing
resources - or profile data - that w ere used b y H F S S during the analysis. T he
profile data is essentially a log of the task s performed b y H F S S during the
solution. T he log indicates the length of time each task took and how much
R AM / disk memory w as req uired
T ask -- lists the softw are module that performed a task during the solution
process, and the type of task that w as performed. F or example, for the task
mesh3d_adapt, M esh3 d is the softw are module that adaptiv ely refined the mesh.
R eal T ime -- the amount of real time req uired to perform the task .
C P U T ime -- the amount of C P U time req uired to perform the task .
M emory -- the peak amount of memory used b y your machine w hile performing
the task . T his v alue includes all of the applications running at the time; it is not
limited to H F S S ..
I nformation -- general information ab out the solution, including the numb er of
tetrahedra used in the mesh.
Matrix Data
After the Solution is complete the Matrix Data can be viewed by click ing on
Analysis/ Setup. R ig ht click on Setup and select M a tr i x D a ta . T he So l uti o n D a ta
window will appear.
I n the Simulation pull-down list, click the solution setup and solved pass -
adaptive, sing le freq uency solution, or freq uency sweep - for which you want to
view matrices.
Select the type of matrix to view.
S-matrix
Y-matrix
Z-matrix
G amma
Zo ( characteristic impedance. )
T he available types depend on the solution type
Y ou can also select solv ed freq u encies that you wou ld lik e to display
T o display the matrix entries for all solv ed freq u encies, choose All F r e q s .
T o show the matrix entries for one solv ed freq u ency, clear A ll F req u encies
and then select the solv ed freq u ency that you want to v iew.
F or adaptiv e passes, only the solu tion freq u ency specified in the S olu tion
S etu p dialog box is av ailable. F or freq u ency sweeps, the entire freq u ency
range is av ailable.
If you have a Driven Terminal solution you can export to PSpice, H SPI C E ,
Spect r e, o r M a x w el l Spice. Y ou must have a freq uency sw eep solution and five
or more freq uency points to successfully export an eq uivalent circuit d ata file.
S elect L u m ped E l em en t E x po r t ( L o w B a n d w id t h ) if you w ant to save the d ata as
a low -freq uency circuit mod el using simple lumped elements ( resistors,
capacitors, ind uctors, and d epend ent current sources) .
S elect Pa r t ia l F r a ct io n E x pa n s io n f o r M a t l a b to create a * .m file
C lick C o m b in e Sw eeps if you w ant to comb ine the d ata from tw o or more
freq uency sw eeps into one file. The end points of the sw eep rang es can touch,
b ut may not overlap.
The S -matrices are w ritten to the d ata file that you specified in the eq uivalent
circuit d ata format.
List
To view Model Parameters, Boundaries, Excitations, Mesh Operations and
A naly sis S etup rig ht click on Analysis in the A nsof t H F S S model tree and select
L ist
Mesh Operations
This chapter provides details on meshing in the Ansoft HFSS v.9.0 softw are. I t
discu sses the defau lt meshing of cu rvatu re, u ser control thereof, and the new
volume correction capab ilities u sed in matrix solu tion. The follow ing topics are
discu ssed:
C u rved G eometry M esh Adaptation
Faceting D efau lt Settings
V olu me P ertu rb ation in FE M Solu tions
U ser-D efining Su rface Approx imations
Application R ecommendations
Apply ing M esh O perations
E x a mp les / B ench ma rk s
The follow ing ex amples are provided to demonstrate the topics discu ssed
in the chapter:
Standard P illb ox R esonator
Hemispherical D ielectric R esonator Antenna w ith C avity
Accelerator Spok e-C avity Application
C ircu lar W G Q u adratu re O rtho-mode J u nction ( O M J )
For HFSS v9.0, how ever, in order to provide more rob ust meshing w ith
respect to more complex g eometries, the initial faceting selections made
for curved ob j ects are respected throug hout the adaptation process, so that
the adapted mesh is a sub divided variation of the same meshed volume as
the initial mesh. A n adapted mesh from HFSS v9.0 is show n b elow .
Faceter D ef au l t S etti n g s
In order to keep initial meshes at reasonable sizes, the initial f ac eting def au lt
setting is to c onstrain the mesh su rf ac e normals to f all w ithin 30degrees of the
tru e-c u rv ed su rf ac e normals.
T his means that a c y lindric al su rf ac e w ou ld be f ac eted into 1 6 seg ments
abou t its c irc u mf erenc e, as illu strated below .
T he normal f or eac h f lat seg ment c annot be of f by more than 3 0 deg rees
f rom the normal f or the c u rv ed tru e su rf ac e w hic h that seg ment s f ac e is
approx imating .
T he Surf ace A p p rox imation op tions are shown below right. D ef initions
f ollow:
Surface Deviation is the max imum sp acing,
in d rawing units, that the tetrahed ral surf aces
may be f rom the true-curv ed geometry s
surf ace.
N orm al Deviation is the max imum angular
d if f erence, in d egrees, that a tetrahed ral
f ace s normal can hav e f rom the surf ace
normal f or the true geometry which it is
meant to rep resent.
A s p ect R atio ref ers to the max imum allowed
asp ect ratio of all f aces of all tetrahed ra of
the selected obj ect or f ace. T his setting
inf luences mesh q uality rather than actual
meshed v olume or surf ace locations.
Each Setting can be forced, left at the default, or turned off entirely
Ignore m eans no ev aluation of this
cons traint w ill be done in generation of
the initial m es hing, not ev en to the
built-in s ettings H F SS follow s w ithout
s urface ap p rox im ation ins tructions
U s e D ef a u l t s leav es that cons traint at the
built-in s ettings , and is s elected if y ou do
not w is h to tighten this cons traint but als o
do not w is h to deactiv ate it.
S et is of cours e us ed to ap p ly a us er
cons traint v alue w hich m ay be tighter or
loos er than the built-in cons traint us ed
in the abs ence of s p ecific ins tructions .
Setting loos er cons traints than the
default m ay req uire als o s etting
adj oining obj ects to the s am e
loos er cons traint s o that the
default does not tak e p recedence
at interfaces .
Usage Suggestions
D o n ot ov e rs p e c i f y .
I t is alw ay s eas ier to add than s ubtract m es h, by running m ore adap tiv e
p as s es or by adding s up p lem ental m es h ins tructions
T oo s tringent a s etting ( e. g. N orm al D ev iation of 1 degree) can res ult in
p oor m es h q ualities due to as p ect ratios , p oor m es h gradients to
s urrounding obj ects , etc.
U s e A s p ect R atio s ettings along w ith N orm al or Surface D ev iation s ettings
F or cy lindrical ty p e obj ects w here curv ed and p lanar faces m eet, the
norm al and s urface dev iation s ettings ap p ly to the curv ed faces only .
Setting an as p ect ratio lim it as w ell ( e. g. 4 : 1 ) w ill force a few additional
triangles on the p lanar faces and help p res erv e a cleaner ov erall m es h
C ons ider us ing P oly hedrons or P oly gons ins tead if us ing to reduce m es h
I f y our des ign has m any curv ed obj ects w hich y ou w ant only v ery coars ely
m es hed ( e. g. a w hole fence of ground v ias , for w hich 3 0 degree default
norm al dev iation is unneces s ary ) , and the geom etry is not im p orted,
cons ider draw ing the v ias as hex agonal or ev en s q uare s olids ins tead,
rather than hav ing to rem em ber to reduce the m es hing fidelity on them all.
Source: (Canonical)
D es crip t ion
A pillbox resonator is a simple cylindrical cavity, the exact resonance of w hich is
solved analytically as:
qnm p2
+ 2
2
TE mnp c
f =
( ) l
r
2 b
2
pnm p2
+ 2
2
TM mnp c
f =
(b ) l
r 2
2
E q u ations f or T E and T M modes of order ( n, m, p) w here p is the
nu mber of half -w ave variations in the cavity axis direction
pnm and qnm represent the z eros of the B essel f u nctions or their
derivatives
b is cavity radiu s, and l is cavity heig ht
c is the speed of lig ht in the enclosed volu me media
B ench m ark
A pillbox proj ect w ith b = 1 0 cm and l = 1 0 cm w as constru cted.
V olu me of cavity w as vacu u m; w all bou ndaries w ere perf ect condu ctors
S olu tion w as req u ested f or 3 eig enmodes, w ith S u rf ace Approximations set to
vary the N ormal D eviation
n o r m w as varied f rom 5 to 4 5 deg rees by 5 deg ree steps
A s pe ct r a t i o w as set at 5 : 1 ; S u rf ace D eviation setting w as I g nore
S olu tion setu p w as 0 . 2 5 G H z starting f req u ency ( to assu re a starting
f req u ency did not add mesh beyond those set by the su rf ace approximation
setting s
S olu tions w ere continu ed to 0 . 0 1 % delta-f ( real part) or 1 0 passes,
w hichever came f irst
T abu lated resu lts vs. theoretical compu tations are show n on the pag e f ollow ing
B essel z eros w ere compu ted to abou t 5 dig its ( e. g . p1 1 = 1 . 8 4 1 1 8 )
S peed of lig ht u sed w as 2 9 9 7 9 2 4 5 8 m/ s
Results:
HFSS HFSS HFSS Avg.
Normal Delta vs. Final Final Delta-f
TM010 TE111 TE111 Delta vs.
Deviation Theory Tetrahedra Convergence
Result Result 1 Result 2 Theory
(deg) (%) Count (%)
(GHz) (GHz) (GHz) (%)
5 1.147406 0.001482 1.7361 1.736118 0.0756005 3347 0.0067755
10 1.147345 0.006798 1.73307 1.733154 0.2480399 2670 0.0077428
15 1.147124 0.026058 1.72758 1.727638 0.5647448 1882 0.022301
20 1.146748 0.058827 1.7192 1.719607 1.0370537 1060 0.042848
25 1.146623 0.069721 1.71165 1.712348 1.4632887 1087 0.040982
30 1.146196 0.106935 1.69707 1.697355 2.3142622 1008 0.052023
35 1.145602 0.158703 1.68868 1.688798 2.8019963 890 0.12154
40 1.144962 0.214481 1.67654 1.677916 3.4645009 887 0.033112
45 1.144962 0.214481 1.67654 1.677916 3.4645009 887 0.033112
O b ser v a ti o n s:
With higher-o rd er m o d es , a b s o l u te erro r is higher in o rd er o f a s c en d in g f req u en c y
rega rd l es s o f n o rm a l d ev ia tio n f a c etin g a p p l ied
T his is ex p ec ted d u e to s o m e s o l u tio n d ep en d en c e o n s ta rtin g f req u en c y .
A d d ed a d a p tiv e el em en ts a re s ha red a m o n g m o d es . Y et higher o rd er
m o d es ha v e m o re f o c u s ed f iel d p ea k s a s c o m p a red to m o re f u n d a m en ta l
m o d es . T heref o re m o re ra p id im p ro v em en t f o r l o w er o rd er m o d es a re a n
a rtif a c t o f the a d a p ta tio n tec hn iq u e a n d n o t o n e v o l u m e c o rrec tio n c a n
s tro n gl y in f l u en c e.
N o te tha t f o r higher-a c c u ra c y a n a l y s is o f the higher f req u en c y m o d es , the
s o l u tio n c a n b e ex ec u ted w ith s o l u tio n s ettin gs tha t w il l f in d tha t a s the
l o w es t f req u en c y m o d e.
E v en 2 2 . 5 d egree s ettin g w il l res u l t in b etter tha n 0 . 0 5 % erro r f o r the
f u n d a m en ta l m o d e s o l u tio n .
4 0 a n d 4 5 d egree c a s es ha d id en tic a l m es hes a n d res u l ts
When u s ed to red u c e m es h, o ther q u a l ity c hec k s m a y s til l c o n s tra in the
res u l t to m o re tha n j u s t the s u rf a c e a p p ro x im a tio n s ettin gs req u es ted .
C o n c lusi o n s:
F o r s im p l e c a n o n ic a l s ha p es a n d f u n d a m en ta l m o d es , in c rea s ed f a c etin g is
u n n ec es s a ry u n l es s ex trem el y tight a c c u ra c y d ev ia tio n s a re req u ired
Source:
K. K. So and K. W. Leung, Annular Slot Excited Dielectric Resonator Antenna
w ith a B ack ing C av ity , P roceedings of th e 2 0 0 2 I EEE Antennas and P rop agation
Society I nternational Sy m p osium , San Antonio, T X , J une 2 0 0 2 , V olum e 4
D es cri p t i on :
A h em isp h erical dielectric resonator antenna ( DRA) is f ed b y a coaxial cab le
across an annular ring slot, w h ich coup les th e DRA to a h em isp h erical cav ity
b eneath it. T h is p roj ect h as a com b ination of sp h erical and p lanar-circle curv es
w h ich sh ould giv e good ev idence of th e utility of th e v olum e correction ap p roach .
T h e source p rov ides b oth auth or-deriv ed analy tical results and m easurem ent
results.
B en ch m a rk :
An im age of th e m odeled geom etry is sh ow n ( b elow , righ t) .
Sy m m etry w as used ( 1 p lane) .
C av ity ( v acuum f illed) is 2 5 m m radius; DRA is 1 2 .5 m m radius.
DRA m aterial h as r = 9 .5
Annular ring outer radius is 5 .8 m m , 1 m m w idth
F eed is generated using a lum p ed gap source p ort sp anning th e annular
ring ( see detail im age)
A 3 0 m m radius b y 3 5 m m h eigh t p oly h edron ( 1 6 sides) is used f or th e
radiation b oundary .
B ottom ground p lane is treated as
inf inite ground b oundary condition
Feed Detail
Solution req uested using only default surf ace ap p roxim ations
1 0 adap tiv e p asses or to delta-S of 0 .0 1 at adap tiv e f req uency of
3 .7 5 G H z
2 .5 5 G H z f ast sw eep req uested
Results:
Plots of S11 vs. frequency and real and imaginary Z11 vs. frequency are sh ow n
R esults conformed almost ex actly to source s rep orted measured results, and
w ere closer to measurements th an source analysis
H F SS v8 .5 solved to effectively th e same result, b ut required ab out 4 times th e
mesh
3 3 2 4 at p ass 8 ( v9 ) vs. 13 , 3 0 0 tetrah edra at p ass 11 ( v8 .5 )
C o n c lusi o n s:
T h is p rovides an ex amp le of a p roj ect for w h ich th e volume p erturb ation is
ex tremely w ell-suited, b y p roviding th e p rop er dielectric resonance volume
Past ex p eriments w ith as many as 2 4 facets p er circumference w ith out
volume p erturb ation demonstrated a noticab le frequency error, th erefore
th e role of th e new solution cap ab ility in th is success is clear.
Solution accuracy w as ex cellent in ab solute terms even w ith default settings, and
greatly ex ceeded H F SS v8 .5 s cap ab ilities
A second simulation w ith N ormal D eviation set to 15 degrees solved to th e
same results and ex cellent convergence, still b eating th e H F SS v8 .5 mesh
required
Source:
http://w w w . j l a b . o r g /~ pi l l e r /spo k e /spo k e . htm
D es cri p t i on :
A S po k e c a v i ty i s u se d i n a c c e l e r a to r s f o r i o n b e a m s. T hi s v a r i a n t i s a l o w B e ta
ty pe . T he c a v i ty c o n si sts o f a c y l i n d r i c a l v o l u m e w i th sphe r i c a l se c ti o n s
su b tr a c te d f r o m the f l a t e n d s. T he spo k e i s a sm a l l e r c y l i n d e r w i th i ts a x is
o r tho g o n a l to the m a i n c a v i ty s a x i s tha t c u ts thr o u g h the c a v i ty c e n te r l i n e o n a
d i a m e te r . T he r e i s a n i n pu t/o u tpu t b e a m pi pe tha t r u n s c o a x i a l w i th the m a in
c a v i ty a n d e x i ts the tw o c o n c a v e sphe r o i d e n d s. D u e to sy m m e tr y the se c a v i ti e s
a r e u su a l l y a n a l y z e d i n 1 /8 se c ti o n s w i th P H C b o u n d a r y c o n d i ti o n s
B en ch m a rk :
A n i m a g e o f the m o d e l e d c a v i ty g e o m e tr y f r o m the H F S S g r a phi c a l i n te r f a c e i s
sho w n ( b e l o w , r i g ht) .
M a i n c a v i ty 2 1 . 9 0 8 c m r a d iu sb y 2 5 .4 c m he i g ht
S phe r i c a l su b tr a c ti o n s ha v e r a d i u s 6 4 . 5 7 2 c m
S po k e i s 3 . 8 1 c m r a d i u s; b e a m pi pe 1 . 3 5 9 c m ra d iu s
S o lv e d fo r N o r m a l D e v i a ti o n s f r o m 5 to 3 0 d e g re e s ( a s pa r a m e tr i c sw e e p)
S o l u ti o n se tti n g s 1 0 pa sse s o r to d e l ta -f o f 0 .0 1 % ( r e a l)
T he b e a m po r ts w e r e l e f t a s P H C b o n d a r ie s, so po r t l o a d i n g i s not
in c lu d e d in the se si m u l a ti o n r e su l ts
R es ul t s :
A pl o t o f so l v e d r e so n a n t f r e q u e n c y v s. the N o r m a l D e v i a ti o n su r f a c e
a ppr o x i m a ti o n se tti n g u se d i s sho w n a b o v e l e f t. T a b u l a te d r e su l ts a r e o n the
pa g e f o l l o w i n g , w i th m e sh a n d e r r o r sta ti sti c s
T he r e f e r e n c e w e b si te i n d i c a te s tha t a d i f f e r e n t so l u ti o n m e tho d f o r the c a v i ty
o b ta i n e d a r e so n a n c e f r e q u e n c y o f 3 3 8 . 0 4 8 M H z , y e t the m e a su r e m e n t o b ta i n e d
3 4 8 . 5 7 8 M H z . D e l ta s to b o th a r e sho w n i n the ta b le .
Results, cont.
O b ser v a ti ons:
Since the reference analysis and measurement do not match, neither can b e
tak en as an ab solute accuracy v alidator for comp arison to the H F SS results.
T he measurement w as of a cav ity w ith p ort loading at the b eam p ip e( s) and
a p rob e loop w hich w ill themselv es p erturb results slig htly
T he trend of resonant freq uency shift w ith tig hter normal dev iation restriction is
q uite nearly linear
T ig hter initial faceting results in b etter rep orted conv erg ence for the same p ass
count
V 8 . 5 conv erg ence w as still not at low lev els after the last solv ed p ass. T herefore
it w as only coincidentally near the most-refined H F SS v 9 solution. C arrying the
H F SS v 8 . 5 solution to g ood conv erg ence rather than a limited numb er of
tetrahedra took more mesh than rep orted for H F SS v 9 .
C onclusi ons:
N one of the meshes resulted in inadeq uate v olume filling or clearly incorrect
solutions. T his is a g eometry typ e for w hich increased faceting merely fine-tunes
the resulting conv erg ence and final solution outp uts.
Source:
Henry Z. Zhang, A Wideband Orthogonal-M ode J u nc tion u s ing R idged S ec toral
Wav egu ides , P roc eedings of the 2 0 0 2 I E E E Antennas and P rop agation S oc iety
I nternational S ym p os iu m , S an Antonio, T X , J u ne 2 0 0 2 , V olu m e 4
D es cri p t i on :
T his q u adratu re orthom ode j u nc tion ( OM J ) u s es a tap ered s ep tu m to c onv ert a
c irc u lar, c oax ial, q u ad-ridge w av egu ide into f ou r c ontou red ridge w av egu ides w hic h
hav e m odes analagou s to rec tangu lar s ingle-ridge w av egu ide. T he u s e of tap ered
s ep tu m s inters ec ting w ith c irc u lar c ros s -s ec tions nec es s itates draw ing in tru e
c u rv atu re.
B en ch m a rk :
T he geom etry is s how n abov e. D im ens ions are as f ollow s :
Ou ter radiu s 1 6 0 m m , R idge diam eter 1 5 0 m m , c enter diam eter 6 0 m m
R idges s u btend 4 5 degrees , ev enly s p ac ed at 9 0 degree interv als
S ep tu m s s u btend 2 degrees and ex tend half the length of the m odeled s ec tion
(4 0 0 m m )
T w o s m all p ertu rbers of r = 1 .0 0 1 ( in red) are ins erted at the s ingle-
w av egu ide end to p rov ide s tabiliz ation of the degenerate m ode order
T he HF S S v 9 p roj ec t w as generated by direc t trans lation of the v 8 .5 p roj ec t, and
s olv ed m es h s u rf ac e ap p rox im ation s ettings .
9 0 0 M Hz adap t, s w ep t f rom 4 0 0 9 5 0 M Hz
1 0 p as s es or to a D elta-S of 0 .0 0 9
1 0 and 1 5 degree norm al dev iation allow anc e
Results
Solution results are shown below, focusing on return loss.
R esults for 1 5 d egree norm al d ev iation are still unstable
D elta-S of 0 .0 3 4 2 ; final m esh of 1 6 ,1 7 7 tetrahed ra
R esults for 1 0 d egree norm al d ev iation are ex cellent
D elta-S of 0 .0 0 7 5 2 ; final m esh of 1 5 ,8 9 7 tetrahed ra ( shown)
C o n c lusi o n s:
D ue to v ery narrow annular gap s at the rid ge p eak s, this geom etry ty p e is p oorly
m eshed without user-guid ance in the form of tighter surface ap p rox im ation
settings, p rov id ing an ex am p le for which such guid ance is req uired
H owev er, with 1 0 d egree faceting the solution conv ergence was better and to a
sm aller final m esh than with 1 5 d egree faceting. T herefore in geom etric cases
where surface ap p rox im ations are req uired for a good answer, they d o not
necessarily im p ly a longer solution tim e.
R esults
Ca rt esia n p lot t ing
Field O verlay s:
3 D F a r F ield P lot s
Getting Started
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
1. Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
2 . Solu tion T y p e W indow:
2 . Set M o d el U nits :
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S el ec t
1. T y p e c op p er in the S ea r c h b y N a m e f ield
T o f it th e v iew :
1. S elect the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew. O r press the CT RL + D
k ey
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 0 . 3 7 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 5 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
T o s et th e nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib ute ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: ring_ 1
T o s el ec t ob j ec ts to b e s ub trac ted:
1. Select the menu item E dit > S elec t > B y N am e
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
T o s ub trac t:
1. Select the menu item 3 D M o deler > B o o lean > S u b t rac t
2 . Sub tr a ct W ind o w
B la nk P a r ts : ring_ 1
T o o l P a r ts : ring_ inner
C lo ne to o l o b j ects b ef o r e s ub tr a ct: U nc h ec k ed
C lick the O K b utto n
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
Create Arm_1
To create Arm_1
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
To f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
G ro u p Co n d u c to rs
To g rou p th e con d u ctors :
1. Select the menu item E d i t > S e l e c t A l l V i s i b l e . O r p r es s the C TR L + A k ey
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 0 . 1 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 5 . 1 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w .
Create Arm_2
To create Arm_2
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -0 . 1 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 5 . 1 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 0 . 2, d Y : 5 . 0 , d Z : -0 . 0 6 5 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et th e n ame:
1. Select the Attri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
To f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 1 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 0 . 0 6 2 5 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 5 . 1 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib ute ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: pin
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius o f the cir cle:
d X : 0 . 3 1 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V alu e o f N am e ty p e: p1
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . W a v e P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p1,
3 . W a v e P o r t : T er mina ls
1. N umb er o f T er mina ls : 1,
X : 0 . 3 1, Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex
d X : -0 . 2 1, d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
5 . C lick the N ext b utto n
4 . W a v e P o r t : D if f er entia l P a ir s
5 . W a v e P o r t : P o s t P r o ces s ing
1. R ef er ence I mp ed a nce: 5 0
S et D ef aul t M aterial
To set th e d ef au l t m aterial :
U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e vacu u m
Create Air
To create Air
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -5 . 0 , Y : -1 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 1 0 . 0 , d Y : 2 0 . 0 , d Z : 1 2 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et th e n am e:
1. Select the Attrib u te ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: Air
To f it th e v iew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
3 . Select the menu item H FSS > B o u n dar ies > Fin ite C o n du ctiv ity
2 . U s e M a ter ia l: C h eck ed
1. Infinite S p h ere T a b
1. N a me: ff_ 2 d
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 0 . 5 5 G H z
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 1 0
M a x imum D elta S p er P a s s : 0 . 0 2
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
2 . E d it Sw eep W ind o w :
1. Sw eep T y p e: F ast
Sta r t: 0 . 3 5 G H z
Sto p : 0 . 7 5 G H z
C o unt: 4 0 1
Sa v e F ield s : C h eck ed
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Create Reports
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . D o ma in: S w eep
3 . C lick the Y ta b
2 . Q ua ntity : S t( p1 , p1 ) ,
3 . F unctio n: d B
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: F ar F ields
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R adition P attern
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . G eo metr y : ff_ 2d
1. C a teg o r y : G ain
3 . F unctio n: dB
R esults
P lotting: R a dia t io n P a t t ern
Design Review
Port Size/Type
Since the port is external to the model we could use a Wave Port. T he
siz e of the port is determined b y the phy sical dimensions of the
waveg uide. B ecause the waveg uide is circular, we must Polariz e the E -
F ield f or the port def inition.
