International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 81 (2017) 155163

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International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ichmt

Heat transfer, friction factor and effectiveness analysis of Fe3O4/water

nanouid ow in a double pipe heat exchanger with return bend
N.T. Ravi Kumar a, P. Bhramara a, Birhanu Mulat Addis b, L. Syam Sundar c,,
Manoj K. Singh c,, Antonio C.M. Sousa c
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, J.N.T.U. College of Engineering, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
c
Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Available online 2 January 2017 The convective heat transfer, friction factor and effectiveness of different volume concentrations of Fe3O4
nanouid ow in an inner tube of double pipe heat exchanger with return bend has been estimated experimen-
tally and turbulent ow conditions. The test section used in this study is of double pipe type in which the inner
Keywords: tube diameter is 0.019 m, the annulus tube diameter is 0.05 m and the total length of inner tube is 5 m. At a dis-
Double-pipe heat exchanger
tance of 2.2 m from the inlet of the inner tube the return bend is provided. The hot Fe3O4 nanouid ows through
Heat transfer
an inner tube, where as the cold water ows through an annulus tube. The volume concentrations of the nano-
Friction factor
NTU
particles used in this study are 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.03% and 0.06% with Reynolds number range from 15,000 to
Effectiveness 30,000. Based on the results, the Nusselt number enhancement is 14.7% for 0.06% volume concentration of
nanouid ow in an inner tube of heat exchanger at a Reynolds number of 30,000 when compared to base
uid data; the pumping penalty of nanouid is b 10%. The effectiveness of heat exchanger for water and nanouid
ow is explained in terms of number of transfer units (NTU) in order to estimate the overall performance of the
double pipe heat exchanger. New correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor have been developed based
on the experimental data.
2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The double pipe heat exchanger is one of the most common heat ex-
changers that are used in commercial and industrial applications be-
cause of its small size, ease of manufacturing and compactness.
Commonly used heat transfer uids are water, ethylene glycol, propyl-
ene glycol, engine oil, etc., with compromising thermophysical proper-
ties. Customization of thermophysical properties of working uids to
suit the application has become a reality since the development of
nanouids by Choi [1] and his team by dispersing nano-meter sized
solid metallic particles in the uids (called nanouids).
The turbulent convective heat transfer of different nanouids ow in
a double pipe heat exchanger has been estimated experimentally by
various researchers in the recent years. Sarafraz and Hormozi [2] used
synthesized silver nanoparticles using plant extraction method from
green tea leaves and silver nitrate in 50:50% ethylene glycol/water and
reported heat transfer enhancement of 67% at 1.0% volume concentra-
tion of nanouid ow in a double pipe heat exchanger. El-Maghlany et
al. [3] observed augmentation of effectiveness and number of transfer
Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: sslingala@gmail.com (L.S. Sundar), mksingh@ua.pt (M.K. Singh).
units (NTU) of the double pipe heat exchanger using Cu/water
nanouids. Khedkar et al. [4] observed overall heat transfer enhance-
ment of 16% with 3% volume concentration of Al2O3/water nanouids
ow in a concentric tube heat exchanger. Reddy and Rao [5] observed
heat transfer and friction factor enhancement by 10.73% and 8.73% for
0.02% volume concentration of 40:60% ethylene glycol and water mix-
ture based TiO2 nanouid ow in a double pipe heat exchanger at a
Reynolds number of 15,000. Zamzamian et al. [6] considered Al2O3/eth-
ylene glycol and CuO/ethylene glycol nanouids ow in a double pipe
and plate heat exchangers and they observed heat transfer enhance-
ment of 26% for 1.0% weight concentration of Al2O3 and 37% for 1.0%
weight concentration of CuO in double pipe heat exchanger; and for
plate heat exchangers the heat transfer enhancements are 38% and
49%, respectively. Hemmat Esfe and Saedodin [7] estimated convective
heat transfer of MgO/water nanouid ow in a double pipe heat ex-
changer in the particle concentrations range from 0.005% to 0.02% and
particle diameters of 60, 50, 40 and 20 nm and observed higher heat
transfer rates. Darzi et al. [8] estimated heat transfer and pressure
drop of Al2O3/water nanouid ow in a double pipe heat exchanger at
different temperature range of working uid and observed heat transfer
enhancement with less friction penalty. Abbasian Arani et al. [9] inves-
tigated heat transfer of TiO2/water nanouids ow in a double pipe

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2016.12.019
0735-1933/ 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
156 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 81 (2017) 155163

