CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is an accepted skills

programme whih forms part of the approved academic standards in the degree

programme for Nigerian Universities. In 1974, the federal Government of Nigeria

introduced the national policy on Industrial training called the Student Industrial Work

Experience Scheme (SIWES). This programme is under the umbrella of the Ministry of

Education through the Industrial Training Fund (ITF), was designed to help students

acquire the necessary practical education/ experience in their fields of study and other

related professions.

1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

It provides the students with opportunity to apply their Knowledge in real work

situation there by bridging the gap between the theory and practical.
It enables the students to have the acquisition from to the world easier and enhance

student performance at work later on life. It exposes student work method and

techniques in handling equipment and machineries that may not be available in their

various school of learning.

It also provides the expected skill and experience in the course of study which is the

engineering.

1.2 WHEN SIWES WAS ESTABLISHED

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 The industrial training fund (ITF) was established by degree number 47 on 14 th

October, 1971 while the student industrial work experience scheme in 1973. The

student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) was established many years back,

when industrial commercial activities have been in existence.

1.3 BRIEF HISTORY OF FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY WATER BOARD

Lower Usuma Dam Water Treatment Plant (LUDWTP) located in Nigerias Capital

City Abuja is owned by Federal Capital Territory Water Board (FCTWB).

This consists phase 1, 2 and phase 3, 4. The phase 3 and 4 project were commissioned

in September 2013 the new plants are located next to the existing phase 1 and 2 plants.

Construction works for phase 3 and 4 started in November 2011 and were executed by

Biwater the total investment on the project is estimated to have reached approximately

$99m Each of the new plants has the capacity to process 240million liters of water a

day. Raw water for the new plants is being sourced from the lower usuma dam (LUD)

reservoir, which also supplies water to the phase 1 and 2 plants and the new Guara Dam

Reservoir. The new and existing facilities now provide a combined 720 million liters of

clean drinking water per day to Abuja and its neighbouring areas.

1.4 BRIEF REPORT OF USUMA DAM RESERVOIR

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 Lower Usuma Dam Reservoir is constructed across River Usuma at Bwari Area

Council has the highest elevation than any of the settlement areas in Abuja the federal

capital territory (FCT) of Nigeria. The Reservoir lies between the latitude of 9 0 100 and

90 140 and magnitude 70 240 and 70 280E with a surface area of 8km2, crest length of

1300metres, crest width of 10mitres, Maximum depth of 45metres and a maximum

storage capacity of 100million cubic meters of raw water .

Plate.1: Map of Usuma Dam

Reservoir showing sampling stations.

Five sampling stations (Duste, Berger,Mpape, Shere and Saddle) were established

around the central basin to be representative of various habitals existing within the

Reservoir, the name of each station represent the entiry points of river and streams in to

the main reservoirs besides numerous tributaries as well as the exist point. The usuma

river which is the major river enters the reservoir through Shere axis at Ushafa town

and the major streams enters the reservoir through Duste, Berger and Mpape axis while

the only exit of the reservoir is through saddle dam station.

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1.5 INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

My industrial work experience at Federal Capital Territory Water Board Usuma Dam

Bwari Road was successful.

I have learnt a lot about water and how its being treated from the Aeration where the

water mix with air to the dozing chamber where alum and water mix with pre chlorine

its moves down to the clarifiers for flocculation and sedimentation, to filter for filtering

of stubborn particles then to the contact tank for disinfection where post chlorine finally

is being added. The treated water then ready for distribution. I also learnt about

chemicals that are being use in treating water. I have learnt that no matter how dirty

water is, it can be it can be treated for human consumption.

From my industrial work experience Usuma Dam Water Treatment Plant was efficiency

enough to treat and deliver safe water to the public of 62% (colour), 69% (turbidity),

1.56% (PH).

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 1.6 FLOW CHART
CHEMICAL BUILDING

ALUM

PRE CHLORINATION
USUMA DAM RESERVOIR

INTAKE
HYDROCYLONE AERATION COAGULATION

FLOCULATION
FILTRATION

SAND FILERATION

BACK WASHING SLUDGES SEDIMENTATION

CHLORINATION DISINFECTION
POST
CHLORINATION

CONTACT
TANK
TREATED DISTRIBUTION
WATER
TANK

Fig.1. Federal Capital Territory Water Board Usuma Dam Flow Chart.