F ree Spa c e
Since we are evaluating a radiating structure, we need to create a f ree
space environment f or the device to operate in. T his can b e achieved b y
using the R adiation B oundary condition or a Perf ectly M atched L ay er
( PM L ) . We will use a R adiation B oundary since the surf ace will b e
cy lindrical.
T he R adiation B oundary needs to b e placed at least / 4 f rom radiating
devices. F or our example we will assume that ~ / 4 ( 0 . 6 in)
Getting Started
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
1. Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
2 . Solu tion T y p e W indow:
1. C hoose D ri v en M od al
2 . Set M o d el U nits :
1. Select U nits : in
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e v a c uum
C r ea te C ir c u la r W a v eg u ide
C r ea te w a v eg uid e
1. Select the menu item Dra w > C y linder
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 0 . 8 3 8 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 3 . 0 P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the na m e:
1. Select the A ttr ib ute ta b f r o m the P r op er ties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V a l ue o f N a m e ty p e: W a v eg uid e
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c tiv e V iew .
O r p r es s the C TR L + D k ey
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 3 . 0 P r es s the E n ter k ey
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the lo w er r a d ius :
d X : 0 . 8 3 8 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 P r es s the E n ter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the up p er r a d ius :
d X : 0 . 7 0 9 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 P r es s the E n ter k ey
5 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 1 . 2 2 7 P r es s the E n ter k ey
T o s et th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P ro p erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: T ap er
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 1 . 2 2 7 P r es s the E n ter k ey
Create th e T h roat
Create T h ro at
1. Select the menu item Draw > Cylinder
d X : 1 . 5 4 7 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 P r es s the E n ter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 3 . 2 3 6 P r es s the E n ter k ey
T o s et th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P ro p erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: T h ro at
T o f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c tiv e V iew .
Group Object
To group the objects:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible. O r p r es s the C TR L + A k ey
R en a m e g roup
To ren a m e the group of objects:
1. F r o m the M od el ta b , s elect the o nly o b j ect s ho w n
1. F o r the V a l ue o f N a m e ty p e: H orn _ A i r
S et D ef a ul t M a teri a l
To set the d ef a ul t m a teri a l :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S el ect
d X : 1 . 6 4 7 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 7 . 4 6 3 P r es s the E nter k ey
T o s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: H orn
T o f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew.
2 . Sub tr a ct W ind o w
B la nk P a r ts : H orn
T o o l P a r ts : H orn_ A i r
C lo ne to o l o b j ects b ef o r e s ub tr a ct: U nc hec k ed
C lick the O K b utto n
C reate A ir
C reate A ir
1. S elect the m enu item Draw > Cylinder
2 . Using the coordinate entry f ields, enter the cy linder p osition
1. N am e: R ad1
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . W a v e P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p1
3 . W a v e P o r t : M o d es
X: -0 . 8 3 8 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex
d X: 1 . 6 7 6 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 P r es s the E nter k ey
5 . C lick the N ext b utto n
6 . P o la r iz e E F ield s : C h eck ed
4 . W a v e P o r t : P o s t P r o ces s ing
X: 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 7 . 4 6 3 P r es s the E n ter k ey
I n f i n i te Sp h ere T a b
1. N a me: f f _ 2 d
1. Co o rd i n ate Sy s tem T a b
1. Select U s e l o c al c o o rd i n ate s y s tem
2 . C ho o s e R el ati v eCS3
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 5 . 0 G H z
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 1 0
M a x imum D elta S p er P a s s : 0 . 0 2
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
Sav e P ro j ec t
To sav e th e proj ect:
1. I n a n A ns o f t H F SS w ind o w , s elect the menu item File > Sav e As.
Analyz e
M o d el V alid atio n
To v alid ate th e m od el:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > V alidation C h ec k
Analyz e
To start th e solution process:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analyz e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Edit Sources
To Modify a Terminal excitation:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Edit Sources
2 . E d it So ur ces w ind o w
1. So ur ce: p 1:m1
1. M a g nitud e: 1
2 . P ha s e: 0
2 . So ur ce: p 1:m2
1. M a g nitud e: 1
2 . P ha s e: 9 0
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: F ar F ields
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R adiation P attern
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . G eo metr y : ff_ 2 d
3 . I n the S w eep s ta b
4 . I n the Mag ta b
1. C a teg o r y : G ain
3 . F unctio n: dB
P atch ( S ig nal)
S ub 1 ( D ielectric) 0 . 3 2 cm
I nf inite G round
Getting Started
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
1. Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
2 . Solu tion T y p e W indow:
2 . Set M o d el U nits :
1. Select U nits : c m
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S el ec t
2 . Select D ef initio n W ind o w :
1. T y p e R og er s R T/ d ur oid 5 8 8 0 ( tm ) in the S ea r c h b y N a m e f ield
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
Create Substrate
To create the substrate:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -5 . 0 , Y : -4 . 5 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
2 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x
d X : 1 0 . 0 , d Y : 9 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 3 2 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To set the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri bute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: S ub1
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w. O r p r es s the C TR L + D k ey
X : -5 . 0 , Y : -4 . 5 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the r ecta ng le:
d X : 1 0 . 0 , d Y : 9 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib ute ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: I nf_ G N D
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
X : -0 . 5 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 0 . 1 6 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b ute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: C ut_ O ut
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A ct iv e V iew
B la nk P a r ts : I n f _ G n D
T o o l P a r ts : C ut_ O ut
C lo ne to o l o b j ects b ef o r e s ub tr a ct: U n check ed
C lick the O K b utto n
Create Patch
To create the patch:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Rectangle
X : -2 . 0 , Y : -1 . 5 , Z : 0 . 3 2 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the r ecta ng le:
d X : 4 . 0 , d Y : 3 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P roperti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: P atch
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i ew > F i t A ll > A cti v e V i ew.
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
C reate th e C o ax
To c reate the c oax :
1. S elect the m enu item Draw > Cylinder
2 . Using the coordinate entry f ields, enter the cy linder p osition
C reate th e C o ax P in
To c reate the c oax p in :
1. S elect the m enu item Draw > Cylinder
2 . Using the coordinate entry f ields, enter the cy linder p osition
X: -0 . 5 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : -0 . 5 P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius o f the cir cle:
d X: 0 . 16 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w .
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . W a v e P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p1
3 . W a v e P o r t : T er mina ls
1. N umb er o f T er mina ls : 1,
X: -0 . 3 4 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : -0 . 5 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex
d X: -0 . 0 9 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
5 . C lick the N ex t b utto n
4 . W a v e P o r t : D if f er entia l P a ir s
5 . W a v e P o r t : P o s t P r o ces s ing
1. R ef er ence I mp ed a nce: 5 0
X : -0 . 5 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 0 . 0 7 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 P r es s the E n ter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 3 2 P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri bu te ta b f r o m the P roperti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: P robe
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew.
C reate A ir
To c reate the air:
1. S elect the m enu item Draw > Box
2 . Using the coordinate entry f ields, enter the box p osition
2 . G r a p hica lly s elect al l o f the faces o f the A ir o b j ect ex cep t the face at Z = 0 . 0 cm
T o cr eate a r ad iatio n b o u nd ar y
1. Select the menu item H FSS > B o u n dar ies > R adiatio n
1. N a me: R ad 1
1. N a me: ff_ 2 d
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 2 . 2 5 G H z
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 2 0
M a x imum D elta S p er P a s s : 0 . 0 2
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
2 . E d it Sw eep W ind o w :
1. Sw eep T y p e: F ast
Sta r t: 1 . 0 G H z
Sto p : 3 . 5 G H z
C o unt: 2 0 1
Sa v e F ield s : C h eck ed
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Create Reports
Create Terminal S-P arameter P lo t - M ag nitu d e
To create a report:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Report
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . D o ma in: S w eep
3 . C lick the Y ta b
2 . Q ua ntity : S t( p1 , p1 ) ,
3 . F unctio n: d B
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: F ar F ields
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R adiation P attern
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . G eo metr y : ff_ 2d
1. C a teg o r y : G ain
3 . F unctio n: dB
P atch ( S ig nal)
S ub 1 ( D ielectric) 0 . 1 6 cm
S lot ( P lane)
S ub 2 ( D ielectric) 0 . 1 6 cm
F eed ( S ig nal)
Getting Started
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
1. Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
2 . Solu tion T y p e W indow:
2 . Set M o d el U nits :
1. Select U nits : c m
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S el ec t
2 . Select D ef initio n W ind o w :
1. T y p e R og er s R T/ d ur oid 5 8 8 0 ( tm ) in the S ea r c h b y N a m e f ield
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
Create Substrate
To create the substrate:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -7 . 0 , Y : -4 . 5 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
2 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x
d X : 1 2 . 0 , d Y : 9 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 3 2 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To set the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri bute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: S ub1
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w. O r p r es s the C TR L + D k ey
X : -5 . 0 , Y : -0 . 2 4 7 5 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the r ecta ng le:
d X : 7 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 4 9 5 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: F eed
To fi t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i ew > F i t A ll > A cti v e V i ew.
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
Create Ground
To create the ground:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Rectangle
X : -7 . 0 , Y : -4 . 5 , Z : 0 . 1 6 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the r ecta ng le:
d X : 1 2 . 0 , d Y : 9 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttri b ute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: G round
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i ew > F i t A ll > A cti v e V i ew.
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
X : -0 . 0 7 7 5 , Y : -0 . 7 , Z : 0 . 1 6 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the r ecta ng le:
d X : 0 . 1 5 5 , d Y : 1 . 4 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b ute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: S l ot
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i ew > F i t A ll > A cti v e V i ew
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . Sub tr a ct W ind o w
B la nk P a r ts : G roun d
T o o l P a r ts : S l ot
C lo ne to o l o b j ects b ef o r e s ub tr a ct: U n check ed
C lick the O K b utto n
Create Patch
To create the patch:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Rectangle
X : -2 . 0 , Y : -1 . 5 , Z : 0 . 3 2 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the r ecta ng le:
d X : 4 . 0 , d Y : 3 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P roperti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: P atch
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i ew > F i t A ll > A cti v e V i ew.
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
C reate A ir
To c reate the air:
1. S elect the m enu item Draw > Box
2 . Using the coordinate entry f ields, enter the box p osition
2 . G r a p hica lly s elect al l o f the faces o f the A ir o b j ect ex cep t the face at Z = 0 . 0 cm
T o cr eate a r ad iatio n b o u nd ar y
1. Select the menu item H FSS > B o u n dar ies > R adiatio n
1. N a me: R ad 1
1. N a me: ff_ 2 d
C reate So u rc e
To c reate sou rc e:
1. Select the menu item Draw > R ec t ang le
X : -5 . 0 , Y : -0 . 2 4 7 5 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 4 9 5 , d Z : 0 . 1 6 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V alu e o f N am e ty p e: S ou rc e
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew .
Assign Excitation
To select the object Source:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . L ump ed P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p 1,
2 . R es is ta nce: 5 0
3 . R ea cta nce: 0
3 . L ump ed P o r t : T er mina ls
1. N umb er o f T er mina ls : 1,
X : -5 . 0, Y : 0. 0, Z : 0. 16 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 2 . 2 5 G H z
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 2 0
M a x imum D elta S p er P a s s : 0 . 0 5
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
2 . E d it Sw eep W ind o w :
1. Sw eep T y p e: F ast
Sta r t: 1 . 0 G H z
Sto p : 3 . 5 G H z
C o unt: 2 0 1
Sa v e F ield s : C h eck ed
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Create Reports
Create Terminal S-P arameter P lo t - M ag nitu d e
To create a report:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Report
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . D o ma in: S w eep
3 . C lick the Y ta b
2 . Q ua ntity : S t( p1 , p1 ) ,
3 . F unctio n: d B
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: F ar F ields
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R adiation P attern
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . G eo metr y : ff_ 2d
1. C a teg o r y : G ain
3 . F unctio n: dB
W ith the explosion of consumer demand f or wireless dev ices, consumers and the
media hav e b ecome aware of and are concerned with the b iolog ical ef f ects of
long -term exposure to radio f req uency radiation ( R F R ) . To ensure pub lic saf ety,
the F ederal C ommunication C ommission ( F C C ) has dev eloped saf ety standards
that wireless dev ices are req uired to meet in order to b e sold in the U S ( S imilar
g uidelines exist in other countries) . The q uantity used to q uantif y the amount of
energ y ab sorb ed is the S pecif ic A b sorption R ate or S A R .
Nominal Design:
B ow l:
I nner radius = 1 0 6 . 5 5 mm
Thick ness = 5 0 . 5 mm.
O pening = d2 = 1 7 0 mm
r= 4 . 6
A nt enna:
O v erall L eng th = 1 6 8 mm
G ap b etween dipoles = 1 mm
W ire D iameter = 3 . 6 mm
F lu id :
r = 4 2 . 9 5 %
= 0 . 9 1 0 %
= 1 g/ c m3
L ev el = d1 = 1 3 . 4 c m
Getting Started
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
1. Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
2 . Solu tion T y p e W indow:
1. C hoose D ri v en M od al
2 . Set M o d el U nits :
1. Select U nits : m m
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S el ec t
1. T y p e p ec in the S ea r c h b y N a m e f ield
X: 0 . 0 , Y: 0 . 0 , Z: -6 . 8 , P r es s the E nter k ey
Create D ip ol e A ntenna A rm 1
To set g rid p l ane
1. Select the menu item 3D Modeler > G rid P lane > X Z
X: 0 . 0 , Y: -8 4 . 0 , Z: 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X: 1 . 8 , d Y: 0 . 0 , d Z: 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X: 0 . 0 , d Y: 8 3 . 5 , d Z: 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set th e name:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N ame ty p e: D ip ol e
To fit th e v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c tiv e V iew . O r p r es s the CTR L + D k ey
X: 0 . 0 , Y: 0 . 0 , Z: 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
2 . I np ut the ta r g et p o int o f the v ecto r no r ma l to the mir r o r p la ne:
d X: 0 . 0 , d Y: 1 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
S et G rid P lane
To s et th e g ri d p l an e:
1. Select the menu item 3 D M o deler > G r id P la n e > X Y
Create S ou rc e
To create s ou rce:
1. Select the menu item D r a w > R ecta n g le
X: -1 . 8 , Y: -0 . 5 , Z: 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the r ecta ng le:
d X: 3 . 6 , d Y: 1 . 0 , d Z: 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et th e n ame:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
To f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item View > F it All > Activ e View .
Assign Excitation
To select the object Source:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . L ump ed P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p 1,
2 . R es is ta nce: 5 0
3 . R ea cta nce: 0
3 . L ump ed P o r t : M o d es
1. N umb er o f M o d es : 1,
d X: 0. 0, d Y: 1. 0, d Z: 0. 0, P r es s the E n ter k ey
5 . C lick the F i n i sh b utto n
2 . F rom the S elect Def inition w indow , click the A dd M aterial bu tton
3 . V iew / E dit Material W indow :
Create B ow l
To create the b owl :
1. Select the menu item Draw > Sp h ere
X: 0 .0 , Y: 0 .0 , Z: 1 1 1 .5 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X: 1 1 1 .5 , d Y: 0 .0 , d Z: 0 .0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the name:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
To f it the v iew:
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c tiv e V iew .
X: 0 .0 , Y: 0 .0 , Z: 1 6 4 .0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . Sp lit W ind o w
1. Sp lit P la ne: X Y
2 . K eep F r a g ments : N eg a ti v e S i d e
A d d N ew M aterial
To a d d a n ew m a ter i a l:
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S elect
1. F o r the M a ter i a l N a m e ty p e: M y _ Br a i n F lu i d
3 . F o r the V a lu e o f Bu lk C on d u cti v i ty ty p e: 0 . 9
X : 0 .0 , Y : 0 .0 , Z : 1 1 1 .5 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
dX : 1 0 6 .5 , dY : 0 .0 , dZ : 0 .0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttribute ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
Create th e S h ell o f th e Bo w l
To s elect the obj ects B ow l and B rainF luid:
1. Select the menu item E d i t > Sel ec t > B y N am e
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . Sub tr a ct W ind o w
B la nk P a r ts : B ow l
T o o l P a r ts : B rainF luid
C lo ne to o l o b j ects b ef o r e s ub tr a cting : C heck ed
C lick the O K b utto n
X: 0 . 0 , Y: 0 . 0 , Z: 1 3 4 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
Set th e F l u id L ev el
To sel ect th e ob j ect B rainF l u id:
1. Select the menu item E dit > Selec t > B y N ame
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . Sp lit W ind o w
1. Sp lit P la ne: X Y
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : -1 2 9 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex p o int:
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . C lick the E nter k ey f o r the s a me p o int to end line cr ea tio n
To set th e name:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
Set D ef au l t M aterial
To set the def au l t material :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e v acu u m
Create A ir B ox
To create the air b ox :
1. Select the menu item Draw > B ox
To f it the v iew:
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c tiv e V iew .
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
N a me: R a d 1
C lick the O K b utto n
1. N a me: f f _ 2 d
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 0 . 8 3 5 G H z
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 2 0
M a x imum D elta S p er P a s s : 0 . 0 2
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
Sav e P ro j ec t
To sav e th e proj ect:
1. I n a n A ns o f t H F SS w ind o w , s elect the menu item File > Sav e As.
Analyz e
M o d el V alid atio n
To v alid ate th e m od el:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > V alidation C h ec k
Analyz e
To start th e solution process:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analyz e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Create Reports
2 . D isplay T y pe: R ec ta n g u l a r
3 . T races W indow :
1. S olution: S etu p 1 : A d a p ti v e1
1. C ategory : T er m i n a l S P a r a m eter s
2 . Q uantity : S t( p 1 , p 1 ) ,
3 . F unction: d B
Set P o r t P o w er
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: F i el d s
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . G eo metr y : S A R _ L i n e
3 . C lick the Y ta b
Field Overlays
1. S elec t Global: YZ
2 . S elec t the m enu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields > M a g _ E
3 . C reate F ield P lot W indow
2 . Q u antity : M ag _ E
3 . I n V olu m e: B r ai nF lu i d
1. S elec t: E F i eld
1. S elec t U s e L i m i ts
2 . Min: 2
3 . Max: 20 0
4 . S c ale: L og
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: F ar F ields
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R adiation P attern
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . G eo metr y : ff_ 2d
1. C a teg o r y : G ain
2 . Q ua ntity : G ain L 3 Y
3 . F unctio n: dB
R ef er enc e:
G uiping Z heng , A . Z . E lsherb eni, and C . E . S mith, A coplanar waveguide bow-
t ie apert ure ant enna, Antennas and Propagation Society International
Sym posiu m , 2 0 0 2 . I E E E , V olume 1 , 1 6 -2 1 J une 2 0 0 2 , P ag e 5 6 4 -5 6 7 .
Design Review
1. The CPW slots and antenna shape will be openings in a m etaliz ed plane. Consider
how the por t will look
2 . The antenna will be analy z ed ov er a f r eq u enc y r ange of 8 1 2 G H z . H ow lar ge
shou ld the air v olu m e be?
G et t ing S t a r t ed
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
1. Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
2 . Solu tion T y p e W indow:
1. C hoose D ri v en M od al
2 . Set M o d el U nits :
1. Select U nits : m m
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S el ec t
Create Substrate
To create the substrate:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -1 7 . 0 , Y : -3 2 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
2 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x
d X : 3 4 . 0 , d Y : 6 4 . 0 , d Z : -2 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To set the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri bute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: S ub1
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w. O r p r es s the C TR L + D k ey
F ir s t co r ner s na p X : -1 7 . 0 , Y : -3 2 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0
Seco nd co r ner s na p d X : 3 4 . 0 , d Y : 6 4 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttri b ute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: C uC l ad
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i ew > F i t A ll > A cti v e V i ew. [ C trl -D ]
2 . F ind the entry na m e C u C lad u nder the c a tegory N ot A ssi gned a nd c lic k it to
selec t.
To assi gn the F i ni te C ond u cti v i ty b ou nd ary
1. R ight-C lic k on the 3D Modeler v iew , a nd selec t the m enu item Assign
B o u nd a r y > F init e C o nd u c t iv it y
2 . F inite C ondu c tiv ity B ou nda ry w indow
1. N a m e: C u _ b ou nd
6 . C lic k O K
X : -0 . 5 , Y : 0 . 5 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the d ia g o na l co r ner :
d X : 1 3 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 6 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P roperti es w ind o w .
2 . L ea v e the V al u e o f N am e a s R ect1
Create B o w ti e arm
To create the b ow ti e pol y gon :
1. Select the menu item Draw > L i ne
L o ca tio n X : -0 . 5 , Y : 0 . 5 , Z : 0 . 0
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the s eco nd v er tex
X : -6 . 7 , Y : 2 1 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the thir d v er tex
X : 6 . 0 , Y : 2 1 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
5 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the f o ur th v er tex
X : 0 . 5 , Y : 1 . 1 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
6 . D o ub le-click o n the s ta r ting v er tex to f inis h a nd clo s e the p o ly line.
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P roperti es w ind o w .
2 . Set the V al u e o f N am e a s B ow ti e
To fi t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i ew > F i t A ll > A cti v e V i ew
2 . F ind the entries na m e Bowtie a nd Rect1 u nder the c a tegory N ot A ssig ned
a nd c lic k them to selec t ( Bowtie f irst) .
To com p lete the bowtie ar m :
1. S elec t the m enu item 3D Modeler > Boolean > Unite
2 . The u nited ob j ec t w ill ta k e the na m e of the f irst item selec ted (Bowtie) .
M ir r or th e Bowtie
To cr eate the other side of the Bowtie:
1. S elec t the ob j ec t Bowtie f rom the 3D Modeler Design Tree
2 . S elec t the m enu item E dit > Du p lic ate > Mirror
3 . S et the sta rting v ertex of the m irror norm a l u sing the c oordina te entry b ox :
L oc a tion X : 0, Y : 0, Z : 0
4 . S et the ending v ertex of the m irror norm a l u sing the c oordina te entry b ox
B la n k P a r ts: CuClad
T ool P a r ts: Bowtie, Bowtie_ 1
C lon e tool objects bef or e
su btr a cti n g : Check ed
C li ck the O K bu tton
N a m e L ength1
R estr i ct L en g th of E lem en ts:
Check ed
M a x i m u m L en g th of E lem en ts:
3 mm
R estr i ct the N u m ber of E lem en ts:
U ncheck ed
4 . C li ck the O K bu tton
L o ca tio n X : 1 2 . 5 , Y : -0 . 5 , Z : 0 . 0
3 . Set the r ecta ng le to f ill the g a p b etw een the f eed lines b y enter ing the
o p p o s ite co o r d ina te in the co o r d ina te entr y b o x es :
L o ca tio n d X : -1 . 0 , d Y : 1 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P roperti es w ind o w .
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . L ump ed P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: P ort1
2 . R es is ta nce: 5 0 oh m
3 . R ea cta nce: 0 oh m
3 . L ump ed P o r t : M o d es
1. N umb er o f M o d es : 1,
X : 12 . 5 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex
C reate th e A ir V o lum e
T he analy sis w ill be p erf orm ed betw een 8 1 2 G H z . T heref ore the m inim u m
distance betw een the air v olu m e w all and the radiating ap ertu re shou ld be one
q u arter w av elength at 8 G H z , or 0 . 2 5 * ( 3e1 1 / 8 e9 ) = 9 . 37 5 m m . T he f ollow ing
dim ensions rou nd this u p to 9 . 5 m m sp acing.
