VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATIONS USING ALLOCATED LOADS

APPLICATION OF DIVERSITY FACTORS

The loads allocated to a line segment or a distribution transformer using diversity factors are a function of the total number
of customers downstream from the line segment or distribution transformer. With the allocated loads flowing in the line
segments and through the transformers and the impedances, the voltage drops can be computed. The assumption is that
the allocated loads will be constant real power and reactive power. The voltage drop is calculated from the source to the
last transformer.

Example :

5000 500 750

For the given system above, assume that the voltage at N1 is 2400 volts and compute the secondary voltages on the three
transformers using the diversity factors.
Assume that the power factor of the loads is 0.9 lagging.

Using (ACSR Linnet : R=0.3 ohm/mi, GMR =0.0243 ft, 3.4 spacing)
GMD=3.4
L=0.7411 log(GMD/GMR) mH/mi = 1.59 mH
XL=(2)(pi)(f)(L)=0.6 ohm/mile

The impedances of the lines are z = 0.3 + j 0.6 ohm/mile.

The ratings of the transformers are:

T1: 25 KVA, 2400-240 volts, Z=1.8 /40 %

T2: 37.5 KVA, 2400-240 volts, Z=1.9 /45 %
T3: 50 KVA, 2400-240 volts, Z=2.0 /50 %

The maximum diversified KW demands are computed :

Transformer T1 : PT1 = 30.3 KW ST1 = 30.3 + j14. 7 KVA

Transformer T2 : PT2 = 35.5 KW ST2 = 35.5 + j17.2 KVA
Transformer T3 : PT3 = 48.9 KW ST3 = 48.9 + j23. 7 KVA

Determine the noncoincident maximum kw demand and maximum diversified kw demand for each line segments.

Segment N1 to N2

The maximum noncoincident kw demand is the sum of the maximum demands of all 18 customers.

Noncoin. Max. demand = 66.7 + 81.6 + 117.5 = 265.8 kw

The maximum diversified kw demand is then computed by using the diversity factor for 18 customers.

265.8
Max. div. demand = --------- = 92.8 kw
2.86

Segment N2 to N3

The maximum noncoincident kw demand is the sum of the maximum demands of all customers 6 to 18.

Noncoin. Max. demand = 81.6 + 117.5 = 199.1 kw

The maximum diversified kw demand is then computed by using the diversity factor for 13 customers.

199.1
Max. div. demand = --------- = 72.6 kw
2.74

Segment N3 to N4

This line segment sees the same noncoincident kw demand and diversified kw demand as that of transformer T3.

Noncoin. Max. demand = 117.5 kw

The maximum diversified kw demand is then computed by using the diversity factor for 7 customers.

117.5
Max. div. demand = --------- = 48.9 kw
2.4
 Segment N1-N2: P12 = 92.8 KW S12 = 92.8 + j 45 KVA
Segment N2-N3: P23 = 72.6 KW S23 = 72.6 + j 35.2 KVA
Segment N3-N4: P34 = 48.9 KW S34 = 48.9 + j 23.7 KVA

Convert the transformer impedances to ohms referred to the high voltage side:

T1 : Zbase= (kV2 * 1000) / KVA = (2.42 * 1000) / 25 = 230.4 ohms

ZT1 = (0.018/40) * 230.4 = 3.18 + j 2.67 ohms

T2 : Zbase= (kV2 * 1000) / KVA = (2.42 * 1000) / 37.5 = 153.6 ohms

ZT2 = (0.019/45) * 153.6 = 2.06 + j 2.06 ohms

T3 : Zbase= (kV2 * 1000) / KVA = (2.42 * 1000) / 50 = 115.2 ohms

ZT1 = (0.02/50) * 115.2 = 1.48 + j 1.77 ohms

Compute the line impedances

N1-N2 : Z12 = (0.3 + j 0.6) * (5000/5280) = 0.2841 + j 0.5682 ohm

N2-N3 : Z23 = (0.3 + j 0.6) * (500/5280) = 0.0284 + j 0.0568 ohm
N3-N4 : Z34 = (0.3 + j 0.6) * (750/5280) = 0.0426 + j 0.0852 ohm

Calculate the current flowing in segment N1-N2 :

I12 = [(kw + j Kvar) / kv ]* = [(92.9 + j45)/2.4 /0 ]* = 43 /-25.84 A

Calculate the voltage at N2 :

V2 = V1 Z12 * I12
V2 = 2400/0 (0.2841 + j0.5682) * 43 /-25.84 = 2378.4 /-0.4 V

Calculate the current flowing into T1 :

IT1 = [(kw + j Kvar) / kv ]* = [(30.3 + j 14.7)/2.378 /-0.4 ]* = 14.16 /-26.24 A

Calculate the secondary voltage referred to the high side :

VT1 = V2 ZT1 * IT1

VT1 = 2378.4/-0.4 (3.18 + j 2.67) * 14.16 /-26.4 = 2321.5 /-0.8 V

Compute the secondary voltage by dividing by the turns ratio of 10:

Vlow T1 = (2321.5 /-0.8)/ 10 = 232.15 /-0.8 V

Calculate the current flowing in segment N2-N3 :

I23 = [(kw + j Kvar) / kv ]* = [(72.6 + j 35.2)/2.378 /-0.4 ]* = 33.9 /-26.24 A

Calculate the voltage at N3 :

V3 = V2 Z23 * I23
V2 = 2378.4/-0.4 (0.0284 + j0.0568) * 33.9 /-26.24 = 2376.7 /-0.4 V

Calculate the current flowing into T2 :

IT2 = [(kw + j Kvar) / kv ]* = [(35.5 + j 17.2)/2.3767 /-0.4 ]* = 16.6 /-26.31 A

Calculate the secondary voltage referred to the high side :

VT2 = V3 ZT2 * IT2

VT2 = 2376.7/-0.4 (2.06 + j 2.06) * 16.5 /-26.27 = 2331.5 /-0.8 V

Compute the secondary voltage by dividing by the turns ratio of 10:

Vlow T2 = (2331.1 /-0.8)/ 10 = 233.1 /-0.8 V

Calculate the current flowing in segment N3-N4 :

I34 = [(kw + j Kvar) / kv ]* = [(49 + j23.7)/2.3767 /-0.4 ]* = 22.91 /-26.67 A

Calculate the voltage at N4 :

V4 = V3 Z34 * I34
V4 = 2376.7/-0.4 (0.0426 + j0.0852) * 22.9 /-26.27 = 2375 /-0.5 V

The current flowing through T3 is the same as the current from N3 to N4 :

IT3 = = 22.91 /-26.67 A

Calculate the secondary voltage referred to the high side :

VT3 = V4 ZT3 * IT3

VT3 = 2375/-0.5 (1.48 + j 1.77) * 22.9 /-26.67 = 2326.9 /-1.0 V

Compute the secondary voltage by dividing by the turns ratio of 10:

Vlow T3 = (2326.9 /-1.0)/ 10 = 232.7 /-1.0 V

Calculate the percent voltage drop to the secondary transformer T3. Use the secondary voltage referred to the high side.

Vdrop = [(V1-VT3)/ V1 ] * 100 = (2400 2326.11) / 2400 * 100

= 3.0789%
 V2=2378V V3=2376.7V V4=2375V
2400V

VT1=2321.5V VT2=2331.1V VT3=2326.9V