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1.7 ORGANIZATION CHART

DIRECTOR

PLANING RESEARCH &

STATISTICS PUBLIC RELATIONS

INTERNAL AUDIT LEGAL

AU

MIS PROCUREMENT

SSPECIAL SERVICOM

RESERVIOUR & DISTRIBUTIONDIS COMMERCE FINANCE &

PRODUCTION ADMINISTRATION &
TRUB ACCOUNTS
SUPPLIES

RURAL WATER
AREA OFFICES SUPPLY
AREA OFFICERS AREA
ASSIT AREA
QUALITY CONTROL MANAGEMENT
MANAGERS

Fig.2. Federal Capital Territory Water Board Usuma Dam Organization Chart

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 REASON FOR WATER TREATMENT

The major aim of water treatment is to remove as much of the suspended solids as

possible before the remaining, called effluent, is discharged back to the environment.

As solid materials decays, it uses up oxygen which is needed by the plants and animals

living in the water. Primary treatment removes about 60 percent of suspended solids

from wastewater. This treatment also involves aerating (stirring up) the wastewater, to

put oxygen back in. Secondary treatment removes more than 90 percent of suspended

solids. Its also a matter of caring for our environment and our own health. There are lot

of good reasons why keeping our water clean in important priority.

2.1.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER TREATMENT

1. Physical Character
Color: it deals with the color of the water which is seen by eyes .Fresh

waste water---------- light brownish grey

With time -------------------- dark gray
More time ------------------- black (spectic).
Odor: odor is produced by gas production due to the decomposition of

organic matter or by substances added to the water.

Temperature: temperature of wastewater is commonly higher than

that of water supply .depending on the geographic location the mean

annual temperature varies in the range of 10 to 21 0c with average of

160c.

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 Turbidity: its a measure of the light transmitting properties of

water.
2. Chemical Character
PH: the hydrogen-ion concentration is an important parameter in both

natural waters and wastewaters. It is a very important factor in

chemical water treatment.

PH- 7 neutral.
PH> 7 Alkaline.
PH< 7 Acidic.
Gases: the following are the main gases of concern in waste water

treatment: N2, O2, H2S ,NH3, CH4

Organic matter: Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD ), Chemical

oxygen demand (COD), Total organic carbon (TOC).

Inorganic matter: Chlorides, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Toxic

Inorganic Compounds, Heavy Metals.

3. Biological character
Microorganisms: Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, Viruses and

Pathogenic Microorganisms Groups.

2.1.1 WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS

Aluminum sulphate (Alum): Alum is use in the dozing chamber, when alum mixes

with water it forms a process called coagulation. The positive of the alum attract the

negative charges called particles.

Lime: lime is use at the contact tank called post lime which is use to regulate the PH of

water.

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 Liquefied chlorine gas: liquefied chlorine gas is 99% active is being use for pre

chlorination and post chlorination in water treatment .its attacks the body of the

microorganisms and destroys it nucleus, its also reduces odor and add taste.

High tested hypochlorite (hth): this is powder chlorine which is 68% active its also

use for treating water by the use of vat system.

2.1 JAR TEST

Untreated process wastewaters may contain ingredients other that dissolved metals that

will affect the treatment methodology. Therefore the procedure which follows provides

a starting point and adjustments may be required to achieve the desired results.

PROCEDURE
1. Pour a sample of untreated wastewater into a beaker (ex 300ml). 2hiloe mixing,

adjust the pH using caustic soda or sulfuric acid to the optimum pH for hydroxide

precipitation of mixed metals, i.e. 8.5

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2. While stirring the sample, use an eyedropper to add the precipitant until the ORP

value drops rapidly by 150mV (typically to -250 mV). If a several beakers and add

different amounts of precipitant to each beaker.

Please note that, although the precipitating reactions appear to be instantaneous, a

retention time of up to 15 minutes may be required to obtain a complete reaction.

3. Add 1 or 2 drops of coagulant solution. Mix at high speed for 1 to 3 minutes. Turn

off mixer and observe the coagulation (agglomeration) of the precipitated particles.