To c reate the air v olume
1. S elect the m enu item Draw > Box
2 . Using the coordinate entry f ields, enter the starting p osition
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
1. N a me: f f _ all
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 1 0 G H z
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 6
M a x imum D elta S p er P a s s : 0 . 0 1
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
2 . E d it Sw eep W ind o w :
1. Sw eep T y p e: F ast
Sta r t: 8 . 0 G H z
Sto p : 1 2 . 0 G H z
Step : 0 . 0 2
Sa v e F ield s : C h eck ed
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Create Reports
Create Modal S-P aram eter P lot - Mag n i tu de
To create a report:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Report
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: M od al S P aram eters
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . D o ma in: S w eep
3 . C lick the Y ta b
3 . F unctio n: d B
Create Reports
Create Modal S-P aram eter P lot I m p edan c e
To create a report:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Report
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: M od al S P aram eters
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . D o ma in: S w eep
3 . C lick the Y ta b
3 . F unctio n: re
5 . F unctio n: i m
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: F ar F ields
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R adiation P attern
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
3 . I n the S w eeps ta b :
2 . Q ua ntity : DirTotal
3 . F unctio n: dB
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: F ar F ields
2 . D is p la y T y p e: 3D P olar P lot
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
1. C a teg o r y : G ain
3 . F unctio n: dB
Chapter 6.0 M i c ro w av e E x am pl es
6.1 M a g ic T
6.2 C o a x B e n d
6.3 R in g H y b r id
6.4 C o a x S tu b
In c lu d e s O p tim e tr ic s E x a m p le
6.5 M i c r o s tr ip -W a v e P o r ts
In c lu d e s O p tim e tr ic s E x a m p le
The Magic T
This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and analyz e a M ag ic
T, which is a commonly used microwav e dev ice, using the A nsof t H F S S D esig n
E nv ironment.
L e n g th
H e ig h t
W id th
P o rt1
Nominal Design:
W av egu id e:
W id t h = 5 0 . 0 mm
P o rt2
H eigh t = 2 0 . 0 mm
L engt h = 5 0 . 0 mm
P o rt3 P o rt4
Getting Started
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
1. Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
2 . Solu tion T y p e W indow:
1. C hoose D ri v en M od al
2 . Set M o d el U nits :
1. Select U nits : m m
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e v a c uum
C r ea te T op A r m
To c r ea te a r m 1 :
1. Select the menu item Dra w > B ox
X : -2 5 . 0 , Y : -1 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 5 0 . 0 , d Y : 2 0 . 0 , d Z : 7 5 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the na m e:
1. Select the A ttr ib ute ta b f r o m the P r op er ties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V a l ue o f N a m e ty p e: A r m
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c tiv e V iew .
O r p r es s the C TR L + D k ey
2 . W a v e P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p1
3 . W a v e P o r t : M o d es
4 . W a v e P o r t : P o s t P r o ces s ing
T o p fa c e
W a v e P o rt F a c e
C r ea te A r m 2
T o cr ea te a r m 2:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select A ll V isible. O r p r es s the C T R L + A k ey .
1. A x is : X
2 . A ng le: 9 0
3 . T o ta l N umb er : 2
T o f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A ctiv e V iew .
C r ea te A r m 3 & 4
T o select th e object A r m _ 1 :
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > B y N a m e
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
T o cr ea te a r m 3 & 4 :
1. Select the menu item, Edit > D u p lica te > A r o u n d A x is.
1. A x is : Z
2 . A ng le: 9 0
3 . T o ta l N umb er : 3
T o f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A ctiv e V iew .
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item View > F it All > Activ e View .
B oun d a ry D i spl a y
To v eri f y the b oun d ary setup:
1. Select the menu item H F SS > B o u n da r y D isp la y ( So lv er View )
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 4 . 0 G H z
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 5
M a x imum D elta S p er P a s s : 0 . 0 2
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
2 . E d it Sw eep W ind o w :
1. Sw eep T y p e: F ast
Sta r t: 3 . 4 G H z
Sto p : 4 . 0 G H z
C o unt: 1 0 0 1
Sa v e F ield s : C h eck ed
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Create Reports
2 . D isplay T y pe: R ec ta n g u l a r
3 . T races W indow :
1. S olution: S etu p 1 : A d a p ti v e1
2 . C ategory : V a r i a b l es
3 . Q uantity : P a s s
1. C ategory : S P a r a m eter
2 . Q uantity : S ( p 1 , p 1 ) , S ( p 1 , p 2 ) , S ( p 1 , p 3 ) , S ( p 1 , p 4 )
3 . F unction: d B
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: M od al S P aram eters
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . D o ma in: S w eep
3 . C lick the Y ta b
2 . Q ua ntity : S ( p1 , p1 ) , S ( p1 , p2 ) , S ( p1 , p3 ) , S ( p1 , p4 )
3 . F unctio n: d B
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
4 . C r ea te F ield P lo t W ind o w
2 . Q ua ntity : M ag _ E
3 . I n V o lume: A ll
2 . Select P lo t F o ld er W ind o w :
1. Select: E F i eld
Field A n im atio n s
To A ni m ate a M ag ni tu d e f i eld p lot:
1. Select the menu item V iew > A n imate
1. Sw ep t v a r ia b le: P h ase
2 . Sta r t: 0 d eg
3 . Sto p : 1 8 0 d eg
4 . Step s : 9
Analy sis
Sweep : F a st F req u ency
R esults
Ca rt esia n p lot t ing
Field O verlay s:
3 D F ield Plot s, A nim a t ions, Cu t -Pla nes
Getting Started
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
1. Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
2 . Solu tion T y p e W indow:
2 . Set M o d el U nits :
1. Select U nits : c m
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S el ec t
1. T y p e p ec in the S ea r c h b y N a m e f ield
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttri b ute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: C onductor1
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew.
O r p r es s the C TR L + D k ey
Create a S ecti on
To s ecti on the conductor
1. Select the menu item E dit > S elec t A ll V is ib le. O r p r es s the C TR L + A k ey .
3 . Sectio n W ind o w
Sectio n P la ne: X Y
C lick the O K b utto n
Set G r id P l ane
To set the g r i d p l ane:
1. Select the menu item 3 D M o d e l e r > G r id P l a n e > Y Z
X : 0. 0, Y : 0. 4 , Z : 0. 0, P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ia l p o int:
X : 0. 0, Y : 0. 0, Z : 0. 0, P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the s w eep a r c leng th:
X : 0. 0, Y : 0. 4 , Z : 0. 4 , P r es s the E nter k ey
5 . U s ing the mo us e, r ig ht-click a nd s elect D one
S w eep B end :
1. Select the menu item E d it > Se l e c t > B y N a m e
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
4 . Sw eep a lo ng p a th W ind o w
A ng le o f tw is t: 0
D r a f t A ng le: 0
D r a f t T y p e: R ou nd
C lick the O K b utto n
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 4 , Z : 0 . 4 , P r es s the E nter k ey
C reate th e C o ndu c to r 2
To c reate the c ondu c tor
1. Select the menu item Draw > C y linder
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 0 . 1 5 2 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 4 3 6 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w .
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew .
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 4 3 6 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 0 . 2 2 5 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 1 . 3 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttri b ute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: C onductor3
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew.
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew.
S et D ef aul t M ateri al
To s et the def aul t m ateri al :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e v acuum
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 0 . 5 1 1 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 1 . 3 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the name:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
To fi t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew.
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
dX : 0 . 3 5 1 , dY : 0 . 0 , dZ : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
dX : 0 . 0 , dY : -1 . 2 3 6 , dZ : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the name:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
To fi t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew.
Create th e M al e E nd
To create the mal e end:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Cylinder
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
dX : 0 . 3 5 1 , dY : 0 . 0 , dZ : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
dX : 0 . 0 , dY : 0 . 0 , dZ : 2 . 3 4 8 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the name:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N ame ty p e: M al e
To f it the v iew:
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c tiv e V iew .
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A ctiv e V iew .
A d d N ew M ateri al
To ad d a new mater ial:
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S elect
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 7 3 6 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 0 . 5 1 1 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 2 3 6 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: R ing
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew.
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . Sub tr a ct W ind o w
B la nk P a r ts : R ing
T o o l P a r ts : F em al e
C lo ne to o l o b j ects b ef o r e s ub tr a ct: C heck ed
C lick the O K b utto n
2 . F rom the S elect Def inition w indow , click the A dd M aterial bu tton
3 . V iew / E dit Material W indow :
C reate th e Male T ef lo n
To c reate th e tef lon:
1. S elect the m enu item Draw > Cylinder
2 . Using the coordinate entry f ields, enter the cy linder p osition
To f it th e v iew:
1. S elect the m enu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew.
2 . F or the V a l u e of Na m e type: p 1
T o s el ec t th e ob j ec t p 1 :
1. S elect the menu item E d it > S elect > B y N am e
Note: Y ou can also select the object from the M odel Tree
2 . W a v e P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p1,
3 . W a v e P o r t : T er mina ls
1. N umb er o f T er mina ls : 1,
X : 0 . 3 5 1, Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex
d X : -0 . 19 9 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
5 . C lick the N ext b utto n
4 . W a v e P o r t : D if f er entia l P a ir s
5 . W a v e P o r t : P o s t P r o ces s ing
1. R ef er ence I mp ed a nce: 5 0
S et G rid Pl ane
To set th e grid pl ane:
1. Select the menu item 3 D M od el er > G rid Pl ane > X Z
2 . F or the V a l u e of Na m e type: p 2
T o s el ec t th e ob j ec t p 2 :
1. S elect O bject Dialog ,
2 . W a v e P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p2 ,
3 . W a v e P o r t : T er mina ls
1. N umb er o f T er mina ls : 1,
d X : -0 . 2 8 6 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
5 . C lick the N ext b utto n
4 . W a v e P o r t : D if f er entia l P a ir s
5 . W a v e P o r t : P o s t P r o ces s ing
1. R ef er ence I mp ed a nce: 5 0
X : 0 .0 , Y : 0 .0 , Z : 0 .0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 0 .5 1 1 , d Y : 0 .0 , d Z : 0 .0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 .0 , d Y : -0 .2 3 6 , d Z : 0 .0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
To fi t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew.
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . Sub tr a ct W ind o w
B la nk P a r ts : F em ale
T o o l P a r ts : M aleTeflon, F em aleTeflon
C lo ne to o l o b j ects b ef o r e s ub tr a ct: C heck ed
C lick the O K b utto n
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
4 . Sub tr a ct W ind o w
B ou n da r y D i s pla y
To v er i f y the b ou n da r y s etu p:
1. Select the menu item H F SS > Bo u n dar y D is p lay ( So lv er V iew )
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 8 . 1 G H z
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 1 0
M a x imum D elta S p er P a s s : 0 . 0 2
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
2 . E d it Sw eep W ind o w :
1. Sw eep T y p e: F ast
Sta r t: 0 . 1 G H z
Sto p : 8 . 1 G H z
C o unt: 8 0 1
Sa v e F ield s : C h eck ed
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Create Reports
2 . D isplay T y pe: R ec ta n g u l a r
3 . T races W indow :
1. S olution: S etu p 1 : A d a p ti v e1
2 . C ategory : V a r i a b l es
3 . Q uantity : P a s s
1. C ategory : T er m i n a l S P a r a m eter
2 . Q uantity : S t( p 1 , p 1 ) , S t( p 1 , p 2 ) ,
3 . F unction: d B
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . D o ma in: S w eep
3 . C lick the Y ta b
2 . Q ua ntity : S t( p1 , p1 ) , S t( p1 , p2 ) ,
3 . F unctio n: d B
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . D o ma in: S w eep
3 . C lick the Y ta b
2 . Q ua ntity : S t( p1 , p1 ) , S t( p1 , p2 ) ,
3 . F unctio n: an g
Field Overlays
2 . Select the m enu i tem HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields > M a g _ E
3 . C r eate F i eld Plot W i nd ow
2 . Q u anti ty : M ag _ E
3 . I n V olu m e: A ll
4 . C li ck the D on e bu tton
1. Select: E F ield
2 . C li ck the O K bu tton
3 . E-F i eld W i nd ow :
1. Select U s e L im its
2 . M i n: 1 . 0
3 . M ax : 1 0 0 0 . 0
4 . Scale: L og
Edit Sources
To Modify a Terminal excitation:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Edit Sources
F iel d A n im a tion s
To A nimate a Mag nitu de field p lot:
1. Select the menu item V iew > A n im a te
1. Sw ep t v a r ia b le: P h as e
2 . Sta r t: 0 deg
3 . Sto p : 1 8 0 deg
4 . Step s : 9
Getting Started
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
1. Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
2 . Solu tion T y p e W indow:
2 . Set M o d el U nits :
1. Select U nits : m m
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S el ec t
1. F o r the M a ter ia l N a m e ty p e: M y _ S ub
Create Substrate
To create the substrate:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Regular Polyhedron
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : -1 . 1 4 3 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 2 . 2 8 6, P r es s the E n ter k ey
Seg ment N umb er W ind o w
N umb er o f Seg ments : 6
C lick the O K b utto n
To set the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri bute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: S ubstrate
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i ew > F i t A ll > A c t i v e V i ew.
O r p r es s the C TR L + D k ey
Create Trace
To create the trace:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Rectangle
X : -0 . 8 9 1 5 4 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the r ecta ng le:
d X : 1 . 7 8 3 0 8 , d Y : 2 2 . 3 4 5 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: Trace
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i ew > F i t A ll > A cti v e V i ew.
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
T o s i t th e v i ew
S elect the menu item V iew > Modif y A t t rib u t es > O rient at ion
S elect V iewing D irection f orm the L ist W ind ow
1. F rom the list select the v iew name: R i g h t
T o c r ea te th e r ec ta n g l e g r a p h i c a l l y :
1. S elect the menu item Draw > R ec t ang le
2 . U sing the mouse, position the activ e position ind icator such that it snaps to
the v ertex of the lower lef t corner of the sub strate f ace. The shape of the
activ e position ind icator will chang e to a square when it snaps to the v ertex
3 . C lick the lef t mouse b utton to select this point as the start position.
To f i t the v i ew :
1 . S el ect the menu item View > Fit All > Active View.
2 . W a v e P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p1
3 . W a v e P o r t : T er mina ls
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 1. 14 3 , P r es s the E nter k ey
5 . C lick the N ext b utto n
4 . W a v e P o r t : D if f er entia l P a ir s
5 . W a v e P o r t : P o s t P r o ces s ing
W a v e P o rt F a c e
T e r m in a l L in e
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
To d u p li ca te th e objects:
1. Select the menu item, Edit > D u p licate > A r o u n d A x is
1. A x is : Z
2 . A ng le: 6 0 d eg
3 . T o ta l N umb er : 4
To cr ea te th e r i n g :
1. Select the menu item D r aw > C ir cle
X : 0 .0 , Y : 0 .0 , Z : 0 .0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 1 1 .7 9 5 , d Y : 0 .0 , d Z : 0 .0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To set th e n a m e:
1. Select the A ttr i bu te ta b f r o m the P r op er ti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V a lu e o f N a m e ty p e: O u ter
To f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it D r aw in g .
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
1. Select the o b j ects na med : Tra ce, Tra ce_ 1 , Tra ce_ 2 , Tra ce_ 3 , O uter
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it D r aw in g .
Crea te I nner R i ng
To crea te the ri ng:
1. Select the menu item D r aw > C ir cle
X : 0 .0 , Y : 0 .0 , Z : 0 .0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 1 0 .7 9 5 , d Y : 0 .0 , d Z : 0 .0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the na m e:
1. Select the A ttri b ute ta b f r o m the P roperti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V a l ue o f N a m e ty p e: I nner
S el ect ob j ects:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
4 . Sub tr a ct W ind o w
1. B la nk P a r ts : Tra ce
2 . T o o l P a r ts : I nner
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it D r aw in g . O r p r es s the C TR L + D k ey
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 4 . 0 G H z
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 2 0
M a x imum D elta S p er P a s s : 0 . 0 2
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
2 . E d it Sw eep W ind o w :
1. Sw eep T y p e: F ast
Sta r t: 2 . 0 G H z
Sto p : 7 . 0 G H z
Step : 0 . 0 5 G H z
Sa v e F ield s : C h eck ed
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
Create Reports
2 . D isplay T y pe: R ec ta n g u l a r
3 . T races W indow :
1. S olution: S etu p 1 : A d a p ti v e1
2 . C ategory : V a r i a b l es
3 . Q uantity : P a s s
1. C ategory : T er m i n a l S P a r a m eter
2 . Q uantity : S t( p 1 , p 1 ) , S t( p 1 , p 2 ) , S t( p 1 , p 3 ) , S t( p 1 , p 4 )
3 . F unction: d B
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . D o ma in: S w eep
3 . C lick the Y ta b
2 . Q ua ntity : S t( p1 , p1 ) , S t( p1 , p2 ) , S t( p1 , p3 ) , S t( p1 , p4 )
3 . F unctio n: d B
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
A naly sis
S weep : F a st F req u enc y
O p tim iz ation
P a ra m et ric s S et u p
O p t im et ric s S et u p
R esults
D ata: T a b u la r
P lotting: Ca rt esia n
Getting Started
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
1. Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
2 . Solu tion T y p e W indow:
2 . Set M o d el U nits :
1. Select U nits : m m
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S el ec t
1. T y p e p ec in the S ea r c h b y N a m e f ield
C reate th e C o ndu c to r 1
To c reate the c ondu c tor
1. Select the menu item Draw > C y linder
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 0 . 8 6 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : -6 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew . O r p r es s the C TR L + D k ey
X : 0 .0 , Y : 0 .0 , Z : 0 .0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 0 .8 6 , d Y : 0 .0 , d Z : 0 .0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 .0 , d Y : 4 .7 5 , d Z : 0 .0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To p aram eteri z e the obj ect:
1. Select the C om m an d ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: S tub
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew.
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 2 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : -6 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri bu te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: B ody
X : 0 . 0 , Y : -6 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius o f the cir cle:
d X : 2 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri bu te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: p 1
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . W a v e P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p1,
3 . W a v e P o r t : T er mina ls
1. N umb er o f T er mina ls : 1,
X : 2 . 0 , Y : -6 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex
4 . W a v e P o r t : D if f er entia l P a ir s
5 . W a v e P o r t : P o s t P r o ces s ing
1. R ef er ence I mp ed a nce: 5 0
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
1. A x is : X
2 . A ng le: -9 0
3 . T o ta l N umb er : 2
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A ctiv e V iew .
Create S tu b B od y
To select the objects Body:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
1. A x is : X
2 . A ng le: 18 0
3 . T o ta l N umb er : 2
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A ctiv e V iew .
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A ctiv e V iew .
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A ctiv e V iew .
Boundary Display
To verify the boundary setup:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundary Display ( Solv e r V ie w )
M e sh O pe rat ions
To sel ec t the obj ec t B ody
1. Select the menu item E dit > Se le c t > By N am e
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 1 3 . 0 G H z
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 1 0
M a x imum D elta S p er P a s s : 0 . 0 2
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
2 . E d it Sw eep W ind o w :
1. Sw eep T y p e: F ast
Sta r t: 5 . 0 G H z
Sto p : 2 0 . 0 G H z
Step : 0 . 0 1 G H z
Sa v e F ield s : C h eck ed
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar P l ot
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . D o ma in: S w eep
3 . C lick the Y ta b
2 . Q ua ntity : S t( p1 , p1 ) , S t( p1 , p2 ) ,
3 . F unctio n: d B
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Data Markers
The plot we created prior to the simulation will automatically be updated when the
analysis completes. The x y plot should currently be displayed. I f it is not, select
the menu item Window > XY Plot1 to switch to the plot display
Mark All Traces
1. S elect the menu item R e p or t 2 D > M a r k A ll T r a c e s
1. S el ect V ariab l e: L
2 . S el ect Linear C o u nt
3 . S tart: 4 . 0 m m
4 . S top: 5. 5m m
5 . C ount: 5
An al y z e Parametric Sweep
T o st ar t t h e so lu t io n pr o c ess:
1. E x pand the P roj ect T ree to displ ay the items l isted under O pt im et r ic s
O ptimetrics R es u l ts
T o v iew t h e O pt im et r ic s R esu lt s:
1. S el ect the menu item HFSS > Optimetrics Analysis > Optimetrics R esu lts
2 . S el ect the P r o f ile T ab to view the sol ution progress for each setup.
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar P l ot
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . D o ma in: S w eep
4 . C lick the Y ta b
2 . Q ua ntity : S t( p1 , p2 )
3 . F unctio n: d B
1. N ame: L
2 . I nclude: C h eck ed
3 . M in: 4 . 0 m m
4 . M ax : 5 . 5 m m
1. O p timiz er : Q u asi -N e w t on
2 . M a x . N o . o f I ter a tio ns : 10
3 . Sa v e F ield s : U n c h e c k e d
1. C a teg o r y : T e r m i n al S P ar am e t e r
2 . Q ua ntity : S t ( p 1, p 2 )
3 . F unctio n: m ag
5 . N a me: s2 1_ m ag
8 . C o nd itio n: < =
9 . G o a l: 0. 01
10 . W eig ht: 1
11. A ccep ta b le C o s t: 0
12 . C lick the V ar i ab le s ta b :
1. M in: 4 . 7 m m
2 . M a x : 5 . 1m m
Analyze Optimization
To start the solution process:
1. Expand the Project Tree to display the items listed under O ptim etrics
Optimetr ic s R es u lts
To v iew the O ptim etrics R esults:
1. S elect the menu item HFSS > Optimetrics Analysis > Optimetrics Results
2 . C lick the C lose b utton w hen you are f inished v iew ing the results
Analy sis
Solution: P or ts O nly
Sweep : I nter p olati ng
R esults
C ar tesi an p lotti ng
Field s O verlay s
P or t F i eld D i sp lay
Getting Started
Design Review
>4h
T he wid th of the port will af f ect the port imped ance and
propagating mod es. T he narrower the wid th ( image on
right) , the more the f ield s will cou ple to the sid e walls of
the port. T his ef f ect may not b e physical. T he wid er the
port, the greater chance that a higher f req u ency
wavegu id e mod e can propagate.
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
Solu tion T y p e W indow:
C hoose D ri v en M od al
C lick the O K b u tton
S et M od el U nits
To s et th e u ni ts :
Select the m enu item 3 D M o d eler > U n it s
Set M odel U nits:
Select U nits: m i l
C lick the O K b u tton
2 . F rom the S elect Def inition w indow , click the A dd M aterial bu tton
3 . V iew / E dit Material W indow :
1. Material N am e: M y _ R og ers
Create Substrate
To create the substrate:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : 0 . 0 , Y : -4 0 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : 2 0 0 . 0 , d Y : 8 0 0 . 0 , d Z : 8 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To set the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri bute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: S ubstrate
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
Create Trace
To create the trace:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : 0 . 0 , Y : -9 . 2 5 , Z : 8 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : 2 0 0 . 0 , d Y : 1 8 . 5 , d Z : 1 . 4 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: Trace
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
Create G ro u n d
To create the g rou n d :
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
C reate A ir
To c reate the A ir:
1. S elect the m enu item Draw > Box
2 . Using the coordinate entry f ields, enter the box p osition
N am e: R ad1
C lick the O K bu tton
C reate th e W av e Po rt
To c reate a rec tangle that represents the port:
1. Select the menu item Draw > R ec t ang le
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
To a ssi g n w a v e por t ex ci ta ti on
1. Select the menu item H F SS > Ex citatio n s > A s s ig n > W av e P o r t
2 . W a v e P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p1,
3 . W a v e P o r t : M o d es
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 8 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
F o r M o d e 1, click the Z pi co lumn a nd s elect Z pv
1. C lick the N ex t b utto n
4 . W a v e P o r t : P o s t P r o ces s ing
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
To d u p li ca te the p ort:
1. Select the menu item, Edit > D u p licate > A lo n g L in e
2 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the f ir s t p o int o f the d up lica te v ecto r
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the s eco nd p o int o f the d up lica te
v ecto r
d X : 20 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
4 . D up lica te A lo ng L ine W ind o w s
1. T o ta l N umb er : 2
Boundary Display
To verify the boundary setup:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundary Display ( Solv e r V ie w )
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 2 0 G H z
2 . C heck S olv e P orts O nly
2 . E d it Sw eep W ind o w :
1. Sw eep T y p e: I nterpolating
E r r o r T o ler a nce: 0 . 5 %
M a x So lutio ns : 2 0
2 . F r eq uency Setup T y p e: L inear C ount
Sta r t: 0 . 1 G H z
Sto p : 5 0 . 1 G H z
C o unt: 8 1
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Create Reports
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: M od al S P aram eters
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ec tan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . C lick the Y ta b
1. D o ma in: S w eep
2 . C a teg o r y : G am m a
3 . Q ua ntity : G am m a( p1 :1 ) , G am m a( p1 :2 ) , G am m a( p1 :3 ) ,
G am m a( p1 :4 ) , G am m a( p1 :5 )
4 . F unctio n: i m
Create Reports
Discussion
What does this plot tell us?
G iv en the phy sic al siz e of the w av e por t ob j ec t that w e c r eated, the f un dam en tal
m ode ( p2 : 1 ) is a q uasi-T E M m ode that pr opag ates f r om D C on up.
