Transmission
Contents
Optical Fiber
1. Basic Modules
2. Configuration
3. Applications
4. Advantages
Microwave Radio - Modules
4 x 2 Mbps or 4 x E1
8 x 2 Mbps or 8 x E1
16 x 2 Mbps or 16 x E1
As Transport Medium in
Basic Service Networks
Private Networks
Microwave Radio Advantages
Flexibility
No ROW Issues
Low MTTR
Microwave Radio - Manufacturers
Nera
NEC
Siemens
Fujitsu
Nokia
Alcatel
Hariss
Microwave Network Planning Aspects
1. Network Architecture
2. Route Configuration
3. Choice of Frequency Band
Network Architecture
Star
Ring
Mesh
Combination of Above
Spur Architecture
B
A
C
E
Spur Architecture
D
A B
C
Star Architecture
A
C
Loop Architecture
power failure
equipment failure
human mistake
BSC
BTS
METROHUB
MW RADIO
SINGLE MODE MW LINK
HSB MODE MW LINK
COPPER CONNECTION
To Next
BSC
BSC
BTS
METROHUB
MW RADIO
SINGLE MODE MW LINK
HSB MODE MW LINK
COPPER CONNECTION
To Next
BSC
A
C
Mesh Architecture
A F
I J
- Refraction
- Reflection
Free Space Propagation - Refraction
K = 2/3
K = 4/3
Actual Ground
Water Bodies
Mid Path
FRESNEL ZONE CLEARANCES
A B
d1 d2
First
Fres
nel Z
Direct
Path = one
L
Reflec
ted pa
th = L
+ /2
Food Mart
RF propagation
Free space versus non free space
Non-free space
Line of sight required
Objects protrude in the fresnel
zone, but do not block the path
Free Space
Line of sight
No objects in the fresnel zone
Antenna height is significant
Distance relative short (due to
effects of curvature of the earth)
FRESNEL ZONE & EARTH BULGE
2
Height = D /8 + 43.3D/4F
H 2
D /8
Earth Bulge
Fresnel Zone
Antenna Clearance
Antenna
Height Height
Obstacle
Clearance
Earth Curvature
Microwave Network Planning Process
1. Design Basis
2. Line of Sight Survey
3. Link Engineering
4. Interference Analysis
Planning Process
RF Nominal Planning (NP)/ Microwave Link Planning and
Application for Frequency License LOS Checking for BTSs
Define BSC
Borders
Change Y
BTS Prime
Candidate?
Estimate BSC
N
Locations
Update LOS Reports,
Frequency Plan, Planning
Database, Equipment Summary
Preliminary Transmission
Planning and LOS Checking
for possible BSCs
Change Y
BTS Prime
Finalize BSC Candidate?
Locations
N
Line of Sight
No objects in path
between antenna
a. Neighboring
Buildings
b. Trees or other
obstructions
Interference
c. Power lines
Fading
Phenomenon of Attenuation of Signal Due to
Atmospheric and Propagation Conditions is called
Fading
As raindrops increase
in size, they get more
extended in the Horizontal
1mm
direction, and therefore 1.5mm
will attenuate horizontal
polarization more than
vertical polarization
2.0mm 2.5mm
Fade Margin
1. Link Budgeting
2. Reliability Predictions
3. Interference Analysis
Hop Model
Traffic Traffic
Station A Station B
Link Power Budget
Received Signal Level = Rxl
RxlB = TxA LA + GA Fl + GB LB
Where
TXA = Trans Power Station A
LA = Losses at Station A (Misc.)
GA = Antenna Gain at Station A
Fl = Free Space Losses
GB = Antenna Gain at Station B
LB = Losses at Station B
RxlB = Rx. Level at Station B
Sight Co-ordinates
Antenna Data
Tool Output
Availability Prediction
RF propagation
Simple Path Analysis Concept (alternative)
- LOSS - LOSS
Cable/connectors Cable/connectors
Lightning Protector Lightning Protector
H
F1
Adjacent Channel
T : Low T : Hi T : Hi T : Low
R : Hi R : Low R : Low R : Hi
Front to Back
Over Reach
Counter Measures
Avoid Hi-Lo violation in loop
Frequency Discrimination
Polarization Discrimination
Angular Discrimination
High Performance Antennae
Lower Transmit Power , always
advisable
PtP Microwave Transmission -
Issues
Ground Reflections
Selective Fading
Excessive Rains
Interferences
Equipment Failure
Some Useful Formulae
Link Budget
+GA +GB
-Lfs-A rain
+Tx A Rx B
A B
L fs = 92 .45 + 20 log( d f )
d = distance in kilometers f = frequency in GHz
Examples
39 GHz 26 GHz
Propagation Loss
2
P = PT G ( )
R
4 d
d = distance between Tx and Rx antenna [meter]
PT = transmit power [mW]
PR = receive power [mW]
G = antennae gain
= d1 * d2 / (12.75 * K) Meter
Where d2 = (d d1) Km
d = Hop Distance in Km
f = Frequency in GHz
N = No. of Fresnel zone (eg. 1st or 2nd )
Tower Height Calculation :
Th = Ep + C + OH + Slope Ea
C = B1 + F
Where,
Th = Tower Height
Ep = Peak / Critical Obstruction
C = Other losses d1 d2
B1 = Earth Buldge
F = Fresnel Zone
OH = Overhead Obstruction
Ea= Height of Site A
Eb= Height of Site B
d1= Dist. From site A to Obstruction
d2= Dist. From site B to Obstruction
D = Path Distance
f= Frequency
K= 4/3
Useful Formulae
Antenna Gain
Antenna Gain
Where
d = Hop Distance in Km
f = Frequency in GHz
Useful Formulae
Geo Climatic Factor
Geo Climatic Factor
G = 10 T * (Pl)1.5
Pl = Pl factor
Useful Formulae System Gain
OWM % = * 10 (FM/10)
0.005(unavailabli
1 Link Availability 99.995(Assumption)
ty)
Total unavailable
3 Total second / 60 26.28
minute in a year
availability is 99.995%