If the particles appear to be coagulating but need assistance to accelerate their

settling, a flocculant may be added to the solution followed by a slow mixing to

allow for floc building. If the settling action is too slow or incomplete, redo the test

and add a drop or 2of an iron or aluminum coagulant before the initial pH

adjustment in #1 above.
4. After several minutes a sample of clear supernate may be taken for metals test or the

entire contents of beaker(s) may be filtered to remove solids, then the filtrate

tasted/analyzed.
To project the dosage results from a jar test to full scale, the following information

may be helpful:
1 drop- 0.05ml
1 drop per liter- 50mg/l (ppm)

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2.2 STEPS INVOLVED IN WATER
TREAMENT

Hydrocylone: hydrocylone is the first

stage of water treatment it sends dirty, sands rubbers, leathers and plastic etc. back to

the dam; this reduces the dirty going to the aeration chamber for easy treatment of the

water.

Aeration chamber: the aeration chamber is that section of raw water inlet from the

hydrocylone, which consists of a series of four weirs which forces the raw water to

flow downwards, upwards and back down again in a tribulating manner. This is the

second step in treatment process and is aimed at removing the foul odor/smell that

comes along with the raw water in the form of H2S (Hydrogen sulphide)

Plate.2

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Dosing chamber: after distribution the aerated water flows to the dozing chamber. This

is where treatment chemicals (Alum and pre chlorine) are being dose to which forms a

process called Coagulation.

Clarifiers: the coagulated water now moves to the clarifiers, where the particles form a

process called flocculation. In the clarifier the biggest particles formed settle to the

bottom of the tank, while the clean water remains at the top of the tank. The floccs

which settles at the bottom of the tank

are known as sludge.

Plate.3

Filter: the clarifier water is being

transfer to the filter where the final dirty is removed by a process called filtration.

Backwashing is the agitating of sand in the filter .where the filter water moves to the

siphon at the filter gallery.

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 Plate.4

Contact tank: this section recieves the filtered water from the siphon and chlorine in

the form of chlorinated water. Post chlorination takes place at the contact tank which is

called disinfection. And the disinfect water goes to the treated water tank in a meander

way.

Treated water tank: the treated is the last section in water treatment where the water

treament tank is divided into two sections, the tank and the storage tank. The distibuted

water is being distributed from the storage tank to towns and villages for human

consumption.

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2.3 POST AND RESPONSIBILITY

I was posted to phase 1 and phase 2 at Federal Capital Territory Water Board Usuma

Dam. My responsibillty at phase 1 and 2 was to take daily plant monitoring of the two

phases which are Dislodging of Clarifiers, Filter Operation, Process Line Maintance,

Batching of Chemicals, Monitor changing af chlorine gas cylinders and Valting.

It was also my responsibility to take down readings of the flowmeter, pumps, and tank

level at the chemical building, noting the date/bank of each cylinder with the pressure

gauge check the chlorinators level, clarifiers if its turbid and filter if its clogging.

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 CHAPTER THREE

SUMMARY

In summary introduction on Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES)

with aim and objectives have been explained, I have also written a brief report of

Usuma Dam and brief history on Federal Capital Territory Water Board .

I also gave the organization chart and flowchart of the Usuma Dam Water Treatment

Plant.

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 CONCLUSION

The importance of SIWES cannot be over emphaised as it exposed student to the real

pratical of the respective field of professionalism throughout the period of trainig. The

orgaionsation is conductive for learning new ideas and technological experience,

I believe this progammed help in looking of theoretical and pratical aspect. And this

help in improving a student in aspect of learning.

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 RECOMMENDATION

Students should be finance by organisation with little funds and allowances this is to

allevaite what the problems been faced by student during the training period to enable

them execute. and also more industries should be created to enable one get easy acess

in get an IT place to learn.

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 REFERENCE

NSDWQ;(2007) Nigeria standard for drinking water quality standards organisation of

Nigeria Quality.
APHA (American Public Health Association (1995) standard methods for the

examination of water and waste water 20th Edition.

WHO (2011) guidelines for drinking water quality 4th Edition World Health Organisation

Geneva.
Easton, Andrew D; Franson mary Ann H (2005). Standard methods for the examination

of water and waste water (21 Editon American Public Health Association.
Note taking from Federal Capital Territory Usuma Dam.
Coren (1991) Supervised Industrial Training Scheme in Engineering Enginetrs of

Nigeria.
WST 2017 Water Specialists Technologies LLC.
WHO (2006):Guidelines for drinking water quality: first addendum to third edition

vol.1.
OECD-WHO/DOC/WISH(2003):Assessing microbial safety of drinking water.

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