T his also show s that hig her or der m odes c an pr opag ate ( b > 0 ) at a hig h en oug h
f r eq uen c y . T he sec on d m odes star ts pr opag atin g at ~ 1 4 G H z .
T her ef or e, if w e on ly n eeded to sim ulate up to 1 0 G H z , w e w ouldn t n eed to siz e
our por t an y dif f er en t, how ev er , if w e n eed to sim ulate up to 5 0 G H z , then w e
n eed to r esiz e our por t to elim in ate the hig her or der pr opag atin g m odes.
T he last par t of the ex er c ise w ill ex plor e this.
2 . A d d / E d it Sw eep D ia lo g
1. V a r ia b le: P o r t _ W id t h
2 . Select L inear St ep
3 . Sta r t: 2 0 0 m il
4 . Sto p : 6 0 0 m il
5 . Step : 1 0 0 m il
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. E x p and the P r oj ect T r ee to disp lay the items listed under O pti m etri cs
Create Reports
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: M od al S P aram eters
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ec tan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
3 . C lick the Y ta b
1. D o ma in: S w eep
2 . C a teg o r y : G am m a
3 . Q ua ntity : G am m a( p1 :2 ) ,
4 . F unctio n: i m
Create Reports
Discussion
What does this plot tell us?
T his show s that as w e dec r ease the w idth of the por t, the f r eq uen c y at w hic h the
hig her or der m ode star ts to pr opag ate in c r eases.
T her ef or e, b y pr oper ly siz in g the w av e por t, y ou c an elim in ate an y hig her or der
pr opag atin g m odes if y ou b eliev e that they do n ot ex ist.
Y ou n eed to use c aution if y ou ar e sim ulatin g v er y hig h f r eq uen c ies, i. e. ,
m illim eter w av elen g ths, as y ou m ay n ot b e ab le to m ak e the por ts sm all en oug h
to elim in ate these m odes. Y ou pr ob ab ly shouldn t ev en tr y as the hig her or der
m odes m ig ht r epr esen t r eal w or ld ef f ec ts.
Analy sis
Solution: P or ts O nly
Sweep : I nter p olati ng
R esults
C ar tesi an p lotti ng
Field s O verlay s
P or t F i eld D i sp lay
Getting Started
Design Review
>4h
T he wid th of the port will af f ect the port imped ance and
propagating mod es. T he narrower the wid th ( image on
right) , the more the f ield s will cou ple to the sid e walls of
the port. T his ef f ect may not b e physical. T he wid er the
port, the greater chance that a higher f req u ency
wavegu id e mod e can propagate.
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
Solu tion T y p e W indow:
C hoose D ri v en M od al
C lick the O K b u tton
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e v a c uum
C r ea te Su sb tr a te
To c r ea te sub str a te:
1. Select the menu item Dra w > B ox
X :0 ,
Y : -3 0 0 ,
Z : 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey to a ccep t this p o int
2 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x
d X :2 0 0 ,
d Y :6 0 0 ,
d Z : 8 , P r es s the E nter k ey to a ccep t this p o int
To set the na m e:
1. Select the A ttr ib ute ta b f r o m the P r op er ties w ind o w .
Create S u s b trate ( c o n t d )
To set the variable names for the box:
1. Select the C ommand ta b f r o m the P rop erties w i n d o w .
2 . F o r the y co o r d i n a te o f the p o s i ti o n , hi g hli g ht -3 0 0 , a n d en ter su bst_ w id th/ 2
Create Trace
To create trace:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X :0 ,
Y : -9 .2 5 ,
Z : 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey to a ccep t this p o int
2 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x
d X :2 0 0 ,
d Y : 1 8 .5 ,
d Z : 1 .4 , P r es s the E n ter k ey to a ccep t this p o int
To s et th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: trace
To s et th e m ateri al :
1. Select the M ateri al b utto n, cur r ently la b eled v acu u m
To s et th e v ari ab l e n am es f or th e b ox :
1. Select the C om m an d ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
X :0 ,
Y : -3 0 0 ,
Z : -8, P r es s the E n ter k ey to a ccep t this p o int
2 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x
d X :2 0 0 ,
d Y :6 0 0 ,
d Z : 2 0 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey to a ccep t this p o int
To s et th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: ai rb ox
To s et th e v ari ab l e n am es f or th e b ox :
1. Select the C om m an d ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
3 . U s ing the coord inate entry f ield s , enter the rectangle pos ition
X : 0 ,
Y : -2 0 0 ,
Z : -8, Pres s the E n ter k ey to accept this point
2 . U s ing the coord inate entry f ield s , enter the oppos ite corner of the box
d X : 0 ,
d Y : 4 0 0 ,
d Z : 5 0 , Pres s the E n ter k ey to accept this point
To s et the n am e:
1. S elect the A ttri b u te tab f rom the P rop erti es wind ow.
2 . For the y coord inate of the pos ition, highlight -2 0 0 , and enter p ort_ w i d th/ 2 .
3 . For the z coord inate of the pos ition, highlight -8, and enter
-s u b s t_ thi ck n es s .
4 . For the Y s i ze of the box , enter p ort_ w i d th.
5 . For the Z s i ze of the box , enter p ort_ hei g ht, and enter 5 0 m i l in the A d d
V ari ab l e d ialog box .
6 . C lick O K when d one entering variables .
2 . W a v e P o r t: G ener a l
N a me: p1
C lick the N ex t b utto n
3 . W a v e P o r t: M o d es
1. N umb er o f M o d es : 1,
X :0
Y :0 ,
Z : -8 , P r es s the E nter k ey to a ccep t this p o int
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v ecto r
d X :0 .0 ,
d Y :0 .0 ,
d Z : 8 , P r es s the E nter k ey to a ccep t this p o int
5 . C lick the N ex t b utto n
5 . W a v e P o r t : P o s t P r o ces s ing
X :0
Y :0 ,
Z : 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey to a ccep t this p o int
T o a dd m o de s t o t h e s e c o n d w a v e p o r t :
1 . F rom the p roj ect m anager, ex p and the E x c i t a t i o n s section, and dou b le click
on p 2 . T his w ill disp lay the W a v e P o r t p rop erties dialog b ox .
2 . S elect the M o de s tab , and enter 5 for the N u m b e r o f M o de s , click U p da t e .
3 . C lick O K .
2 . C lick O K .
2 . C lick O K
Boundary Display
To verify the boundary setup:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundary Display ( Solv e r V ie w )
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 2 0 G H z
2 . C heck S olv e P orts O nly
2 . E d it Sw eep W ind o w :
1. Sw eep T y p e: I nterpolating
E r r o r T o ler a nce: 0 . 5 %
M a x So lutio ns : 2 0
2 . F r eq uency Setup T y p e: L inear C ount
Sta r t: 0 . 1 G H z
Sto p : 5 0 G H z
C o unt: 8 1
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Create Reports
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: M od al S P aram eters
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ec tan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . C lick the Y ta b
1. D o ma in: S w eep
2 . C a teg o r y : G am m a
3 . Q ua ntity : G am m a( p2 :1 ) , G am m a( p2 :2 ) , G am m a( p2 :3 ) ,
G am m a( p2 :4 ) , G am m a( p2 :5 )
4 . F unctio n: i m
Create Reports
Discussion
W h a t d oe s t h is p l ot t e l l us?
G iv e n t h e p h y sica l siz e of t h e w a v e p or t ob j e ct t h a t w e cr e a t e d , t h e
f und a m e nt a l m od e ( p 2 : 1 ) is a q ua si-T E M m od e t h a t p r op a g a t e s f r om DC
on up .
T h is a l so sh ow s t h a t h ig h e r or d e r m od e s ca n p r op a g a t e ( > 0 ) a t a h ig h
e noug h f r e q ue ncy . T h e se cond m od e s st a r t s p r op a g a t ing a t ~ 1 4 G H z .
T h e r e f or e , if w e onl y ne e d e d t o sim ul a t e up t o 1 0 G H z , w e w oul d n t ne e d t o
siz e our p or t a ny d if f e r e nt , h ow e v e r , if w e ne e d t o sim ul a t e up t o 5 0 G H z ,
t h e n w e ne e d t o r e siz e our p or t t o e l im ina t e t h e h ig h e r or d e r p r op a g a t ing
m od e s.
T h e l a st p a r t of t h e e x e r cise w il l e x p l or e t h is.
Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v9 Users Guide 6.5-1 9
6.5
Example W av e P o r t s
Parametric Sweep
We will now sweep the variable port_width, and see it s ef f ec t on the nu m ber of
propag ating m od es.
T o c re a te a n pa ra m e tric s we e p:
1. S elec t the m enu item HFSS > Optimetrics > Add Parametric
2 . S etu p S weep A naly sis Wind ow:
4 . A d d / E d it S weep D ialog :
1. V ariable: port_width
2 . T y pe: L in e a r S te p
3 . S tart: 2 0 0 m il
4 . S top: 6 0 0 m il
5 . S tep: 1 0 0 m il
6 . C lic k A dd
7 . C lic k O K
5 . C lic k O K
R u n pa ra m e tric s we e p:
1. F rom the proj ec t m anag er wind ow, ex pand the O ptim e tric s sec tion, and
rig ht c lic k on the P a ra m e tric S e tu p1
2 . C lic k A n a l y z e
Create Reports
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: M od al S P aram eters
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ec tan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
3 . C lick the Y ta b
1. D o ma in: S w eep
2 . C a teg o r y : G am m a
3 . Q ua ntity : G am m a( p2 :2 ) ,
4 . F unctio n: i m
Create Reports
Discussion
W h a t d oe s t h is p l ot t e l l us?
T h is sh ow s t h a t a s w e d e cr e a se t h e w id t h of t h e p or t , t h e f r e q ue ncy a t
w h ich t h e h ig h e r or d e r m od e st a r t s t o p r op a g a t e incr e a se s.
T h e r e f or e , b y p r op e r l y siz ing t h e w a v e p or t , y ou ca n e l im ina t e a ny h ig h e r
or d e r p r op a g a t ing m od e s if y ou b e l ie v e t h a t t h e y d o not e x ist .
Y ou ne e d t o use ca ut ion if y ou a r e sim ul a t ing v e r y h ig h f r e q ue ncie s, i. e . ,
m il l im e t e r w a v e l e ng t h s, a s y ou m a y not b e a b l e t o m a k e t h e p or t s sm a l l
e noug h t o e l im ina t e t h e se m od e s. Y ou p r ob a b l y sh oul d n t e v e ntry a sth e
h ig h e r or d e r m od e s m ig h t r e p r e se nt r e a l w or l d e f f e ct s.
Bandpass F i l t e r
This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and analyz e a
b andpass f ilter using the A nsof t H F S S D esig n E nv ironment.
Nominal Design:
Fcenter = 1 . 5 0 G H z
B W = 1 G H z
Analy sis
Sweep : F a st F req u enc y
R esults
Ca rt esia n p lot t ing
Field s O verlay s
2 D & 3 D F ield P lot s
Getting Started
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
Solu tion T y p e W indow:
C hoose D ri v en Term i nal
C lick the O K b u tton
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e v a c uum
C r ea te B ody
To c r ea te b od y :
1. Select the menu item Dra w > B ox
X : -1 . 0 , Y : -1 . 7 , Z : -0 . 3 1 2 5 , P r es s the E nter k ey
2 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x
d X : 2 . 0 , d Y : 3 . 4 , d Z : 0 . 6 2 5 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the na m e:
1. Select the A ttr ib ute ta b f r o m the P r op er ties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V a l ue o f N a m e ty p e: a ir
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c tiv e V iew . O r p r es s the C TR L + D k ey
3 . U s ing the coord inate entry f ield s , enter the center pos ition
To f it the v iew :
1. S elect the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew.
S et D ef aul t M aterial
To s et the def aul t material :
1. U s ing the 3 D M od eler M aterials toolbar, choos e S el ect
X : 1 . 0 , Y : -0 . 9 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius o f the cy lind er
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 6 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht o f the cy lind er
d X : 0 . 7 5 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the name:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew.
X : 1 . 0 , Y : -0 . 9 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius o f the cy lind er
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 6 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht o f the cy lind er
d X : -0 . 1 5 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the name:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew.
X : 0 . 8 5 , Y : -0 . 9 6 2 5 , Z : -0 . 0 3 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x
2 . F o r the V alu e o f N am e ty p e: l1
To create l2 :
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
To create l3 :
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
C r ea te r es t of m od el by d u p lica tion
To select objects to be duplicated:
1. Select th e m en u i tem Edit > Select > B y N a m e
2 . Select O bject D i a log ,
Boundary Display
To verify the boundary setup:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundary Display ( Solv e r V ie w )
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 1 . 5 G H z
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 1 5
M a x imum D elta S p er P a s s : 0 . 0 2
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
2 . E d it Sw eep W ind o w :
1. Sw eep T y p e: F ast
Sta r t: 0 . 6 G H z
Sto p : 2 . 4 G H z
C o unt: 4 5 1
Sa v e F ield s : C h eck ed
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Create Reports
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ec tan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . C lick the Y ta b
1. D o ma in: S w eep
3 . Q ua ntity : S ( p1 , p1 ) , S ( p2 , p1 )
4 . F unctio n: d B
2 . C lick the Y ta b
3 . Q ua ntity : S ( p2 , p1 )
4 . F unction: dB
3 . F r om the listing a t the top of the T r a ces w ind ow , select the a xis
pulld ow n f or the second insta nce of S ( p2 , p1 ) , a nd select Y2
4 . C lick the D one b utton
2 . Y A x is Pr op e r tie s D ia log
1. C lic k th e S c a l in g ta b
2 . A u tos c a le : U n c he c k e d
3 . M in: -1 . 0
4 . M a x : 0 , 0
5 . C lic k th e O K b u tton
Field Overlays
2 . E d it So ur ces W ind o w :
1. S elec t Global: XY
2 . S elec t the m enu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields > M a g _ E
3 . C reate F ield P lot W indow
2 . Q u antity : M ag _ E
3 . I n V olu m e: A ll
1. S elec t: E F i eld
1. S elec t U s e L i m i ts
2 . Min: 5
3 . Max: 1 50 0
4 . S c ale: L og
The M i c r o s t r i p B a n d s t o p F i l t er
This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and analyz e a
microstrip f ilter using the A nsof t H F S S D esig n E nv ironment.
L1
S
L2
Nominal Design:
L 1 = 9 1 . 2 mil
L 2 = 8 6 . 4 mil
S = 4 . 8 mil
Getting Started
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
Solu tion T y p e W indow:
C hoose D ri v en Term i nal
C lick the O K b u tton
2 . Set M o d el U nits :
1. Select U nits : m il
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S el ec t
1. T y p e p ec in the S ea r c h b y N a m e f ield
Create Input 1
To create the input:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : -4 . 8 , d Y : -1 4 . 4 , d Z : 0 . 1 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib ute ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: I nput1
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
Create L 1
To create L 1 :
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : -4 . 8 , d Y : 9 1 . 2 , d Z : 0 . 1 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To param eteriz e the ob j ect:
1. Select the C om m and ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib ute ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: L 1
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : 4 . 8 , d Y : -4 . 8 , d Z : 0 . 1 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To p aram eteri z e th e ob j ect:
1. Select the C om m an d ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w
To s et th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: S_ Stu b 1
To f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
C reate So u rc e 1
To c reate sou rc e:
1. Select the menu item Draw > R ec t ang le
X : 0 . 0 , Y : -1 4 . 4 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : -4 . 8 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : -5 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V alu e o f N am e ty p e: S ou rc e1
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew .
Assign Excitation
To select the object Source:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . L ump ed P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p 1,
2 . R es is ta nce: 5 0
3 . R ea cta nce: 0
3 . L ump ed P o r t : T er mina ls
1. N umb er o f T er mina ls : 1,
d X : 0. 0, d Y : 0. 0, d Z : 5 . 0, P r es s the E n ter k ey
5 . C lick the F i n i sh b utto n
S e t G r id P l ane
To set the g ri d p la n e:
1. Select the menu item 3 D M o deler > G r id P lan e > X Y
X : 4 . 8 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set th e name:
N ote: A f ter s electing the co o r d ina te s y s tem, its p r o p er ties w ill b e d is p la y ed
in the p r o p er ty w ind o w . I f y o u d o no t s ee the p r o p er ties , r ep ea t the s tep s to
s et the w o r k ing co o r d ina te s y s tem, o r s elect the C S f r o m the mo d el tr ee.
1. F o r the V al u e o f N ame ty p e: CS_ Stu b 1
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : 4 . 8 , d Y : 8 6 . 4 , d Z : 0 . 1 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To p aram eteri z e th e ob j ect:
1. Select the C om m an d ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w
To s et th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: L2_ S tu b 1
To f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
X : -4 . 8 , Y : 9 1 . 2 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set th e name:
N ote: A f ter s electing the co o r d ina te s y s tem, its p r o p er ties w ill b e d is p la y ed
in the p r o p er ty w ind o w . I f y o u d o no t s ee the p r o p er ties , r ep ea t the s tep s to
s et the w o r k ing co o r d ina te s y s tem, o r s elect the C S f r o m the mo d el tr ee.
1. F o r the V al u e o f N ame ty p e: CS_ L 1
Create Input2
To create the input:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : 4 . 8 , d Y : 4 . 8 + 1 4 . 4 , d Z : 0 . 1 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib ute ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: I nput2
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
Create S f o r S tub 2
To create S :
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : -4 . 8 , d Y : 4 . 8 , d Z : 0 . 1 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To param eteriz e the ob j ect:
1. Select the C om m and ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib ute ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: S _ S tub 2
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
C reate So u rc e 2
To c reate sou rc e:
1. Select the menu item Draw > R ec t ang le
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 4 . 8 + 1 4 . 4 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 4 . 8 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : -5 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V alu e o f N am e ty p e: S ou rc e2
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew .
Assign Excitation
To select the object Source:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . L ump ed P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p 2 ,
2 . R es is ta nce: 5 0
3 . R ea cta nce: 0
3 . L ump ed P o r t : T er mina ls
1. N umb er o f T er mina ls : 1,
X : 2 . 4 , Y : 19 . 2 , Z : -5 . 0, P r es s the E n ter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex
d X : 0. 0, d Y : 0. 0, d Z : 5 . 0, P r es s the E n ter k ey
5 . C lick the F i n i sh b utto n
S e t G r id P l ane
To set the g ri d p la n e:
1. Select the menu item 3 D M o deler > G r id P lan e > X Y
X : -4 . 8 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set th e name:
N ote: A f ter s electing the co o r d ina te s y s tem, its p r o p er ties w ill b e d is p la y ed
in the p r o p er ty w ind o w . I f y o u d o no t s ee the p r o p er ties , r ep ea t the s tep s to
s et the w o r k ing co o r d ina te s y s tem, o r s elect the C S f r o m the mo d el tr ee.
1. F o r the V al u e o f N ame ty p e: CS_ Stu b 2
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 4 . 8 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : -4 . 8 , d Y : -8 6 . 4 , d Z : 0 . 1 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To p aram eteri z e th e ob j ect:
1. Select the C om m an d ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w
To s et th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: L2_ S tu b 2
To f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
Create G rou nd
To create the grou nd:
1. Select the menu item Draw > B ox
X : -3 4 . 4 , Y : -3 4 . 4 , Z : -5 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : 6 4 . 0 , d Y : 1 6 4 . 8 , d Z : -0 . 1 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To p arameteriz e the ob j ect:
1. Select the C ommand ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w
To f it the v iew:
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c tiv e V iew .
2 . F rom the S elect Def inition w indow , click the A dd M aterial bu tton
3 . V iew / E dit Material W indow :
1. Material N am e: M y _ A lu mina
Create Substrate
To create the substrate:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -3 4 . 4 , Y : -3 4 . 4 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : 6 4 . 0 , d Y : 1 6 4 . 8 , d Z : -5 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To p aram eteri z e the obj ect:
1. Select the C om m an d ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w
To set the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri bute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: Substrate
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
Create Air
To create the Air:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -3 4 . 4 , Y : -3 4 . 4 , Z : -5 . 1 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : 6 4 . 0 , d Y : 1 6 4 . 8 , d Z : 5 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To p aram eteriz e the ob j ect:
1. Select the C om m an d ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the Attrib u te ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: Air
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
N a me: R ad 1
C lick the O K b utto n
Boundary Display
To verify the boundary setup:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundary Display ( Solv e r V ie w )
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 2 0 . 0 G H z
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 2 0
M a x imum D elta S p er P a s s : 0 . 0 2
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
2 . E d it Sw eep W ind o w :
1. Sw eep T y p e: F ast
Sta r t: 4 . 0 G H z
Sto p : 2 0 . 0 G H z
Step : 0 . 0 5 G H z
Sa v e F ield s : C h eck ed
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Create Reports
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ec tan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . C lick the Y ta b
1. D o ma in: S w eep
3 . Q ua ntity : S t( p1 , p1 ) , S t( p2 , p1 )
4 . F unctio n: d B
V Vout1
+ 50
1 3
0V
Vdiff
V 2 4
V
+
100
Vin2 Vout2
V
Vpos
+ 50
0V
Vneg
Component Placement
Importing S-pa ra me te rs
1. Select the menu item Draw > N-P o rt o r click the to o lb a r b utto n.
2 . I n the N -p o r t d a ta w ind o w ,
B ro w s e b u tto n
1 3
2 4
50
1 3
2 4
100
50
C hang e the v alu e of the resistors
1. Rig ht mou se click the comp onent and then select Prop erties in the
p u ll d ow n menu
2 . C hang e the v alu e f rom 1 0 0 to 5 0 , then hit E nter
N ote: alternativ ely , y ou can lef t mou se b u tton click on the resistor to
b ring u p the P r oper ti es w ind ow ( show n b elow ) and chang e the v alu e
f rom 1 0 0 to 5 0 , then hit E nter
+ 50
1 3
0V
2 4
100
50
2 . F or N a m e t y p e V p os
3 . F or T y p e, ch oose P i ecew i se L i n ea r
W av ef orm List B ox
2 . E n t er t w o p o in t s :
T ime V alue
0 0
3 3 0ps 1 V
N o t e: m a k e s u r e y o u h it
Enter a f t er t y p in g v a l u es
1. C l ick O K t o f in is h
2 . C l ick O K t o ex it o u t
A d d in g S eco n d S o u r ce
1. R ep ea t t h e s a m e s t ep s a s a d d in g t h e f ir s t s o u r ce ex cep t ch a n g e:
1. F o r N a m e, t y p e V neg
2 . T h e d a t a p o in t s t o :
T ime V alue
0 0
3 3 0ps -1 V
+ 50
1 3
0V
2 4
100
+ 50
0V
Adding V ol ta ge P rob es
1. I n the C omponents ta b , ex p a nd the P rob es.
V Vin1
V Vout1
+ 50
1 3
0V
Vdiff
V 2 4
V +
100
Vin2 Vout2 V
Vpos
+ 50
0V
Vneg
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analysis Setup
C reati n g an A n al y s i s Setu p
To create an an al y si s setu p:
1. In the P roject M an ag er window, click the P roject tab
2 . C lick N ex t
2 . D elta Fr eq uency : 0 . 0 1 G H z
5 . C lick F i n i sh
Create Reports
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: S tan d ard
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar P l ot
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
1. C a teg o r y : V ol tag e
Nominal Design:
T r ac es:
L A Y E R 1 ( TO P S I D E )
W id t h = 6 mil
L A Y E R 2 (S IG N A L 1 ) S p ac ing= 1 8 mil
2 6 mil
T h ic k ness= 0 . 7 mil
A naly sis
S weep : I nter p olati ng
R esults
C ar tesi an and S m i th C h ar t p lotti ng
F ield O v erlay s
3 D F i eld P lots
Design Review
Before we jump into setting up this device lets review the design.
T ra ce W idth = 6 mils
T ra ce L ength= 1 0 0 0 mils
D ielectric H eight= 1 3mils x 2
1 / 2 oz copper T ra ces/ G rounds= 0 . 7 mils
P ort S iz e= ? ? ?
P ort W idth
F rom the U sing P orts section, the port width should b e a t lea st 3-5 times
the sta ck up( 7 8 -1 30 mils) . S ince the tra ces a re not centered, lets use 5 x
a nd a dd the pa ir spa cing( 1 8 mils) for a tota l port/ model width of 2 2 0 mils.
T ra ce L ength
S ince we a re modeling a uniform tra nsmission line, we do not need to
simula te the 1 0 0 0 mils length. L ets reduce the model to 1 0 0 mils a nd use
de-emb edding to a dd the ex tra length.
M a teria l P roperties
T o sta rt with, lets ma k e a n engineering a ssumption tha t the ma teria l
properties a re consta nt over freq uency . I n a ddition, we will a ssume tha t
the modeling the tra ces a s perfect conductors will not ha ve a n impa ct on
the performa nce of the device. T his will speed up the simula tion. A s a n
a dditiona l ex ercise, the model ca n b e modified to include freq uency
dependent ma teria ls a nd lossy conductors.
G round P la nes
S ince we a re ignoring the meta l conductivity , we do not need to crea te
ob jects for the ground pla nes. I nstea d, we will utiliz e the b a ck ground
( P erfect C onductor) b ounda ry . I f we need to investiga te the effects of
copper, a finite conductivity b ounda ry condition ca n b e used to simula te the
copper ground pla nes.
Solution Setup
Since we are going to use the model for SPICE simulation, the freq uency range
of interest is going to b e determined b y the rise-time( tr) of the inp ut signal. T he
max imum freq uency is calculated b y tak ing 0 . 5 / tr, or the k nee freq uency , and
multip ly ing it b y the numb er of samp les p er tr. T he minimum freq uency should
b e selected as close to D C as p ossib le.
Getting Started
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
1. Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
2 . Solu tion T y p e W indow:
2 . Set M o d el U nits :
1. Select U nits : m il
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S el ec t
1. T y p e p ec in the S ea r c h b y N a m e f ield
Create Trace 1
To create trace 1:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 9 . 0 , Z : -0 . 3 5 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 10 0 . 0 , d Y : 6 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 7 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: trace1
To f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
O r p r es s the CTR L + D k ey
Create Trace 2
To create trace 2:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible. O r p r es s the C TR L + A k ey .
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
2 . I np ut the ta r g et p o int o f the v ecto r no r ma l to the mir r o r p la ne:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : -1 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et th e n am e:
1. Select the menu item H F SS > L ist
1. F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: trace2
To f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item View > F it All > Activ e View .
2 . F rom the S elect Def inition w indow , click the A dd M aterial bu tton
3 . V iew / E dit Material W indow :
1. Material N am e: M y _ F R 4
Create Substrate
To create substrate:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : 0 . 0 , Y : -1 0 0 . 0 , Z : -1 3 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 1 0 0 . 0 , d Y : 2 0 0 . 0 , d Z : 2 6 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To set th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri bute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: substrate
To f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
2 . W a v e P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p1
3 . W a v e P o r t : T er mina ls
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : -1 3 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 1 2. 0 , d Z : 1 2. 6 5 , P r es s the E nter k ey
5 . F o r T2, click the U nd ef ined co lumn a nd s elect N ew L ine
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : -1 3 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
7 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : -1 2. 0 , d Z : 1 2. 6 5 , P r es s the E nter k ey
8 . C lick the N ext b utto n
4 . W a v e P o r t : D if f er entia l P a ir s
5 . W a v e P o r t : P o s t P r o ces s ing
W a v e P o rt F a c e
T e r m in a l L in e s
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
To d u p li ca te the p ort:
1. Select the menu item, Edit > D u p licate > A lo n g L in e
2 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the f ir s t p o int o f the d up lica te v ecto r
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the s eco nd p o int o f the d up lica te
v ecto r
d X : 10 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
4 . D up lica te A lo ng L ine W ind o w s
1. T o ta l N umb er : 2
1. D eemb ed : C heck ed
Boundary Display
To verify the boundary setup:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundary Display ( Solv e r V ie w )
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 8 . 0 G H z
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 2 0
M a x imum D elta S p er P a s s : 0 . 0 2
2 . C lick the A d v anced ta b :
D o L a mb d a R ef inement: C h eck ed
T a r g et: 0 . 0 5
U s er L o w -O r d er So lutio n B a s is : C h eck ed
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
2 . E d it Sw eep W ind o w :
1. Sw eep T y p e: I nterpolating
E r r o r T o ler a nce: 0 . 5 %
M a x So lutio ns : 2 0
2 . E x tr a p o la te to D C : C h eck ed
M inimum So lv e F r eq uency : 0 . 0 1 G H z
3 . Sna p M a g nitud e to 0 o r 1 a t D C : U nch eck ed
Sto p : 8 . 0 G H z
Step : 0 . 0 1 G H z
5 . C lick the O K b utto n
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Create Reports
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . D o ma in: S w eep
3 . C lick the Y ta b
2 . Q ua ntity : S t( p1 :D i f f 1 , p1 :D i f f 1 ) , S t( p1 :D i f f 1 , p1 :C om m 1 ) ,
S t( p1 :D i f f 1 , p2 :D i f f 1 )
3 . F unctio n: d B
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: D ata Tab l e
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . C lick the Y ta b
3 . F unctio n: m ag
2 . So lutio n D a ta d ia lo g
2 . Sa v e a s T y p e: Tou c hs ton e
Field Overlays
2 . E d it So ur ces W ind o w :
M a g nitud e: 1
P ha s e: 0
2 . Select s o ur ce: p 1 :T2
M a g nitud e: 1
P ha s e: 0
3 . Select s o ur ce: p 2 :T1
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
4 . C r ea te F ield P lo t W ind o w
2 . Q ua ntity : M ag _ E
3 . I n V o lume: A ll
2 . Select P lo t F o ld er W ind o w :
1. Select: E F ield
1. Select U s e L im its
2 . M in: 5
3 . M a x : 1 0 0 0 0
4 . Sca le: L og
1. I s o V a lT y p e: F rin g e
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
3 . Select the menu item H F SS > F ields > P lo t F ields > V ecto r _ E
4 . C r ea te F ield P lo t W ind o w
2 . Q ua ntity : V ector_ E
3 . I n V o lume: A ll
2 . Select P lo t F o ld er W ind o w :
1. Select: E F ield
1. T y p e: C y lin der
2 . M a p Siz e: U n ch eck ed
3 . A r r o w T a le: U n ch eck ed
2 . E d it So ur ces W ind o w :
M a g nitud e: 1
P ha s e: 0
2 . Select s o ur ce: p 1 :T2
M a g nitud e: 1
P ha s e: 1 8 0
3 . Select s o ur ce: p 2 :T1
6W 1 2 m ils
1 5 S 2 1 m ils
W
S
I n the post processor y ou w ill ab le to display results and see how Differential impedance
changes w ith the respect to trace w idth and spacing b etw een traces.
2 . A d d / E d it Sw eep D ia lo g
1. V a r ia b le: W
2 . Select L inear C o u nt
3 . Sta r t: 6 m il
4 . Sto p : 1 2 m il
5 . C o unt: 3
7 . V a r ia b le: S
8 . Select L inear C o u nt
9 . Sta r t: 1 5 m il
10 . Sto p : 2 1 m il
11. C o unt: 3
1. Sa v e F ield s : C h ec k ed
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. E x p and the P r oj ect T r ee to disp lay the items listed under O pti m etri cs
Create Reports
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ec tan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
3 . F unctio n: m ag
Field Overlays
Sav e Proj ec t
T o s ave t h e p ro j ec t :
1. I n an A nsof t H F S S w indow , sel ect the m enu item File > Save.
0V 50 Z=50
+
Source1 P=10000mil
Component Placement
Importing S-pa ra me te rs
1. Select the menu item Draw > N-P o rt o r click the to o lb a r b utto n.
2 . I n the N -p o r t d a ta w ind o w ,
B ro w s e
3 . T o end the p lacement, click the rig ht mou se b u tton and select
F i ni sh . ( Y ou can also end the p lacement b y p ressing the sp ace b ar)
100
N ote: alternativ ely , y ou can lef t mou se b u tton click on the resistor to
b ring u p the P r oper ti es w ind ow ( show n b elow ) and chang e the v alu e
f rom 1 0 0 to 5 0 , then hit E nter
50 Z=50
P=10000mil
0V 50 Z=50
+
Source1 P=10000mil
2 . F or N a m e t y p e V i n
3 . F or T y p e, ch oose P i ecew i se L i n ea r
W av ef orm List B ox
T ime V alue
0 0
1 ns 1 V
N ote: m a k e s u r e y o u h it Enter a f t er t y p in g v a l u es
1. C l ick t h e O K b u t t o n
1. C l ick t h e O K b u t t o n
Adding V ol ta ge P rob es
1. I n the C omponents ta b , ex p a nd the P rob es.
2 . P la ce 2 V ol ta ge P rob es a nd na me them v 1 , v 2 .
V v1 V v2
0V 50 Z=50
+
Source1 P=10000mil
A nal y s is S etup
C reati n g an A n al y s i s Setu p
To create an an al y si s setu p:
1. In the P roject M an ag er window, click the P roject tab
2 . C lick N ex t
5 . C lick F i n i sh
Create Reports
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: S tan d ard
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar P l ot
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
1. C a teg o r y : V ol tag e
Create Reports
Plot TDR
To create a report:
1. Select the menu item Circuit -> Cre a te R e p o rt
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: S tan d ard
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar P l ot
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
3 . C lick o n O u tpu t V ari ab l es b utto n to cr ea te T D R eq ua tio n
1. N a me: ty p e TD R
2 . E x p r es s io n: V (V P R B :v 2 )/(V (V P R B :v 1 )-V (V P R B :v 2 ))* 5 0
N ote: T o cr ea te the a b o v e ex p r es s io n, f o llo w thes e s tep s :
1. C a teg o r y : V ol tag e
2 . Q ua ntity : V (V P R B :v 2 )
3 . C lick I n s ert Q u an ti ty i n to E x pres s i on b utto n
4 . T y p e / then ty p e (
5 . Q ua ntity : V (V P R B :v 1 )
6 . C lick I n s ert Q u an ti ty i n to E x pres s i on b utto n
7 . T y p e-
8 . Q ua ntity : V (V P R B :v 2 )
9 . C lick I n s ert Q u an ti ty i n to E x pres s i on b utto n
10 . T y p e )
11. T y p e * 5 0
T r a ces W ind o w :
C a teg o r y : O u tpu t V ari ab l es
Q ua ntity : TD R
F unctio n: < n on e>
C lick the A d d Trace b utto n
C lick the D on e b utto n ( s ee nex t p a g e f o r T D R p lo t)
5 c m 6 mm 3 .4 c m 1 c m
1 c m
3 mm
8 mm
4 c m 6 c m
Nominal Design:
B oar d :
L A Y E R 1 (S IG N A L 1 )
T h ic k ness= 1 . 3 mm
1 . 3 mm r= 4 . 5
T r ac e:
L A Y E R 2 ( B O TTO M S ID E )
L engt h = 8 . 2 c m
T er minat ion: 4 7
A naly sis
S weep : I nter p olati ng S w eep
R esults
C ar tesi an and S m i th C h ar t p lotti ng
F ield O v erlay s
M agni tu d e and V ector F i eld P lotti ng
A ni m ati on
Design Review
Before we jump into setting up this device lets review the design.
T ra ce W idth = 3 mm
T ra ce L ength= 8 . 2 cm
D ielectric H eight= 1 . 3 mm
P ort S iz e/ T y pe= ? ? ?
F ree S pa ce= P M L or R a dia tion Bounda ry
P ort S iz e/ T y pe
S ince the tra ce is interna l to the model, lets use a lumped ga p source port
F ree S pa ce
W e should ex pect some ra dia tion to occur b eca use of the slot in the ground,
however, it should not b e very strong. Beca use there is limited ra dia tion the
sepa ra tion from the device a nd the free-spa ce b ounda ry ca n b e k ept to a
minimum. T he incidence a ngle of the ra dia tion is unk nown, therefore we
should use a P M L . T he ma x imum spa cing will b e ~ / 2 0 @ 1 G H z or a b out
1 . 5 cm
Getting Started
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
1. Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
2 . Solu tion T y p e W indow:
2 . Set M o d el U nits :
1. Select U nits : c m
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S el ec t
1. F o r the M a ter ia l N a m e ty p e: M y _ F R 4
Create Board
To create the board:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 6 . 0 , d Y : 1 0 . 0 , d Z : -1 . 3 m m , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri bu te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: B oard
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w. O r p r es s the C TR L + D k ey
Create G rou n d
To create g rou n d:
1. Select the menu item Draw > R e c t an g l e
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
Create G rou nd Cu t Ou t
To create cu t ou t:
1. Select the menu item Draw > R ec tang le
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 4 . 0 , d Y : 6 . 0 mm, d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
Sel ect G rou nd & R ectang l e1 :
1. Select the menu item E dit > Selec t > B y N ame
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . Sub tr a ct W ind o w
B la nk P a r ts : G rou nd
T o o l P a r ts : R ectang l e1
C lo ne to o l o b j ects b ef o r e s ub tr a ct: U nch eck ed
C lick the O K b utto n
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
Create Trace
To create trace:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Rectangle
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 3 . 0 m m , d Y : 8 . 2 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: Trace
To f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i ew > F i t A ll > A cti v e V i ew.
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
C reate So u rc e
To c reate sou rc e:
1. Select the menu item Draw > R ec t ang le
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 3 . 0 m m , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : -1 . 3 m m , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V alu e o f N am e ty p e: S ou rc e
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew .
Assign Excitation
To select the object Source:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . L ump ed P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p 1,
2 . R es is ta nce: 5 0
3 . R ea cta nce: 0
3 . L ump ed P o r t : T er mina ls
1. N umb er o f T er mina ls : 1,
d X : 0. 0, d Y : 0. 0, d Z : 1. 3 m m , P r es s the E n ter k ey
5 . C lick the F i n i sh b utto n
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 8 . 2 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
Create R esistor
To create sou rce:
1. Select the menu item Draw > R ec tang le
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 3 . 0 mm, d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : -1 . 3 mm, P r es s the E nter k ey
To set th e name:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
To fit th e v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c tiv e V iew .
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
To a ssig n lu m p ed RL C bou n d a ry
1. Select the menu item H F SS > Bo u n dar ies > A s s ig n > L u mp ed R L C
2 . L ump ed R L C B o und a r y
1. N a me: R,
2 . R es is ta nce: C heck ed
3 . R es is ta nce: 4 7 O hm
X : 1 . 5 m m , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : -1 . 3 m m , P r es s the E n ter k ey
6 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 1 . 3 m m , P r es s the E n ter k ey
7 . C lick the O K b utto n
C reate A ir
To c reate the air:
1. S elect the m enu item Draw > B ox
2 . Using the coordinate entry f ields, enter the box p osition
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . P M L Setup W iz a r d : C o v er O b j ects
1. M in F r eq uency : 0 . 0 1 G H z
4 . Select the m enu item 3 D M o deler > L ist > C r eate > Face L ist
Boundary Display
To verify the boundary setup:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundary Display ( Solv e r V ie w )
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 2 . 5 G H z
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 2 0
M a x imum D elta S p er P a s s : 0 . 0 3
2 . C lick the A d v anced ta b :
D o L a mb d a R ef inement: C h eck ed
T a r g et: 0 . 1
U s er L o w -O r d er So lutio n B a s is : C h eck ed
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
2 . E d it Sw eep W ind o w :
1. Sw eep T y p e: I nterpolating
E r r o r T o ler a nce: 0 . 5 %
M a x So lutio ns : 2 0
2 . E x tr a p o la te to D C : C h eck ed
M inimum So lv e F r eq uency : 0 . 0 1 G H z
3 . Sna p M a g nitud e to 0 o r 1 a t D C : U nch eck ed
Sto p : 2 . 5 G H z
Step : 0 . 0 1 G H z
5 . C lick the O K b utto n
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Create Reports
Create Terminal S-P arameter P lo t v s . A d ap tiv e P as s
Note: If this report is created prior or during the solution process, a real-tim e update
of the results are display ed
T o c r ea te a r ep or t:
1. S elect the m enu item HFSS > Results > Create Report
2 . C reate R eport W indow :
2 . D isplay T y pe: R ec ta n g u l a r
3 . T races W indow :
1. S olution: S etu p 1 : A d a p ti v e1
1. C ategory : T er m i n a l S P a r a m eter
2 . Q uantity : S t( p 1 , p 1 )
3 . F unction: d B
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . D o ma in: S w eep
3 . C lick the Y ta b
2 . Q ua ntity : Z t( p1 , p1 )
3 . F unctio n: R e
6 . Q ua ntity : Z t( p1 , p1 )
7 . F unctio n: I m
4. To ad d an ad d i ti on al Y-A x i s f or i m ( Z t( p1 , p1 )
1. Select Y 1 f o r R o w 2 in Y -a x is co lumn a nd to g g le it to Y2
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: S m i th C h art
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . D o ma in: S w eep
3 . C lick the P ol ar ta b
2 . Q ua ntity : S t( p1 , p1 )
2 . So lutio n D a ta d ia lo g
1. F ilena me: hf s s _ s eg _ g p l an e
2 . Sa v e a s T y p e: Tou c hs ton e
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1. R ep o r t T y p e: Far Fields
2 . D is p la y T y p e: 3D Polar Plot
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . D o ma in: R adiation
3 . C lick the M ag ta b
1. C a teg o r y : rE
2 . Q ua ntity : rE Total
3 . F unctio n: dB
Field Overlays
3 . S el ec t O b j ec t D ial og ,
1. S el ec t t h e ob j ec t s named : B oard
2 . Cl ic k t h e O K b ut t on
2 . Q uant it y: M ag _ E
3 . I n V ol ume: A ll
4 . Cl ic k t h e D on e b ut t on
2 . S el ec t P l ot F ol d er W ind ow :
1. S el ec t : E F ield
2 . Cl ic k t h e O K b ut t on
1. Cl ic k t h e S cale t ab
1. S el ec t U s e L im its
2 . M in: 1
3 . M ax : 4 5 0 0
4 . S c al e: L og
2 . Cl ic k t h e P lots T ab
1. S c al ar P l ot : I s oV alS u rface
2 . Cl ic k t h e C los e b ut t on
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
3 . Select the menu item H F SS > F ields > P lo t F ields > V ecto r _ R ealP o yn tin g
4 . C r ea te F ield P lo t W ind o w
3 . I n V o lume: A ll
2 . Select P lo t F o ld er W ind o w :
1. Select: P oy n tin g
3 . P o y nting W ind o w :
1. Select U s e L im its
2 . M in: 0 . 0 1
3 . M a x : 2 5 0 0
4 . Sca le: L og
1. T y p e: C y lin der
2 . M a p Siz e: U n ch eck ed
3 . A r r o w T a le: U n ch eck ed
Non-I d e a l G r ou nd P l a ne
This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and analyz e non-
ideal g round planes using the A nsof t H F S S D esig n E nv ironment.
tr a c e 1
bot_gnd
tr a c e 2
Nominal Design:
G r ou nd :
T h ic k ness = 0 . 1 mm
B oar d :
T h ic k ness = 0 . 9 mm
r = 1
T r ac e:
L engt h = 1 0 mm
W id t h = 1 mm
T h ic k ness = 0 . 1 mm
V ia:
Diamet er = 1 mm
H eigh t = 0 . 9 mm
Design Review
Before we jump into setting up this device lets review the design.
P ort S iz e/ T y pe= ? ? ?
F ree S pa ce= ? ? ?
P ort S iz e/ T y pe
S ince the tra ce is interna l to the model, lets use a lumped ga p source port
F ree S pa ce
S ince we a re only interested in the modes tha t occur b etween the ground
pla nes, we ca n use a P erfect H or open b ounda ry condition. W e should
ex pect to get the sa me a nswer using a n O pen( P erfect H ) or
ma tched( R a dia tion) b ounda ry . T he ra dia tion b ounda ry ta k es longer to solve
since it req uires a complex solve.
Y ou do need to use some ca ution when using P erfect H b ounda ry
conditions in pla ce of ra dia tion b ounda ries. T he P erfect H a nd
S y mmetry P erfect H a re ma thema tica lly eq uiva lent. T herefore if y ou
a re simula ting a sub section of a la rger geometry , y ou ha ve the
potentia l to crea te modes tha t a re the result of the b ounda ry condition
or non-phy sica l. I n our ex a mple, the P erfect H is a pplied to the outside
of the model a nd not a long a ny sy mmetry pla nes.
I t should b e noted tha t the P erfect H b ounda ry condition ca n b e used
with the D riven a nd E igenmode solver. T he R a dia tion b ounda ry is
only supported b y the D riven S olution.
Getting Started
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
1. Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
2 . Solu tion T y p e W indow:
2 . Set M o d el U nits :
1. Select U nits : m m
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S el ec t
1. T y p e p ec in the S ea r c h b y N a m e f ield
Create Trace
To create the trace:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -0 . 5 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 1 . 0 , d Y : -1 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 1 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: Trace
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w. O r p r es s the C TR L + D k ey
Create V i a P ad
To create the v i a p ad :
1. Select the menu item Draw > C y l i n d e r
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 0 . 7 5 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 1 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: V i a_ p ad
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : -0 . 2 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
C reate Groun d 1
To c reate groun d:
1. Select the menu item D r a w > B o x
X : -1 0 . 0 , Y : -2 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 2 0 . 0 , d Y : 4 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 1 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To set the n ame:
1. Select the A ttrib ute ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w .
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item View > F it All > Activ e View .
Create Anti-P ad
To create the anti-p ad :
1. Select the menu item Draw > Cylinder
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 1 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 1 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: A ntip ad
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . Sub tr a ct W ind o w
B la nk P a r ts : G rou nd
T o o l P a r ts : A ntip ad
C lo ne to o l o b j ects b ef o r e s ub tr a ct: U ncheck ed
C lick the O K b utto n
X : -0 . 5 , Y : -1 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
Create Source
To create source:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Rectangle
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 1 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : -0 . 1 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To set th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b ute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: S ource
To f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i ew > F i t A ll > A cti v e V i ew.
Assign Excitation
To select the object Source:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . L ump ed P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p 1,
2 . R es is ta nce: 5 0
3 . R ea cta nce: 0
3 . L ump ed P o r t : T er mina ls
1. N umb er o f T er mina ls : 1,
d X : 0. 0, d Y : 0. 0, d Z : 0. 1, P r es s the E n ter k ey
5 . C lick the F i n i sh b utto n
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : -0 . 4 5 , P r es s the E nter k ey
D u p l ic ate O b j ec ts
To du p l icate the ex isting ob j ects:
1. Select the menu item E dit > Selec t A ll V isib le. O r p r es s the C TR L + A k ey .
2 . Select the menu item, E dit > Du p lic ate > A rou nd A x is.
1. A x is : X
2 . A ng le: 1 8 0
3 . T o ta l N umb er : 2
To f it the v iew:
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c tiv e V iew .
Create V ia
To create the v ia:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Cylinder
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 0 . 5 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : -0 . 9 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the name:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N ame ty p e: V ia
To f it the v iew:
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c tiv e V iew .
X : -5 . 0 , Y : -1 0 . 0 , Z : -0 . 2 , P r es s the E nter k ey
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius :
d X : 0 . 5 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : -0 . 5 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib ute ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew.
S et D ef aul t M aterial
To s et the def aul t m aterial :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e v acuum
Create Board
To create the board:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -1 0 . 0 , Y : -2 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 2 0 . 0 , d Y : 4 0 . 0 , d Z : -0 . 9 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri bu te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: B oard
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
Create A i r
To create the A i r:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -1 5 . 0 , Y : -2 5 . 0 , Z : -5 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 3 0 . 0 , d Y : 5 0 . 0 , d Z : 1 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri bu te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: A i r
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
2.
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 1 0 . 0 G H z
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 2 0
M a x imum D elta S p er P a s s : 0 . 0 2
2 . C lick the A d v anced ta b :
D o L a mb d a R ef inement: C h eck ed
T a r g et: 0 . 0 5
U s er L o w -O r d er So lutio n B a s is : C h eck ed
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
2 . E d it Sw eep W ind o w :
1. Sw eep T y p e: F ast
Sta r t: 0 . 1 G H z
Sto p : 1 0 . 0 G H z
C o unt: 9 0 1
Sa v e F ield s : C h eck ed
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Create Reports
Create Terminal S-P arameter P lo t v s . A d ap tiv e P as s
Note: If this report is created prior or during the solution process, a real-tim e
update of the results are display ed
T o c r ea te a r ep or t:
1. S elect the m enu item HFSS > Results > Create Report
2 . C reate R eport W indow :
2 . D isplay T y pe: R ec ta n g u l a r
3 . T races W indow :
1. S olution: S etu p 1 : A d a p ti v e1
2 . C ategory : V a r i a b l es
3 . Q uantity : P a s s
1. C ategory : T er m i n a l S P a r a m eter
2 . Q uantity : S t( p 1 , p 1 ) a n d S t( p 1 , p 2 )
3 . F unction: d B
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . D o ma in: S w eep
3 . C lick the Y ta b
2 . Q ua ntity : S t( p1 , p2 )
3 . F unctio n: d B
Field Overlays
N o te: Relative CS3 XY plane is the plane b etw een the tw o G rou nd
planes.
2 . S elec t the m enu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields > M a g _ E
3 . C reate F ield P lot W indow
3 . Q u antity : M ag _ E
4 . I n V olu m e: B o ar d
1. S elec t: E F ield
1. S elec t U s e L im its
2 . Min: 5
3 . Max: 3 50 0
4 . S c ale: L o g
2 . Select P lo t F o ld er W ind o w :
1. Select: E Field
3 . C r ea te F ield P lo t W ind o w
2 . F r eq : 6 . 8 4 G H z
Return Path
This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and analyz e the
return path examples used in the B oundary/ E xcitations O v erv iew f or the A nsof t
H F S S D esig n E nv ironment.
Port2 Port3
Port1
Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v9 Users Guide 8.4-1
8.4
Example R et u r n P at h
Getting Started
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
1. Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
2 . Solu tion T y p e W indow:
2 . Set M o d el U nits :
1. Select U nits : m m
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S el ec t
1. T y p e p ec in the S ea r c h b y N a m e f ield
Create Conductor
To create the conductor:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Line
X : -5 . 0 , Y : -0 . 2 4 , Z : 0 . 1 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex p o int:
X : -1 . 0 , Y : -0 . 2 4 , Z : 0 . 1 , P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex p o int:
X : -1 . 0 , Y : -0 . 2 4 , Z : 1 . 1 , P r es s the E nter k ey
5 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex p o int:
X : 0 . 0 , Y : -0 . 2 4 , Z : 1 . 1 , P r es s the E nter k ey
6 . U s ing the mo us e, r ig ht-click a nd s elect D one
To s et the g ri d p l ane:
1. Select the menu item 3 D M o d el er > G rid P l ane > Y Z
X : -5 . 0 , Y : -0 . 3 , Z : 0 . 1 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e r ecta ng le:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 1 2 , d Z : 0 . 0 2 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttri b ute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: C ond
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A l l > A c t iv e V iew.
O r p r es s the C TR L + D k ey
Duplicate Conductor
To select the object:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible.
3 . T o ta l N umb er : 3
M irror Conductor
To d u p li ca te the ex i sti n g objects:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible. O r p r es s the C TR L + A k ey .
2 . Select the menu item, Edit > D u p lica te > M ir r o r .
X : 0 . 0 , Y: 0 . 0 , Z: 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
2 . I np ut the ta r g et p o int o f the v ecto r no r ma l to the mir r o r p la ne:
d X : 1 . 0 , d Y: 0 . 0 , d Z: 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
G roup Conductors
To g r ou p the con d u ctor s:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select All Visible.
Create Ground
To create the ground:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -5 . 0 , Y : -1 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 4 . 0 , d Y : 2 . 0 , d Z : -0 . 0 2 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et the nam e:
1. Select the A ttri b ute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: G N D
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
M i rror Ground
To s el ect the ob j ect G N D :
1. Select the menu item E d i t > S e l e c t > By N am e
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
2 . I np ut the ta r g et p o int o f the v ecto r no r ma l to the mir r o r p la ne:
d X : 1 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
C reate So u rc e
To c reate sou rc e:
1. Select the menu item Draw > R ec t ang le
X : 5 . 0 , Y : -0 . 0 6 , Z : 0 . 1 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 1 2 , d Z : -0 . 1 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V alu e o f N am e ty p e: S ou rc e
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew .
Assign Excitation
To select the object Source:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . L ump ed P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p 1,
2 . R es is ta nce: 5 0
3 . R ea cta nce: 0
3 . L ump ed P o r t : T er mina ls
1. N umb er o f T er mina ls : 1,
X : 5 . 0, Y : 0. 0, Z : 0. 0, P r es s the E n ter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex
d X : 0. 0, d Y : 0. 0, d Z : 0. 1, P r es s the E n ter k ey
5 . C lick the F i n i sh b utto n
Create Source2
To select Source:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
To m i rror th e source:
1. Select the menu item, Edit > D u p licate > M ir r o r .
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
2 . I np ut the ta r g et p o int o f the v ecto r no r ma l to the mir r o r p la ne:
d X : 1 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
Create Source3
To select Source:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
To m i rror th e source:
1. Select the menu item, Edit > D u p licate > M ir r o r .
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 1 2 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
2 . I np ut the ta r g et p o int o f the v ecto r no r ma l to the mir r o r p la ne:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 1 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
2 . F rom the S elect Def inition w indow , click the A dd M aterial bu tton
3 . V iew / E dit Material W indow :
1. Material N am e: M y _ F R 4
C reate Su b s trate
To c reate su b strate:
1. Select the menu item Draw > B ox
X : -5 . 0 , Y : -1 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e r ecta ng le:
d X : 4 . 0 , d Y : 2 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 1 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w .
M irro r Su b s trate
To selec t the ob j ec t su b strate:
1. Select the menu item E dit > S elec t > B y N am e
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
2 . I np ut the ta r g et p o int o f the v ecto r no r ma l to the mir r o r p la ne:
d X : 1 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
C reate A ir
To c reate the A ir:
1. S elect the m enu item Draw > Box
2 . Using the coordinate entry f ields, enter the box p osition
A ssig n R adiation
To selec t the ob j ec t A ir:
1. S elect the m enu item E d i t > S e l e c t > By N am e
2 . S elect O bj ect Dialog,
Boundary Display
To verify the boundary setup:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Boundary Display ( Solv e r V ie w )
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 1 5 . 1 G H z
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 2 0
M a x imum D elta S p er P a s s : 0 . 0 3
2 . C lick the A d v anced ta b :
D o L a mb d a R ef inement: C h eck ed
T a r g et: 0 . 0 5
U s er L o w -O r d er So lutio n B a s is : C h eck ed
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
2 . E d it Sw eep W ind o w :
1. Sw eep T y p e: F ast
Sta r t: 0 . 1 G H z
Sto p : 1 5 . 1 G H z
C o unt: 3 0 1
Sa v e F ield s : C h eck ed
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Create Reports
Create Terminal S-P arameter P lo t v s . A d ap tiv e P as s
Note: If this report is created prior or during the solution process, a real-tim e
update of the results are display ed
T o c r ea te a r ep or t:
1. S elect the m enu item HFSS > Results > Create Report
2 . C reate R eport W indow :
2 . D isplay T y pe: R ec ta n g u l a r
3 . T races W indow :
1. S olution: S etu p 1 : A d a p ti v e1
1. C ategory : T er m i n a l S P a r a m eter
2 . Q uantity : S t( p 1 , p 1 ) , S t( p 1 , p 2 ) , S t( p 1 , p 3 )
3 . F unction: d B
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . D o ma in: S w eep
3 . C lick the Y ta b
2 . Q ua ntity : S t( p1 , p1 ) , S t( p1 , p2 ) , S t( p1 , p3 )
3 . F unctio n: d B
N oD C
R etu rn P ath
DC
R e tu rn P a th
S et Def a u l t M a ter ia l
To set the def a u l t m a teria l :
1. Using the 3 D M od el er M aterial s tool b ar, choose pec
Create DC Path
To create the DC path:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -1 . 0 , Y : 1 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 2 . 0 , d Y : -0 . 1 2 , d Z : 0 . 0 2 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P roperti es w ind o w .
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > A n aly z e
T o O p en A l l E x i s ti n g R ep ort
To open al l reports:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > R es u lt s > O p en A ll R ep o r t s
RF Return Path
S et Def a u l t M a ter ia l
To set the def a u l t m a teria l :
1. Using the 3 D M od el er M aterial s tool b ar, choose pec
Create RF Path
To create the RF path:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Line
X : -1 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ia l p o int:
X : -0 . 9 7 2 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the s w eep a r c leng th:
X : -0 . 9 7 2 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 1 . 0 7 2 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
5 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the s w eep a r c leng th:
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 1 . 0 7 2 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
6 . U s ing the mo us e, r ig ht-click a nd s elect D on e
To s et the g ri d pl an e:
1. Select the menu item 3 D M o d el er > G rid P l ane > Y Z
X : -1 . 0 , Y : -0 . 0 6 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 0 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 1 2 , d Z : -0 . 0 2 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P roperti es w ind o w .
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
Mirror Conductor
To duplicate the existing objects:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
2 . I np ut the ta r g et p o int o f the v ecto r no r ma l to the mir r o r p la ne:
d X : 1 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
G roup Conductors
To gr oup the conductor s:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > A n aly z e
T o O p en A l l E x i s ti n g R ep ort
To open al l reports:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > R es u lt s > O p en A ll R ep o r t s
Chapter 9.0 E M C/ E M I E x am pl es
9.1 H e a t S i n k
9.2 - E n c l o s u r e
Heat Sink
This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and analyz e a
heat sink using the A nsof t H F S S D esig n E nv ironment.
W ith hig her powers and microwav e clock speeds, containing emissions f rom
heat sink s f or microelectronics is rapidly b ecoming a necessity. W e will
inv estig ate the perf ormance of a sing le g rounding conf ig uration. The f ollowing
illustrations detail the passiv e dev ice you will b e creating :
H e a t S in k
G r o u n d P in s
Top View
G r o u n d P la n e
H e a t S in k /G r o u n d /G r o u n d P in s = P e r fe c t C o n d u c to r
2
R esults
Ei genm od e D ata
F ield s: E- & H -F i eld
Design Review
Before we jump into setting up this device lets review the design.
P ort S iz e/ T y pe= ? ? ?
F ree S pa ce= ? ?
Port Size/Type
T he goa l of this simula tion is to determine the effectiveness of va rious
grounding conditions a t reducing the ra dia ted emissions from a hea t sink .
T here a re two methods we could use to a na ly z e this prob lem:
M eth od 1 : D efine a port which will ex cite the structure a nd
mea sure the ra dia ted emissions some dista nce from the model to
determine the resona nt freq uencies. F rom the ra dia ted
emissions, the low freq uency performa nce ca n b e determined.
T his ca n b e very computer intensive a nd depending on the
loca tion of the ex cita tion, modes ca n b e missed.
M eth od 2 : U se the E igenmode solver to determine the na tura l
resona nces of the hea t sink . T his will not give us the ra dia ted
emissions, b ut it will q uick ly tell us which configura tion reduces
the low freq uency emissions.
L ets try C a se 2 . T he E ignemode solver does not use ports so we only
ha ve to define the geometry a nd the b ounda ry conditions.
F ree Spa c e
T he E igenmode S olver does not support ra dia tion b ounda ries.
T herefore, we will a pply a perfect H b ounda ry to the outside of the model
to simula te free spa ce.
Getting Started
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
1. Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
2 . Solu tion T y p e W indow:
1. C hoose E i g enm od e
2 . Set M o d el U nits :
1. Select U nits : m m
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e v a c uum
C r ea te a n A ir b ox
C r ea te A ir b ox
1. Select the menu item Dra w > B ox
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c tiv e V iew .
O r p r es s the C TR L + D k ey
1. N a me: O p en
S et D efaul t M aterial
To set the d ef a u lt m a teria l:
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S elect
X : -4 4 . 4 5 , Y : -3 1 . 7 5 , Z : 6 . 0 P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 8 8 . 9 , d Y : 6 3 . 5 , d Z : 3 8 . 1 P r es s the E n ter k ey
To set the n a m e:
1. Select the Attrib u te ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V a lu e o f N a m e ty p e: S in k
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it All > Activ e V iew .
X : -4 4 . 4 5 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 6 . 0 P r es s the E n ter k ey
Create a G rou nd P in 1
Create G ro u n d P i n 1
1. Select the menu item Draw > B ox
X : 0 . 0 , Y : -3 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 6 . 0 , d Y : 6 . 0 , d Z : -6 . 0 P r es s the E n ter k ey
T o s et th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P ro p erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: G ro u n d _ P i n
T o f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c tiv e V iew .
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
To cr ea te G r ou n d P i n 2:
1. Select the menu item, Edit > D u p licate > A lo n g L in e.
3 . T o ta l N umb er : 2
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A ctiv e V iew .
Create Ground
To create ground:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Rectangle
X : -8 0 . 0 , Y : -6 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 1 6 0 . 0 , d Y : 1 2 0 . 0 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To s et th e nam e:
1. Select the A ttri b ute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: G round
To f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i ew > F i t A ll > A cti v e V i ew.
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
Mesh Operations
To select an object:
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
1. N a me: G r ou nd
Analysis Setup
M inimum F r eq uency : 0 . 1 G H z
N umb er o f M o d es : 2
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 10
M a x imum D elta F r eq uency p er P a s s : 1%
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
Sav e P ro j ec t
To sav e th e proj ect:
1. I n a n A ns o f t H F SS w ind o w , s elect the menu item File > Sav e As.
Analyz e
M o d el V alid atio n
To v alid ate th e m od el:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > V alidation C h ec k
Analyz e
To start th e solution process:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Analyz e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Field Overlays
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
4 . C r ea te F ield P lo t W ind o w
2 . Q ua ntity : M ag _ E
3 . I n V o lume: A ll
Mode 1: E-F i el d
Edit Sources
To Excite Mode 2:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Edit Sources
2 . E d it So ur ces w ind o w
1. M a g nitud e: 0
2 . P ha s e: 0
1. M a g nitud e: 1
2 . P ha s e: 0
Mode 2: E-F i el d
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
4 . C r ea te F ield P lo t W ind o w
2 . Q ua ntity : M ag _ H
3 . I n V o lume: A ll
E dit S o u rc es
To E x cite M ode 2 :
1. Select the menu item H F SS > F ields > Edit So u r ces
2 . E d it So ur ces w ind o w
1. So ur ce: E ig en M ode_ 1
1. M a g nitud e: 1
2 . P ha s e: 9 0
2 . So ur ce: E ig en M ode_ 2
1. M a g nitud e: 0
2 . P ha s e: 0
Mode 2 : H-F i el d
Mode 1: H-F i el d
Shielded Enclosure
This example is intended to show you how to create, simulate, and analyz e a
shielded enclosure using the A nsof t H F S S D esig n E nv ironment.
R esults
R ep orts: S-P aram eters
F ield s: E-F ield
References
1. EMI from Shielding EnclosuresF D T D Modeling a nd Mea surement s, Min L i,
Elect roma gnet ic C omp a t ib ilit y L a b ora t ory , U niv ersit y of Missouri-R olla
Getting Started
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
1. Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
2 . Solu tion T y p e W indow:
2 . Set M o d el U nits :
1. Select U nits : c m
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e v a c uum
C r ea te th e A ir I nside c a se
C r ea te A ir I nsid e C a se
1. Select the menu item Dra w > B ox
X : 0 . 0 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 2 2 . 0 , d Y : 1 4 . 0 , d Z : 3 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the na m e:
1. Select the A ttr ib ute ta b f r o m the P r op er ties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V a l ue o f N a m e ty p e: A ir _ I nsid e
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c tiv e V iew .
O r p r es s the C TR L + D k ey
Create an A i r b ox
Create an A i r b ox
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
2 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the b o x p o s itio n
X : -4 . 0 5 , Y : -4 . 0 5 , Z : -4 . 0 5 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 2 8 . 1 , d Y : 2 0 . 1 , d Z : 3 8 . 1 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
T o s et th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V alu e o f N am e ty p e: A i r
3 . D is p la y W ir ef r a me: Ch ec k ed
4 . C lick the O K b utto n
T o f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
G rou p O b j ects
To g rou p the ob j ects :
1. S elect the menu item E dit > S elec t > B y N am e
2 . S elect O bj ect Dialog,
1. S elect the obj ects named : A ir_ I n s ide, C oax_ D iel, S lot
2 . C lick the O K bu tton.
3 . S elect the menu item, 3 D M o deler > B o o lean > U nit e
To f it the v iew :
1. S elect the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew.
S et Def au lt M aterial
To s et the def au lt m aterial:
1. U s ing the 3 D M od eler M aterials toolbar, choos e S elect
2 . S elect Def inition W ind ow:
1. T y pe p ec in the S earch b y N am e f ield
2 . C lick the O K bu tton
3 . U s ing the coord inate entry f ield s , enter the center pos ition
To f it the v iew :
1. S elect the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew
Create Coax P in
To create the coax p in :
1. From the Drawing Plane toolbar, change the active plane to X Z .
3 . U s ing the coord inate entry f ield s , enter the center pos ition
To f it the v iew :
1. S elect the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew
X : 0 . 0 , Y : -1 3 . 8 4 , Z : 0 . 0 P r es s the E n ter k ey
Create R esistor
T o c reate th e R es i s to r:
1. F r o m the D r a w ing P la ne to o lb a r , cha ng e the a ctiv e p la ne to X Y .
X : -0 . 0 8 , Y : 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 0 . 1 6 , d Y : -0 . 1 6 , d Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
T o s et th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P ro p erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: R es i s to r
T o f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c tiv e V iew .
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
X : -0 .0 5 , Y : -0 .0 5 , Z : -0 .0 5 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 2 2 .1 , d Y : 1 4 .1 , d Z : 3 0 .1 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
T o set th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P ro p erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: Case
T o f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
G ro u p O b j ec ts
T o g ro u p th e o b j ec ts:
1. Select the menu item E d i t > S e l e c t > By N am e
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . Sub tr a ct W ind o w
B la nk P a r ts : C a se
T o o l P a r ts : A i r _ I n si d e
C lo ne to o l o b j ects b ef o r e s ub tr a ct: U n check ed
C lick the O K b utto n
Cr eate R ad i ati on B ou n d ar y
To cr ea te a r a d i a ti on bou n d a r y
1. Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
1. N a me: R a d 1
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 1 . 1 G H z
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 1 0
M a x imum D elta S p er P a s s : 0 . 0 2
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
2 . E d it Sw eep W ind o w :
1. Sw eep T y p e: F ast
Sta r t: 0 . 6 G H z
Sto p : 1 . 6 G H z
C o unt: 2 0 1
Sa v e F ield s : C h eck ed
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Create Reports
Create Terminal S-P arameter P lo t - M ag nitu d e
To create a report:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Report
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . D o ma in: S w eep
3 . C lick the Y ta b
2 . Q ua ntity : S t( p1 , p1 ) ,
3 . F unctio n: d B
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R e c t a n g u l a r
3 . So lutio n: S e t u p 1 : S w e e p 1
4 . D o ma in: S w e e p
5 . C lick the Y ta b
1. C a teg o r y : O u t p u t V a r i a b l e s
2 . Q ua ntity : P d e l i v e r e d _ n W
Field Overlays
To create a field plot:
1. Select an object to overlay fields
2 . C lick th e O K bu tton
2 . F req : 0 . 8 9 G H z
3 . Q u antity: M ag _ E
4 . I n V olu m e: A ll
5 . C lick th e D on e bu tton
1. Select: E F ield
2 . C lick th e O K bu tton
1. Select U s e L im its
2 . M in: 5
3 . M ax : 6 0 0
4 . Scale: L og
Field Overlays
To modify the Frequency of a field plot:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Modify Plot
2 . Select P lo t F o ld er W ind o w :
1. Select: E Field
3 . C r ea te F ield P lo t W ind o w
2 . F r eq : 1 . 0 8 G H z
1.08 GHz
1.5 1 GHz
N o m i n al D esi g n :
Sp i ral : 2 . 5 T, W = 1 5 um, S = 1 . 5 um, R ad= 6 0 um
M 6 , 2 um, = 2 . 8 e7 S / m
U n d erp ass: M 5 , 0 . 5 um, = 2 . 8 e7 S / m
P assi v ati o n
Stac k up : M 6
P assi v ati o n : 0 . 7 um O x id e M 5
r = 7 . 9
O x i d e: 9 . 8 um
r = 4 . 0
Substrate: 3 0 0 um
Substrate
r = 1 1 . 9 , = 1 0 S / m
Getting Started
S et S ol u tion T y pe
To s et th e s ol u ti on ty pe:
Select the m enu item H FS S > S o lu t io n T y p e
Solu tion T y p e W indow:
C hoose D ri v en Term i nal
C lick the O K b u tton
2 . Set M o d el U nits :
1. Select U nits : um
Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S el ec t
1. F o r the M a ter ia l N a m e ty p e: M y _ S ub
Create Substrate
To create the substrate:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -2 7 0 . 0 , Y : -2 7 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : 5 4 0 . 0 , d Y : 5 4 0 . 0 , d Z : 3 0 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To set the n am e:
1. Select the A ttri bute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: S ub
To f i t the v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
1. F o r the M ateri al N am e ty p e: M y _ O x i d e
Create Oxide
To create substrate:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -2 7 0 . 0 , Y : -2 7 0 . 0 , Z : 3 0 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : 5 4 0 . 0 , d Y : 5 4 0 . 0 , d Z : 9 . 8 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To set th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri bute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: O x i d e
To f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
S et D ef au l t M aterial
To set th e d ef aul t m ateri al :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S el ect
Create P as s i v ati o n
To create substrate:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -2 7 0 .0 , Y : -2 7 0 .0 , Z : 3 0 9 .8 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : 5 4 0 .0 , d Y : 5 4 0 .0 , d Z : 0 .7 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To set th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri bute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: P ass
To f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
S et D ef au l t M ateri al
To set th e d ef aul t m ateri al :
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e v acuum
Create A i r
To create ai r:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -2 7 0 .0 , Y : -2 7 0 .0 , Z : 0 .0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : 5 4 0 .0 , d Y : 5 4 0 .0 , d Z : 6 0 0 .0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To set th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri bute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: A i r
To f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
Create G round
To crea te g rou n d :
S e l e c t t h e m e n u i t e m D r aw > R ectan g le
U s in g th e c o o r d in a te e n tr y fie ld s , e n te r th e b o x p o s itio n
X : -2 7 0 . 0 , Y : -2 7 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r e s s t h e E n t e r k e y
U s in g th e c o o r d in a te e n tr y fie ld s , e n te r th e o p p o s ite c o r n e r o f th e b a s e
r e c ta n g le :
d X :5 4 0 .0 , d Y :5 4 0 .0 , d Z :0 .0 , P re s s th e E n te r k e y
T o s e t th e n a m e :
S e l e c t t h e Attribu te t a b f r o m t h e P rop erties w i n d o w .
F o r t h e V a lu e o f N a m e t y p e : G rou n d
C lic k th e O K b u tto n
To f it the v iew :
S e l e c t t h e m e n u i t e m V iew > F it A ll > A ctiv e V iew .
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . Select the menu item V iew > H ide Selectio n > A ll V iew s
S et D efaul t M aterial
To set the def a ult m a teri a l:
1. U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S elect
1. F o r the M a teri a l N a m e ty p e: M y _ M et
X : -6 0 . 0 , Y : 7 . 5 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex p o int:
X : -6 0 . 0 , Y : -6 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex p o int:
X : 7 6 . 5 , Y : -6 0 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
5 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex p o int:
X : 7 6 . 5 , Y : 7 6 . 5 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
6 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex p o int:
X : -7 6 . 5 , Y : 7 6 . 5 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
7 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex p o int:
X : -7 6 . 5 , Y : -7 6 . 5 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
8 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex p o int:
X : 9 3 . 0 , Y : -7 6 . 5 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
9 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex p o int:
X : 9 3 . 0 , Y : 9 3 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
10 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex p o int:
X : -9 3 . 0 , Y : 9 3 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
11. U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex p o int:
X : -9 3 . 0 , Y : -9 3 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
12 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex p o int:
X : 1 0 9 . 5 , Y : -9 3 . 0 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
13 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex p o int:
X : 1 0 9 . 5 , Y : 7 . 5 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
14 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex p o int:
X : 1 3 1 . 0 , Y : 7 . 5 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
15 . U s ing the mo us e, r ig ht-click a nd s elect D on e
X : -6 0 . 0 , Y : 7 . 5 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : -1 5 . 0 , d Y : 0 . 0 , d Z : 2 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w .
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew .
C reate U nderp as s
To c reate u nderpass:
1. Select the menu item Draw > B ox
X : -6 0 .0 , Y : 7 .5 , Z : -0 .8 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : -7 5 .0 , d Y : -1 5 .0 , d Z : -0 .5 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P roperties w ind o w .
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew .
Create Via1
To create via:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -6 0 .0 , Y : 7 .5 , Z : 0 .0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : -1 5 .0 , d Y : -1 5 .0 , d Z : -0 .8 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: V ia1
To f it th e view :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
Create Via2
To create via:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -1 2 0 .0 , Y : 7 .5 , Z : 0 .0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : -1 5 .0 , d Y : -1 5 .0 , d Z : -0 .8 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: V ia2
To f it th e view :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
Create Feed
To create feed:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : -1 2 0 .0 , Y : 7 .5 , Z : 0 .0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : -2 2 .0 , d Y : -1 5 .0 , d Z : 2 .0 , P r es s the E n ter k ey
To s et th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b u te ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al u e o f N am e ty p e: F eed
To fi t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w.
S o l v e I n s i de Co n du c to rs
To s ol v e i n s i de:
1. Select the menu item E d i t > S e l e c t A l l V i s i b l e
3 . P r o p er ties D ia lo g
1. So lv e I ns id e: C h eck ed
C lick the O K b utto n f o r a ll w a r ning mes s a g es ( So lv ing ins id e a s o lid w ith hig h
co nd uctiv ity ma y r eq uir e a la r g e mes h)
S eed M es h Co n du c to rs s et f o r S o l v e I n s i de
To s ol v e i n s i de:
1. Select the menu item E d i t > S e l e c t A l l V i s i b l e
C reate G ro un d R in g
To c reate outer rin g :
1. S elect the m enu item Draw > Box
2 . Using the coordinate entry f ields, enter the box p osition
C reate I n n er R in g
To c reate in n er rin g :
1. S elect the m enu item Draw > Box
2 . Using the coordinate entry f ields, enter the box p osition
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
2 . Sub tr a ct W ind o w
B la nk P a r ts : Ring
T o o l P a r ts : I nner
C lick the O K b utto n
Cr ea te E x tens ion 1
To cr eate ex tension:
1. Select the menu item D r aw > Bo x
X : -1 5 7 . 0 , Y : 7 . 5 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : -5 3 . 0 , d Y : -1 5 . 0 , d Z : 2 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set the nam e:
1. Select the A ttr ibu te ta b f r o m the P r op er ties w ind o w .
To f it the v iew :
1. Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A ctiv e V iew
Create Extension 2
To create extension:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Box
X : 1 4 6 . 0 , Y : 7 . 5 , Z : 0 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b o x :
d X : 6 4 . 0 , d Y : -1 5 . 0 , d Z : 2 . 0 , P r es s the E nter k ey
To set th e nam e:
1. Select the A ttrib u te ta b f r o m the P rop erties w ind o w .
To f it th e v iew :
1. Select the menu item V i e w > F i t A l l > A c t i v e V i e w
Create Source 1
To create source:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Rectangle
2 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the b o x p o s itio n
X : -14 2 . 0, Y : 7 . 5 , Z : 1. 0, P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : -15 . 0, d Y : -15 . 0, d Z : 0. 0, P r es s the E n ter k ey
To set th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b ute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: S ource1
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
To f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i ew > F i t A ll > A cti v e V i ew.
A s s i g n E x ci tati on
To sel ect th e ob j ect S ource:
1. Select the menu item E d i t > S elect > B y N am e
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
1. Select the o b j ects na med : S ource1
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
N ote: Y o u ca n a ls o s elect the o b j ect f r o m the M o d el T r ee
To assi g n l um p ed p ort ex ci tati on
1. Select the menu item H F S S > E x ci tati o ns > A s s i gn > L u m p ed P o rt
2 . L ump ed P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p 1,
2 . R es is ta nce: 5 0
3 . R ea cta nce: 0
4 . C lick the N ex t b utto n
3 . L ump ed P o r t : T er mina ls
1. N umb er o f T er mina ls : 1,
2 . F o r T1, click the U n d ef i n ed co lumn a nd s elect N ew L i n e
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v ecto r p o s itio n
X : -15 7 . 0, Y : 0. 0, Z : 1. 0, P r es s the E n ter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex
d X : 15 . 0, d Y : 0. 0, d Z : 0. 0, P r es s the E n ter k ey
5 . C lick the F i n i sh b utto n
Create Source 2
To create source:
1. Select the menu item Draw > Rectangle
2 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the b o x p o s itio n
X : 13 1. 0, Y : 7 . 5 , Z : 1. 0, P r es s the E n ter k ey
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the o p p o s ite co r ner o f the b a s e
r ecta ng le:
d X : 15 . 0, d Y : -15 . 0, d Z : 0. 0, P r es s the E n ter k ey
To set th e n am e:
1. Select the A ttri b ute ta b f r o m the P rop erti es w ind o w .
2 . F o r the V al ue o f N am e ty p e: S ource2
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
To f i t th e v i ew :
1. Select the menu item V i ew > F i t A ll > A cti v e V i ew.
A s s i g n E x ci tati on
To sel ect th e ob j ect S ource:
1. Select the menu item E d i t > S elect > B y N am e
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
1. Select the o b j ects na med : S ource2
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
N ote: Y o u ca n a ls o s elect the o b j ect f r o m the M o d el T r ee
To assi g n l um p ed p ort ex ci tati on
1. Select the menu item H F S S > E x ci tati o ns > A s s i gn > L u m p ed P o rt
2 . L ump ed P o r t : G ener a l
1. N a me: p 2 ,
2 . R es is ta nce: 5 0
3 . R ea cta nce: 0
4 . C lick the N ex t b utto n
3 . L ump ed P o r t : T er mina ls
1. N umb er o f T er mina ls : 1,
2 . F o r T1, click the U n d ef i n ed co lumn a nd s elect N ew L i n e
3 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v ecto r p o s itio n
X : 14 6 . 0, Y : 0. 0, Z : 1. 0, P r es s the E n ter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the v er tex
d X : -15 . 0, d Y : 0. 0, d Z : 0. 0, P r es s the E n ter k ey
5 . C lick the F i n i sh b utto n
Show All
To show all object
1. Select the menu item View > Show All > All Views
B ou n d a r y D i s p la y
To v er i f y the bou n d ar y setu p :
1. Select the menu item H F SS > B ou n d a r y D isp la y ( Solv er View)
Analysis Setup
So lutio n F r eq uency : 1 2 . 0 G H z
M a x imum N umb er o f P a s s es : 2 0
M a x imum D elta S p er P a s s : 0 . 0 2
2 . C lick the A d v anced ta b :
D o L a mb d a R ef inement: C h eck ed
T a r g et: 0 . 0 5
U s er L o w -O r d er So lutio n B a s is : C h eck ed
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
2 . E d it Sw eep W ind o w :
1. Sw eep T y p e: I nterpolating
E r r o r T o ler a nce: 0 . 5 %
M a x So lutio ns : 2 0
2 . F r eq uency Setup T y p e: L inear S tep
Sta r t: 0 . 1 G H z
Sto p : 2 0 . 0 G H z
Step : 0 . 1 G H z
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
Save Project
To save the project:
1. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1. Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e
M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1. Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Solution Data
To view the Solution Data:
1. Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Create Reports
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ec tan g u l ar
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
2 . C lick the Y ta b
1. D o ma in: S w eep
3 . Q ua ntity : S t( p1 , p1 ) , S t( p2 , p1 )
4 . F unctio n: d B
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R e c t a n g u l a r
2 . O utp ut V a r ia b les d ia lo g :
1. N a me: Q 1 1
2 . E x p r es s io n:
C a teg o r y : T e r m i n a l Y P a r a m e t e r s
Q ua ntity : Yt ( p 1 , p 1 )
F unctio n: i m
C lick the I n s e r t Q u a n t i t y i n t o E x p r e s s i o n b utto n
T y p e: /
Q ua ntity : Yt ( p 1 , p 1 )
F unctio n: r e
C lick the I n s e r t Q u a n t i t y i n t o E x p r e s s i o n b utto n
3 . C lick the A d d b utto n
4 . R ep ea t f o r Q 2 2 , b y r ep la cing Yt ( p 1 , p 1 ) w ith Yt ( p 2 , p 2 )
3 . So lutio n: S e t u p 1 : S w e e p 1
4 . D o ma in: S w e e p
5 . C lick the Y ta b
1. C a teg o r y : O u t p u t V a r i a b l e s
2 . Q ua ntity : Q 1 1 , Q 2 2
3 . F unctio n: a b s
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R e c t a n g u l a r
2 . O utp ut V a r ia b les d ia lo g :
1. N a me: L 1 1
2 . E x p r es s io n:
T y p e: -1 / ( 2 * p i * f r e q *
C a teg o r y : T e r m i n a l Y P a r a m e t e r s
Q ua ntity : Yt ( p 1 , p 1 )
F unctio n: i m
C lick the I n s e r t Q u a n t i t y i n t o E x p r e s s i o n b utto n
T y p e: )
3 . C lick the A d d b utto n
3 . So lutio n: S e t u p 1 : S w e e p 1
4 . D o ma in: S w e e p
5 . C lick the Y ta b
1. C a teg o r y : O u t p u t V a r i a b l e s
2 . Q ua ntity : Y1 1
3 . F unctio n: n o n e
Appendix Al t er na t iv e L u m ped P o r t s
G S G
PEC Bridge
Appendix Al t er na t iv e L u m ped P o r t s
G S G
gap
G S G
Lumped
gap
P o rt
Appendix Al t er na t iv e L u m ped P o r t s
G S G
G S G
Via
Lumped Port Via
G roun d B ri dg e
Overview 1
Overview 1
C o a x C e n t e r Pi n
C o a x D ie le c tr ic
O u te r B o u n d a ry
C o a x S h ie ld
Overview 1
Starting HFSS
Click the Microsoft Start b u tton , select P ro g ram s , a n d select the Ansoft > HFSS 9 > HFSS 9.
O r D ou b le click on the H F S S 9 icon on the W in d ow s D esktop
A d d ing a D e s ign
W hen y ou first sta rt H F S S a n ew p roj ect w ill b e a u tom a tica lly a d d ed to the P roj ect T ree.
T o a d d a n H F S S D esig n to the p roj ect, select the m en u item P r oj e c t > I nse r t HFSS D e si g n
Toolbar: I n s e r t H F S S D e s i g n
Overview 1
Ansoft Desktop
M e n u
b a r
T o o lb a r s
3 D M o d e le r
W in d o w
Pr o j e c t
M a n a g e r
w ith p r o je c t
tre e
Pr o g r e s s
M e s s a g e
W in d o w
M a n a g e r
S ta tu s
b a r
Pr o p e r t y W i n d o w
C o o r d in a te E n tr y F ie ld s
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Ansoft Desktop P r oj ec t M a na g er
Multiple Designs per Project
Multiple Projects per Desk top
I ntegra ted O ptim etrics S etup
R eq uires L icense f or A na ly sis
Pr o j e c t M a n a g e r W i n d o w
Pr o j e c t
D e s ig n
D e s ig n S e tu p
D e s ig n A u to m a tio n
P a ra m e tr ic
O p tim iz a tio n
S e n s itiv ity
S ta tis tic a l D e s ig n R e s u lts
Overview 1
Ansoft Desktop 3 D M od el er 3 D M o d e le r W in d o w
G r a p h ic s M o d e l
a re a
3 D M o d e le r
d e s ig n tr e e E d g e
V e rte x
C o o r d in a te S y s te m (C S )
Pl a n e
C o n te x t m e n u O r ig in
F a c e
M o d e l
Overview 1
H F SS - Solution Types
D r iv en M od a l - ca lcula tes the mo d a l-b a s ed S-p a r a meter s . T he S-ma tr ix s o lutio ns w ill b e ex p r es s ed in ter ms o f the
incid ent a nd r ef lected p o w er s o f w a v eg uid e mo d es .
G ener a liz ed S-p a r a meter s
D r iv en Ter m ina l - ca lcula tes the ter mina l-b a s ed S-p a r a meter s o f multi-co nd ucto r tr a ns mis s io n line p o r ts . T he S-
ma tr ix s o lutio ns w ill b e ex p r es s ed in ter ms o f ter mina l v o lta g es a nd cur r ents .
E ig nem od e ca lcula te the eig enmo d es , o r r es o na nces , o f a s tr uctur e. T he E ig enmo d e s o lv er f ind s the r es o na nt
f r eq uencies o f the s tr uctur e a nd the f ield s a t tho s e r es o na nt f r eq uencies .
C o nv er g ence
D r iv en M od a l D elta S f o r mo d a l S-P a r a meter s . T his w a s the o nly co nv er g ence metho d a v a ila b le f o r D r iv en
So lutio ns in p r ev io us v er s io ns .
D r iv en Ter m ina lNew D elta S f o r the s ing le-end ed o r d if f er entia l no d a l S-P a r a meter s .
E ig enm od e - D elta F
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Set D ef a u lt Ma ter ia l
To set the d ef a ul t m a ter ia l :
1 . U s ing the 3 D M o d eler M a ter ia ls to o lb a r , cho o s e S el ec t
2 . Select D ef initio n W ind o w :
1 . T y p e p ec in the S ea r c h b y N a m e f ield
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
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3D Modeler C rea t e a P ri m i t i v e
Po i n t 1
Po i n t 1
G r i d Pl a n e
Po i n t 3
B a s e R e c ta n g le
Po i n t 2
Po i n t 2
C o o r d in a te E n tr y F ie ld s
Po i n t 3
Overview 1
C o m m a n d s
A ttr ib u te s
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3D Modeler A t t ri b u t es
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C reate C o ax Pin
To c reate the c oax p in:
1 . Select the menu item Draw > C y linder
2 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the center p o s itio n
X: 0. 0, Y : 0. 0, Z : 0. 0, P r es s the E nter k ey
4 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the r a d ius o f the cy lind er
d X: 0. 8 6 , d Y : 0. 0, d Z : 0.0, P r es s the E nter k ey
5 . U s ing the co o r d ina te entr y f ield s , enter the heig ht o f the cy lind er
d X: 0. 0, d Y : 0. 0 d Z : 6 . 0, P r es s the E nter k ey
C ontinu ed on N ex t Pag e
Overview 1
Overview 1
3D Modeler - V i ew s
View > Modify Attributes >
O rien ta tion P r e d e f i n e d / C u s to m V ie w A n g le s
L ig h tin g C o n t r o l a n g l e , i n te n s ity , a n d c o lo r o f lig h t
P roj ec tion C o n t r o l c a m e r a a n d p e rs p e c tiv e
B a c k g roun d C ol or C o n t r o l c o lo r o f 3 D M o d e le r b a c k g r o u n d
Toolbar: T o g g l e G r i d V i s i b i l i t y
Overview 1
Pr e d e f i n e d V i e w A n g l e s
Pa n Z o o m In /O u t Top
R o ta te D y n a m ic Z o o m
C on t e x t M e n u L e ft R ig h t
B ot t om
S h ort c u t s
Since changing the view is a frequently used operation, some useful shortcut k eys ex ist. P ress the
appropriate k eys and drag the mouse with the left b utton pressed:
A L T + D rag R otate
I n addition, there are 9 pre-defined view angles that can b e selected b y holding the A L T k ey and
doub le click ing on the locations shown on the nex t page.
S h i f t + D rag - P an
A L T + S h i f t + D rag D ynamic Z oom
Overview 1
C reate C o ax
To c reate the c oax :
1 . S elect the m enu item Draw > Cylinder
2 . Using the coordinate entry f ields, enter the center p osition
X: 0. 0, Y : 0. 0, Z : 0. 0, P ress the E n ter k ey
4 . Using the coordinate entry f ields, enter the radiu s of the cy linder
dX: 2 . 0, dY : 0. 0, dZ : 0.0, P ress the E n ter k ey
5 . Using the coordinate entry f ields, enter the height of the cy linder
dX: 0. 0, dY : 0. 0 dZ : 6 . 0, P ress the E n ter k ey
To P arameteriz e the Heig ht
1 . S elect the C omman d tab f rom the P rop erties w indow
2 . H eight: H, P ress the Tab k ey
To set the n ame:
1 . S elect the A ttrib ute tab f rom the P rop erties w indow .
2 . F or the V alue of N ame ty p e: C oax
3 . C lick the O K bu tton
To fit the v iew :
1 . S elect the m enu item V iew > F it A ll > A c t iv e V iew
Overview 1
Create Excitation
Face Selection
Select the menu item Edit > Select > Faces
B y mo v ing the mo us e, g r a p hica lly hig hlig ht the to p f a ce o f the C o a x o b j ect
C lick the lef t mo us e b utto n to s elect the f a ce
A s s ig n E x citation
Select the menu item H FSS > Ex citatio n s > A ssig n > W av e P o r t
1 . W a v e P o r t : G ener a l
1 . N a me: p 1 ,
2 . C lick the N ex t b utto n
2 . W a v e P o r t : M o d es
1 . C lick the N ex t b utto n
3 . W a v e P o r t : P o s t P r o ces s ing
1 . R eno r m: C h eck ed
2 . V a lue: 5 0
4 . C lick the Finis h b utto n
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C r ea te T ee
T o cr ea te T ee:
1 . Select the menu item Edit > Select A ll V isible. O r p r es s the C T R L + A k ey .
2 . Select the menu item, Edit > D u p lica te > A r o u n d A x is.
1 . A x is : X
2 . A ng le: 9 0
3 . T o ta l N umb er : 3
4 . C lick the O K b utto n
T o f i t th e v i ew :
1 . Select the menu item V iew > F it A ll > A ctiv e V iew .
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Overview 1
Unite Conductors
Select Conductors
1 . Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
1 . Select the o b j ects na med : Coa x _ P i n, Coa x _ P i n_ 1 , Coa x _ P i n_ 2
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
U ni te
1 . Select the menu item 3 D M o deler > Bo o lean > U n ite
Unite Coa x
Select Coa x
1 . Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name
2 . Select O b j ect D ia lo g ,
1 . Select the o b j ects na med : Coa x , Coa x _ 1 , Coa x _ 2
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
U ni te
1 . Select the menu item 3 D M o deler > Bo o lean > U n ite
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HFSS - So l u t i o n Se t u p
Creating an Analysis Setup Add Solution Setup
To create an analysis setup:
1 . Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup
2 . So lutio n Setup W ind o w :
1 . C lick the G eneral ta b :
So lutio n F r eq uency : 1 0 . 0 G H z
2 . C lick the O K b utto n
P ick ing the A d a p t F r eq uency
See U ser G uid e C h apter 2
A d a p t F re q u e n c y
Overview 1
HFSS Fr e q u e n c y Sw e e p
D isc r ete So lv es us ing a d a p tiv e mes h a t ev er y f r eq uency
M a tr ix D a ta a nd F ield s a t ev er y f r eq uency in s w eep
Fast - A L P S
M a tr ix D a ta a nd F ield s a t ev er y f r eq uency in s w eep
I nter po lating A d a p tiv ely d eter mines d is cr ete s o lv e
p o ints us ing the a d a p tiv e mes h
M a tr ix D a ta a t ev er y f r eq uency in s w eep s
F ield s a t la s t a d a p tiv e s o lutio n
Overview 1
Save Project
To save the project:
1 . In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
2 . Fr om the S ave A s window, ty p e the Filename: hf ss_ coax _ tee
3 . C lick the S ave b utton
Analyze
M od el V al i d ati on
To val i d ate the m od el :
1 . Select the menu item H FSS > V alid at io n C h ec k
2 . C lick the C l ose b utton
N ote: T o v iew any er r or s or war ning messag es, use the M essag e M anag er .
A n al y z e
To start the sol u ti on process:
1 . Select the menu item H FSS > An aly z e
Validate A n aly z e
Overview 1
Create Reports
To create a report:
1 . Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Report
2 . C r ea te R ep o r t W ind o w :
1 . R ep o r t T y p e: M od al S P aram eters
2 . D is p la y T y p e: R ectan g u l ar
3 . C lick the O K b utto n
3 . T r a ces W ind o w :
1 . So lutio n: S etu p1 : S w eep1
2 . D o ma in: S w eep
3 . C lick the Y ta b
1 . C a teg o r y : Term i n al S P aram eter
2 . Q ua ntity : S ( p1 , p1 ) , S ( p1 , p2 ) , S ( p2 , p3 )
3 . F unctio n: d B
4 . C lick the A d d Trace b utto n
4 . C lick the D on e b utto n
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Field Overlays
To create a field plot:
1 . Select an object to overlay fields
1 . Select th e m enu item Edit > Select > By Name
2 . Select O bject D ialog ,
1 . Select th e objects nam ed: C oax
2 . C lick th e O K bu tton
2 . Select th e m enu item H F SS > F ields > P lo t F ields > M ag _ E
3 . C reate F ield P lot W indow
1 . Solu tion: S etu p1 : L as tA daptiv e
2 . Q u antity: M ag _ E
3 . I n V olu m e: A ll
4 . C lick th e D on e bu tton
To m odify th e attrib u tes of a field plot:
1 . Select th e m enu item H F SS > F ields > M o dif y P lo t A ttr ib u tes
2 . Select P lot F older W indow :
1 . Select: E F ield
2 . C lick th e O K bu tton
3 . E-F ield W indow :
1 . C lick th e S cale tab
1 . Select U s e L im its
2 . M in: 5
3 . M ax : 2 50 0 0
4 . Scale: L og
2 . C lick th e P lot tab
1 . I soV alT yp e: I s oV alS u rface
2 . C lick th e A pply bu tton.
4 . C lick th e C los e bu tton
Overview 1
What is HFSS?
HFSS Hi g h Fr e q u e n c y St r u c t u r e Si m u l a t o r
A r b i t r a r y 3 D V o l u m e t r i c F u l l -W a v e F i e l d S o l v e r
Ansoft Desktop
A d v a n c e d A C IS b a s e d M o d e lin g
T r u e P a r a m e tr ic T e c h n o lo g y D y n a m ic E d itin g
P o w e r fu l R e p o r t G e n e r a tio n
D y n a m ic F ie ld V is u a liz a tio n
D e s ig n F lo w A u to m a tio n
O p tim e tr ic s /A n s o ft D e s ig n e r /A n s o ftL in k s
Ad v a nc ed M a ter i a l T y pes
F r e q u e n c y D e p e n d e n t M a te r ia ls
N o n -l i n e a r M a t e r i a l s
A n is o tr o p ic M a te r ia ls
Ad v a nc ed B ou nd a r y C ond i ti ons
R a d ia tio n a n d P e r fe c tly M a tc h e d L a y e r s
S y m m e tr y , F in ite C o n d u c tiv ity , In fin ite P la n e s , R L C , a n d L a y e r e d Im p e d a n c e
M a s te r /S la v e U n it C e lls
Ad v a nc ed S ol v er T ec h nol og y
A u to m a tic C o n fo r m a l M e s h G e n e r a tio n
A d a p tiv e M e s h G e n e r a tio n
In te r n a l/E x te r n a l E x c ita tio n s In c lu d e s L o s s
A L P S F a s t F re q u e n c y S w e e p
E ig e n m o d e
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M ic r o w av e
F ilte rs C a v ity F ilte r s , M ic r o s tr ip , D ie le c tr ic
E M C /E M I S h ie ld E n c lo s u r e s , C o u p l i n g , N e a r - o r F a r -F i e l d R a d i a t i o n
C o n n e c to rs C o a x , S F P /X F P , B a c k p la n e , T r a n s itio n s
W a v e g u id e F ilte r s , R e s o n a to r s , T ra n s itio n s , C o u p le r s
S ilic o n /G a S a -S p ir a l In d u c to r s , T ra n s fo rm e rs
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Overview 1
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M e s h P r o c e s s : A da p tive
Freq uen cy Sw eep s
F a s t F re q u e n c y S w e e p : A L P S
M a tr ix D a ta a n d F ie ld s a t e v e r y fr e q u e n c y in s w e e p
S u p p o r t s s w e e p s a s l a r g e a s 10 0 0 0 d a t a p o i n t s f r o m a s i n g l e s o l u t i o n .
In te r p o la tin g S w e e p
A d a p tiv e D is c r e te S w e e p w ith c u r v e fittin g
S u p p o r t s s w e e p s a s l a r g e a s 10 0 0 0 d a t a p o i n t s . N u m b e r o f d i s c r e t e s o l u t i o n
p o in ts v a r ie s w ith r e s p o n s e .
Overview 1
I nitial M es h
Adaptive Refinement
Overview 1
The Process
Design
S o l u t io n T y p e
1 . 1 . B o u nd a r ies
1 . P ar am e t r ic M o d e l
G eom etr y / M a ter ia ls
1 . 2 . E x c it a t io ns
4 . 1 M esh
O p er a t io ns
2. Analysis
Solution Setup
F r eq uenc y Sw eep
M esh
A na l y z e S o lv e
R ef inem ent
3 . R e su lt s
2 D R epor ts N O
C o nv er ged
F ield s
4 . S o lv e L o o p
Y E S
U p d a te
F inish ed
Overview 1
In itia l S o lu tio n
Seed i ng a nd P o rt So l ut i o n
I ni t i a l M es h L a m b d a R ef i nem ent ( A d a pt i v e)
( Si ng l e Frequency) P o r ts O n ly &
F r e q u e n c y Sw e e p
Ful l V o l um et ri c So l ut i o n
( S-P a ra m et ers / E -Fi el d s )
N o A d a p tiv e M e s h in g
R ef i ne M es h
( G ra d i ent o f E -Fi el d N o
a t Si ng l e Frequency)
A d a p tiv e M e s h L o o p C h eck C o nv erg ence YES
( D el t a S) Frequency Sweep
Ful l V o l um et ri c So l ut i o n
( S-P a ra m et ers / E -Fi el d s )
Overview 1
M a te r ia l
O b je c t
O b je c t C o m m a n d H is to r y
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3D Modeler C om m a n ds
Parametric Technology
D ynamic E d its - C hange D imens ions
A d d V ariab les
Proj ect V ariab les ( G lob al) or D es ign V ariab les ( L ocal)
A nimate G eometry
I nclu d e U nits D ef au lt U nit is meters
S u p p orts mix ed U nits
Overview 1
3D Modeler P ri m i t i v es
2D Draw Objects
The following 2D Draw objects are available:
R ectangle, C ircle, L ine, P oint, S p line,
E llip se, R egu lar P oly gon ( v8 . 5 circle)
3 D Draw Objects
The following 3 D Draw objects are available:
B ox , C y lind er, S p here, Toru s, H elix , B ond W ire,
C one, R egu lar P oly hed ron ( v8 . 5 cy lind er)
Toolbar: 2 D O b j e c t s Toolbar: 3 D O b j e c t s
Overview 1
3D Modeler T ru e S u rf a c es
Cylinder T ru e S u rf a c e
V 9 .0 V 8 .5
A da p t iv e R ef inem ent
Pr e s e r v e s F a c e t s
D e f a u l t : 3 0
Overview 1
R e la tiv e C S
O riginal M od el
( overlaps between two cy lind ers)
N o need to C opy -> S ubtract-> P aste
R ecommend ed approach
Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v9 T raining Seminar P1-3 8
Presentation
Overview 1
Toolbar: A r r a n g e
E di t > Du p li c at e >
A l o ng L ines C r e a t e m u l t i p l e c o p i e s o f a n o b j e c t a l o n g a v e c t o r
A r o u nd A x is C r e a t e m u l t i p l e c o p i e s o f a n o b j e c t r o t a t e d b y a f i x e d a n g l e a r o u n d t h e x , y , o r z a x i s
M ir r o r - M i r r o r s t h e s h a p e a r o u n d a s p e c i f i e d p l a n e a n d c r e a t e s a d u p l i c a t e
Toolbar: D u p l i c a t e
Overview 1
3D Modeler - S elec t i on
Selection Types
Object (Default)
F ace
E d g e
V er tex
Selection M od es
A ll Objects
A ll V i s i ble Object
B y N am e
H ig h lig h t Selection D yna m ica lly By default, moving the mouse pointer over an object will dynamically
highlight the object for selection. T o select the object simply click the left mouse button.
M ulti p le Object S electi o n H old the C T R L k ey down to graphically select multiple objects
N ex t B eh i n d T o select an object located behind another object, select the front object, press the b k ey to get
the nex t behind. N ote: T he mouse pointer must be located such that the nex t behind object is under the
mouse pointer.
T o Di s able: S elect the menu item Tools > Options > 3D Modeler Options
F rom the Di s p lay T ab, uncheck H i g h li g h t s electi o n d y n am i cally
S e le c te d
D y n a m ic a lly H ig h lig h te d
( O n ly fr a m e o f o b je c t)
Overview 1
S t e p 1: S t a r t Po i n t S te p 2 : H o ld X k e y a n d s e le c t v e r te x p o in t
E d g e C e n te r S n a p
Toolbar: S n a p M o d e
S te p 3 : C T R L + E n te r K e y s s e t a lo c a l r e fe r e n c e S te p 4 : H o ld Z k e y a n d s e t h e ig h t
Overview 1
3D Modeler C oordi n a t e S y s t em
Can be Parameterized
Working Coordinate System
Cu rrentl y s el ec ted CS . T h is c an be a l o c al o r g l o bal CS
G l ob al CS
T h e def au l t f ix ed c o o rdinate s y s tem
R el ativ e CS
U s er def ined l o c al c o o rdinate s y s tem.
O f f s et
R o tated
B o th Toolbar: C o o r d i n a t e S y s t e m
S t e p 1: S e l e c t F a c e S te p 2 : S e le c t O r ig in
C o n e c r e a te d w ith F a c e C S
C h a n g e B o x S iz e a n d C o n e is
a u to m a tic a lly p o s itio n e d w ith
th e to p fa c e o f th e b o x
S t e p 3 : S e t X -A x i s N e w W o r k in g C S
Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v9 T raining Seminar P1-4 2
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Overview 1
HFSS M a t r i x D a t a
HFSS > Results > Solution Data
Export
N M F , T ou c h s ton e , D a ta T a b l e s , e tc
N O T E : M a k e s u re th e S i m u l a ti on i s s e t to a S w e e p b e f ore e xporti n g . T h e A d a pti v e P a s s e s w i l l on l y e xport a
s i n g l e f re q u e n c y poi n t.
Eq u i v a l e n t C i rc u i t Export
H S P I C E, P S P I C E, S pe c tre , M a xw e l l S P I C E
Overview 1
Results D a ta M a n a g em en t
HFSS > Results > Browse Solutions
Solved model variations are retained.
U nless oth erw ise notif ied b y H F SS.
Overview 1
Results C r ea te Rep o r ts
HFSS > Results > Create Report
Output Variables
U ser D ef in ed E q uatio n s
Overview 1
Fields
Select Object Volume, Surface, or Line to display fields
HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields >
M odify P lot Solution/ F req uency/ Q ty
P lot A ttributes
E dit Sources C h ang e E x citation
Overview 1
Mesh Display
Field Overlay
1 . S elec t an o b j ec t
2 . S elec t t h e m en u it em HFSS > Fields > Plot Mesh
Overview 1
Menu Structure
Draw P r im itiv e s
3 DM o d e le rS e ttin g s a n d B o o le a n O p e r a tio n s
E d it A r r a n g e , D u p lic a te
H F S S B o u n d a r ie s , E x c ita tio n s , M e s h O p e r a tio n s , A n a ly s is S e tu p , R e s u lts
Overview 1
Measure
3D Modeler > Measure >
P osi t i on P o i n t s a n d D i s t a n c e
L en g t h E d g e L e n g t h
A rea S u r f a c e A r e a
V olum e O b j e c t V o l u m e
Position Points
Overview 1
Options G e ne r a l
Tools > Options > General
Temp Directory L o c a t i o n u s e d d u r i n g s o l u t i o n p r o c e s s
M a k e s u r e it is a t le a s t 5 1 2 M B fr e e d is k .
Options - H F S S
Tools > Options > H F S S
N u m b e r o f P ro c e s s o r s R e q u ir e s a d d itio n a l lic e n s e
H F S S v 9 .0 a n d H F S S v 9 .1
S e t to 8 0 % o f P h y s ic a l R A M
H F S S v 9 .2
D e s ir e d R A M L i m i t l e a v e i t u n c h e c k e d f o r a u t o -d e t e c t
Overview 1
W h a t i s C on ve rt e d ?
C o n v e r ts E n tir e M o d e l: G e o m e tr y /M a te r ia ls /B o u n d a r y /S o u r c e s /S e tu p
Solutions, O p tim e tr ic s p r oj e c ts a nd M a c r os a r e not c onv e r te d
L ega cy L icense
E x is tin g c u s to m e rs u s in g H F S S v 8 .5 s h o u ld h a v e r e c e iv e d le g a c y lic e n s e s w ith th e n e w v 9 .0 lic e n s e s .
T h e s e lic e n s e s a llo w y o u to ru n e ith e r v 9 .0 o r v 8 .5 .
E a s y tr a n s itio n fro m v 8 .5 to v 9 .0
C o n ta c t y o u r A c c o u n t M a n a g e r if th is fe a tu r e is n o t a v a ila b le .
Overview 1
Overview 1
Overview 1
Project Files
Everything regarding the project is stored in an ascii f il e
F il e: <p r o j e c t _ n a m e > . h f s s
D ou b l e cl ick f rom W indow s Ex pl orer w il l open and l au nch H F S S v9
R esu l ts/ M esh are stored in a f ol der nam ed <p r o j e c t _ n a m e > . h f s s r e s u l t s
L ock f il e: <p r o j e c t _ n a m e > . l o c k . h f s s
C reated w hen a project is opened
A u to S ave F il e: <p r o j e c t _ n a m e > . h f s s . a u t o
W hen recovering, sof tw are onl y check s date.
I f error occu rred w hen saving the au to f il e, the date w il l b e new er then the original .
L ook at f il e siz e ( P rovided in recover dial og)
S crip ts
D ef au l t S cript recorded in v9
V isu al B asic S cript
R em ote S olv es ( W in d ow s O n ly )
Tools > Options > General
U ses D C O M
Overview 1
Ansoft Designer SV
Ansoft Designer SV is a full-featured sub set of Ansoft' s c om m erc ially d istrib uted Ansoft Designer
Ansoft Designer SV c ontains a c om p lete h igh -freq uenc y linear c irc uit sim ulator, sc h em atic and lay out d esign entry ,
p ow erful d esign utilities, and p ost-p roc essing, all integrated in an easy -to-use env ironm ent. T h e softw are also
inc lud es a c om p lete set of linear d istrib uted transm ission line m od els, d isc ontinuities, v end or c om p onent p arts, and
id eal c irc uit elem ents.
Ansoft Designer SV allow s th e sim ulation of S-, Y -, and Z -p aram eters, group d elay , noise figure, and stab ility
c irc les of R F and m ic row av e c irc uits. U tilities inc lud e real-tim e tuning, filter and T R L sy nth esis, and Sm ith T ool
m atc h ing. P ost-p roc essing inc lud es rec tangular p lots, Sm ith C h arts, p olar p lots, and d ata tab les. Ad d itionally ,
Ansoft Designer SV c om es w ith a set of real-w orld ex am p les.
Free Download: w w w . ansoft. c om / ansoftd esignersv
Overview 1
E l S e gund o, C A
( 3 1 0 ) 4 2 6 -2 2 8 7 Ask for Technical Support
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
T h e w a v e e q u a tio n s o lv e d b y A n s o ft H F S S is d e r iv e d fr o m th e
d iffe r e n tia l fo r m o f M a x w e lls e q u a tio n s .
F o r th e s e e x p r e s s io n s to b e v a lid , it is a s s u m e d th a t th e fie ld v e c to r s a r e :
single-v a lu ed ,
b o u nd ed , a n d h a v e a
c o nt inu o u s d ist r ib u t io n ( a l o n g w i t h t h e i r d e r i v a t i v e s ) B
E=
t
A lo n g b o u n d a r ie s o f m e d ia o r a t s o u r c e s , D
F ie ld v e c to r s a r e d is c o n tin u o u s H = J +
D e r iv a tiv e s o f th e fie ld v e c to r s h a v e n o m e a n in g t
D=
B=0
Boundary C onditions de f ine th e f ie l d b e h av ior across discontinuous b oundarie s
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Why do I Care?
T h e y Force t h e f i e ld s t o a li g n w ith th e d e fin itio n o f th e b o u n d a r y c o n d itio n
A s a u s e r I s h o u ld b e a s k in g
W h a t a s s u m p tio n s , a b o u t t h e f i e ld s , d o t h e b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s m a k e ?
A re th e s e a s s u m p t i o n s a p p r o p r i a t e f o r t h e s t r u c t u r e b e i n g s i m u la t e d ?
M od el S cop e
T o re d u c e th e i n f i n i t e s p a c e o f t h e r e a l w o r ld t o a f i n i t e v o lu m e , A n s o f t H F S S a u t o m a t i c a lly
a p p li e s a b o u n d a r y to th e s u r fa c e s u r r o u n d in g th e g e o m e tr ic m o d e l
O u te r b o u n d a ry
D e fa u lt B o u n d a ry : P e rfe c t E
M od el C om p l ex ity
T o re d u c e t h e c o m p le x i t y o f a m o d e l, t h e b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s c a n b e u s e d t o i m p r o v e t h e :
S o lu tio n T im e
C o m p u te r R e s o u rc e s
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Surface Approximations
Perfect E F o r c e s t h e e le c tr ic fie ld p e r p e n d ic u la r to th e s u r fa c e
O u te r S u rfa c e D e fa u lt B o u n d a ry Perfect E Surface
P E C /P e rfe c t C o n d u c to r M a te r ia l P ro p e rty
M o d e l c o m p le x ity : Re d u c e d b y e lim in a tin g c o n d u c to r lo s s
Perfect H F o r c e s t h e e l e c t r i c f i e l d t a n g e n t t o t h e s u r f a c e
Perfect H Surface
F i n i te C o n d u cti v i ty L o s s y e le c tr ic c o n d u c to r.
F o rc e s th e ta n g e n tia l e le c tr ic fie ld a t th e s u r f a c e t o : Zs( n x Ht a n ) .
T h e s u rfa c e im p e d a n c e ( Zs) is e q u a l t o , ( 1 + j ) / ( ) ,
M o d e l c o m p le x ity : Re d u c e d b y e lim in a tin g c o n d u c to r th ic k n e s s
I m p ed a n ce S u rfa ce Re p r e s e n t s u rfa c e s o f a k n o w n im p e d a n c e
F o r c e s th e ta n g e n tia l e le c tr ic fie ld a t th e s u rfa c e to : Zs( n x Ht a n ) .
T h e s u r fa c e im p e d a n c e ( Zs) i s e q u a l to , Rs + j X s( O h m s / S q u a r e )
L a y ered I m p ed a n ce M o d e ls m u ltip le th in la y e r s in a s tru c tu re a s a n Im p e d a n c e S u rfa c e
L u m p ed R L C P a r a l l e l c o m b in a tio n
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
P er f ec t E S y m m et r y
Full Model
P er f ec t H S y m m et r y
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Excitations
P o rts a r e a u n iq u e ty p e o f b o u n d a r y c o n d itio n
A llo w e n e r g y to flo w in to a n d o u t o f a s tru c tu re .
D e f i n e d o n 2D p l a n a r s u r f a c e
A r b itr a r y p o r t s o lv e r c a lc u la te s th e n a tu r a l fie ld p a tte r n s o r m o d e s
A s s u m e s s e m i -i n f i n i t e l y l o n g w a v e g u id e
S a m e c r o s s -s e c t i o n a n d m a te r ia l p r o p e r tie s a s p o r t s u r fa c e
2D f i e l d p a t t e r n s s e r v e a s b o u n d a r y c o n d itio n s fo r th e fu ll 3 D p r o b le m
Excitation Types
W a v e P o rt (W a v e g u i d e ) External
R e c o m m e n d e d o n ly fo r s u r fa c e s e x p o s e d to th e b a c k g r o u n d Po r t 1
S u p p o rts m u ltip le m o d e s ( E x a m p le : C o u p le d L in e s )a n d d e e m b e d d in g
C o m p u te G e n e r a l i z e d S -P a r a m e t e r s
Po r t 4
Measurements
F re q u e n c y d e p e n d e n t C h a r a c te r is tic Im p e d a n c e ( Z o )
C o nstant Z o P e rfe c tly m a tc h e d a t e v e r y fr e q u e n c y
Po r t 3
L u m p e d P o r t I nternal Po r t 2
R e c o m m e n d e d o n ly fo r s u r fa c e s in te r n a l to g e o m e tr ic m o d e l
S in g le m o d e ( T E M ) a n d no d e e m b e d d i n g
N o rm a liz e d to a c o n s ta n t u s e r d e fin e d Z o
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Excitations (Continued)
Wave Equation
T h e f i el d p a t t er n o f a t r a v el i n g w a v e i n s i d e a w a v eg u i d e c a n b e d et er m i n ed b y s o l v i n g
M a x w el l s eq u a t i o n s . T h e f o l l o w i n g eq u a t i o n t h a t i s s o l v ed b y t h e 2D s o l v er i s d er i v ed d i r ec t l y
f r o m M a x w el l s eq u a t i o n .
1
E ( x, y ) k02 r E ( x, y ) = 0
r
w h er e:
E( x , y ) is a p h a s o r r ep r es en t i n g a n o s c i l l a t i n g el ec t r i c f i el d .
k0 i s t h e f r ee s p a c ew a v en u m b er ,
r i s t h e c o m p l ex r el a t i v e p er m ea b i l i t y .
r i s t h e c o m p l ex r el a t i v e p er m ittiv ity .
T o s o l v e t h i s eq u a t i o n , t h e 2D s o l v er o b t a i n s a n ex c i t a t i o n f i el d p a t t er n i n t h e f o r m o f a p h a s o r
s o l u t i o n , E( x , y ) . T h es e p h a s o r s o l u t i o n s a r e i n d ep en d en t o f z a n d t; o n l y a f t er b ei n g m u l t i p l i ed
b y e-z d o t h ey b ec o m e t r a v el i n g w a v es .
A l s o n o t e t h a t t h e ex c i t a t i o n f i el d p a t t er n c o m p u t ed i s v a l i d o n l y a t a s i n g l e f r eq u en c y . A
d i f f er en t ex c i t a t i o n f i el d p a t t er n i s c o m p u t ed f o r ea c h f r eq u en c y p o i n t o f i n t er es t .
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Excitations (Continued)
Modes, Reflections, and Propagation
It is a ls o p o s s ib le fo r a 3 D fie ld s o lu tio n g e n e r a te d b y a n e x c ita tio n s ig n a l o f o n e s p e c ific
m o d e t o c o n t a i n r e f l e c t i o n s o f h i g h e r -o r d e r m o d e s w h i c h a r i s e d u e t o d is c o n tin u itie s in a h ig h
fre q u e n c y s tru c tu re .
I f t h e s e h i g h e r -o r d e r m o d e s a r e r e f l e c t e d b a c k t o t h e e x c i t a t i o n p o r t o r tra n s m itte d o n to
a n o t h e r p o r t , t h e S-p a r a m e t e r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e m o d e s s h o u l d b e c a lc u la te d .
I f t h e h i g h e r -o r d e r m o d e d e c a y s b e f o r e r e a c h i n g a n y p o r t e i t h e r b e c a u s e o f a tte n u a tio n d u e
t o l o s s e s o r b e c a u s e i t i s a n o n -p r o p a g a t i n g e v a n e s c e n t m o d e t h e r e i s n o n e e d to o b ta in th e
S-p a r a m e t e r s f o r t h a t m o d e .
W av e Ports Req u ire a L ength of U niform C ross S ection
A n s o f t H F SS a s s u m e s t h a t e a c h p o r t y o u d e f i n e i s c o n n e c t e d t o a s e m i -i n f i n i t e l y l o n g
w a v e g u id e th a t h a s th e s a m e c r o s s s e c tio n a s th e W a v e P o r t
u n ifo r m c r o s s s e c tio n
n o u n ifo r m c r o s s s e c tio n a d d e d f o r e a c h W a v e Po r t
a t W a v e Po r t s
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Excitations (Continued)
Wave Port Boundary Conditions
Perfect E or Finite Conductivity
D e f a u l t : A l l o u t e r e d g e s a r e Perfect E b o u n d a r y .
P o r t is d e fin e d w ith in a w a v e g u id e .
E a s y fo r e n c lo s e d tr a n s m is s io n lin e s : C o a x o r W a v e g u id e
C h a l l e n g i n g f o r u n b a l a n c e d o r n o n -e n c l o s e d l i n e s : M i c r o s t r i p , C P W , S l o t l i n e , e t c .
S ym m etry or I m p eda nce
R e c o g n iz e d a t th e p o r t e d g e s
R a dia tion
D e f a u l t i n t e r f a c e i s a Perfect E b o u n d a r y
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Excitations (Continued)
Lumped Port Boundary Conditions
Perfect E or Finite Conductivity
A n y p o r t e d g e th a t in te r fa c e s w ith a c o n d u c to r o r a n o th e r p o r t e d g e
Perfect H
A ll r e m a in in g p o r t e d g e s
Perfect E
Perfect H
Perfect H
Perfect E
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Excitations (Continued)
Excitation C al ib r ation
P o rts m u s t b e calibrated t o e n s u r e c o n s i s t e n t r e s u l t s . D e t e r m i n e s :
D ir e c tio n a n d p o la r ity o f fie ld s
V o lta g e c a lc u la tio n s .
S o lu tio n T y p e : D r iv e n M o d a l
E x p r e s s e d in te r m s o f th e in c id e n t a n d r e fle c te d p o w e r s o f th e w a v e g u id e m o d e s .
D e fin itio n n o t d e s ir a b le fo r p r o b le m s h a v i n g s e v e r a l p r o p a g a t i n g q u a s i -T E M m o d e s
C o u p l e d / M u l t i -C o u p l e d T r a n s m is s io n L in e s
A lw a y s u s e d b y th e s o lv e r
C a lib r a tio n : In te g r a tio n L in e
P h a s e b e tw e e n P o rts
M o d a l v o lta g e in te g r a tio n p a th : Z p i, Z p v , Z v i
S o lu tio n T y p e : D r iv e n T e r m in a l
L in e a r c o m b in a tio n o f n o d a l v o lta g e s a n d c u r r e n ts fo r th e W a v e P o r t.
E q u iv a le n t tr a n s fo r m a tio n p e r fo r m e d fr o m M o d a l S o lu tio n
C a lib r a tio n : T e r m in a l L in e
P o la r ity
N o d a l v o lta g e in te g r a tio n p a th
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
M o d e 1
(E v e n M o d e ) In te g r a tio n L in e
M o d e 2
(O d d M o d e ) In te g r a tio n L in e
P o rt1 P o rt2
M odal
2 M o d e s 2 M o d e s
Modes to Nodes
T r a n sf or m a ti on
T1 T2
T1 T1
S P IC E
D i f f er en ti a l P a i r s
P o rt1 T e rm inal P o rt2
T2 T2
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Pi c t u r e c o u r t e s y o f T e k t r o n i x
Pi c t u r e c o u r t e s y o f D e l p h i
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Is o la te d C o m p o n e n t V ia T r a n s itio n
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Example Structure
Coax to S tr i p l i n e
LAYER 1 (T O P SID E)
LAYER 2 (SIGNAL)
LAYER 3 (B O T T O M SID E)
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Material Properties
All 3D (Solid) objects have material definitions
T o comp lete the model show n p reviou sly w e mu st inclu de the air
that su rrou nds the stru ctu re.
air
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
smetal
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Surface Approximations
Background or Outer Boundary
N ot v i s i b l e i n th e P roj ect T ree
A ny ob j ect s urf ace th at touch es i t Perfect E B o u n d a ry
D ef aul t b oundary ap p l i ed to th e regi on s urroundi ng th e geom etri c m odel
M odel i s encas ed i n a th i n m etal l ayer th at no f i el ds p rop agate th rough
o u ter
Override with
R a dia tio n B o u n da ry
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
4 . R eturn p ath
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Why d o I care?
M any real desig ns hav e nonideal return p aths
E f f ects onl y cap tured b y f ul l -w av e simul ators
I sol ating p arts of a structure
F ail ure to maintain the correct return p ath w il l
L imit correl ation to measurements
M ask or create desig n p rob l ems
P ort and B oundary setup most common source of error in model setup
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Port2 Port3
No DC
R e tu rn P a th
Port1
Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v9 T raining Seminar P2-26
Presentation
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Port2 Port3
D C
R e tu rn Pa th
Port1
Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v9 T raining Seminar P2-27
Presentation
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
DC & RF
Re t u r n P a t h
S21
S3 1
S11
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Wave Port
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
2 T erm ina ls
P a ra llel
P la te
M o d e M a tc h in g
A ns o f t D es ig ner - C irc u it
Stripline
W a v e P o rt
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Lumped Port
P or t I n f l u e n c e s
R e s u lts
No DC
R e tu rn P a th
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Signal
GND
Power
SIDE
T2 T1
T3
G
GND
P
Power
BOTTOM
Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator v9 T raining Seminar P2-3 6
Presentation
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Port
G S G
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
Microstrip P ort S iz in g G u id e l in e s
A ssu m e w id th of m icrostrip tra ce is w
A ssu m e h e ig h t of su b stra te d ie l e ctric is h
P ort H e ig h t G u id e l in e s
B e tw e e n 6 h a n d 1 0 h
T e n d tow a rd s u ppe r l im it a s d ie l e ctric con sta n t d rops a n d m ore f ie l d s e x ist in a ir ra th e r th a n su b stra te
B ottom e d g e of port copl a n a r w ith th e u ppe r f a ce of g rou n d pl a n e
( I f re a l stru ctu re is e n cl ose d l ow e r th a n th is g u id e l in e , m od e l th e re a l stru ctu re ! )
P ort W id th G u id e l in e s
1 0 w, f or m icrostrip prof il e s w ith w h
5w, or on th e ord e r of 3 h to 4 h, f or m icrostrip prof il e s w ith w < h
10w, w h
or
5w (3h to 4h), w < h
6h to
10h
Boundary/Excitations - O v e rv ie w 2
8w, w h
or
5w (3h to 4h), w < h
w
h