(FVM). Shakiba and Vahed [17] studied the hydrothermal characteris-

Nomenclature
tics of Fe3O4/water nanouids at 4.0% volume concentration ow in a
double pipe heat exchanger using single phase model and control
Cp Specic heat, J/kg K
volume technique. Bahiraei and Hangi [18] studied the performance
d Inner diameter of the tube, m
of Mn-Zn/water magnetic nanouid ow in a double pipe heat ex-
f Friction factor
changer under quadrupole magnetic eld using the two phase
h Heat transfer coefcient, W/m2 K
EulerLagrange method. Huminic and Huminic [19] numerically in-
k Thermal conductivity, W/m K
vestigated heat transfer characteristics of CuO and TiO2 nanouids
L Length of the tube, m
_ ow in a double tube helical heat exchanger under laminar ow con-
m Mass ow rate, kg/sec
ditions and they observed signicant enhancement of heat transfer
Nu Nusselt number, hD/k
with increase of particle concentrations. Demir et al. [20] numerical-
Pr Prandtl number, C/k
ly studied the velocity and temperature proles of water based TiO2
Q Heat ow, Watts
_ and Al2O3 nanouid ow in a double pipe heat exchanger and vali-
Re Reynolds number, 4m= D
dated their data with the experimental data of Duangthongsuk and
v Velocity, m/sec
Wongwises for TiO2 nanouid.
Further heat transfer enhancement in double pipe heat exchangers
Greek symbols
is possible by using return bend. Hong and Hrnjak [21] observed further
Uncertainty
heat transfer enhancement in pipes with return bend and they conclud-
p Pressure drop
ed that heat transfer enhancement is possible with the effect of uid
Volume concentration of nanoparticles, %
mixing, hydrodynamic and thermal development of secondary ows
Dynamic viscosity, kg/m2sec
at immediate downstream of the U-bend. Clarke and Finn [22] numeri-
Density,kg/m3
cally investigated the heat transfer mechanism of secondary refrigerant
ow in an air chiller U-bends and observed with return bend there is a
Subscripts
20% heat transfer enhancement for up to 20 mm pipe diameters. Other
b Bulk temperature
experimental investigations found that heat transfer may be enhanced
c Cold
immediately downstream of a U-bend [23,24]. Choi and Zhang [25] nu-
Exp Experimental
merically investigated the heat transfer of Al2O3/water nanouid ow in
h Hot
a pipe with return bend and observed Nusselt number increase with in-
i Inlet
crease of Reynolds number and Prandtl number, and the increment of
o Outlet
specic heat of nanouid. Prasad et al. [26] experimentally studied the
p Particle
heat transfer and friction factor of Al2O3/water nanouid ow in a dou-
Reg Regression
ble pipe heat exchanger with return bend and observed 25% heat trans-
w Water
fer enhancement at 0.03% volume concentration at a Reynolds number
of 22,000. The above works reveals that there is a further heat transfer
augmentation by modifying the geometry of the inner tube of double
pipe heat exchanger. There is no literature related to heat transfer, fric-
tion factor and effectiveness of magnetic nanouids ow in a tube with
heat exchanger in the particle concentration range from 0.002% to 0.02% return bends.
and the Reynolds number range from 8000 to 51,000. Aghayari et al. The present work is carried out for the experimental evaluation of
[10] observed heat transfer enhancement of 19% and Nusselt number heat transfer, friction factor and effectiveness of different volume con-
enhancement of 24% for 0.3% volume fraction of Al2O3/water nanouid centrations of Fe3O4 nanouid ow in a double pipe heat exchanger
ow in a double pipe heat exchanger. Sudarmadji et al. [11] conducted with return bend under turbulent ow conditions. A double pipe heat
experiments with hot Al2O3/water nanouid of 0.15%, 0.25% and 0.5% exchanger with return bend an experimental setup is fabricated with
volume fraction, owing inside tube and cold water passing through the inner tube diameter of 0.019 m, annulus tube diameter of 0.05 m
the annulus tube. They reported the Nusselt number increment of and the length of the inner tube is 5 m. The hot nanouid is ows
40.5% compared to pure water under 0.5% volume concentration. through inner tube; whereas the cold water ows through annulus
Duangthongsuk and Wongwises [12] observed heat transfer enhance- tube. The experiments were conducted at different mass ow rates of
ment from 6 to 11% at 0.2% volume concentration of TiO2/water the hot nanouid, while the annulus uid mass ow rate is kept con-
nanouid ow in a horizontal double tube counter ow heat exchanger stant. The experimental results were compared with the available liter-
under turbulent ow conditions. Asirvatham et al. [13] observed heat ature. Based on the experimental data, new correlations for Nusselt
transfer enhancement of 28.7% and 69.3% for Ag/water nanouid ow number and friction factor were developed.
in a double pipe heat exchanger for the volume concentrations of 0.3%
and 0.9%, respectively. Sajadi and Kazemi [14] observed heat transfer 2. Preparation of Fe3O4 nanouids
enhancement of 22% at 0.25% volume concentration of TiO2/water
nanouid ow in a double pipe heat exchanger at a Reynolds number The Fe3O4 nanoparticles were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
of 5000. Aghayari et al. [15] observed 12% heat transfer enhancement Chemicals, USA [27]. The Fe3O4 nanouids were prepared by dispersing
with Al2O3 nanouid ow in a 20 mm horizontal double pipe counter Fe3O4 nanoparticles in distilled water. Different particle concentrations
ow heat exchanger under turbulent ow conditions. Earlier works re- of 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.03% and 0.06% were prepared in bulk quantity of
veals that, heat transfer coefcient increases with increase of volume 15 l. The uniform dispersion of nanoparticles in the base uid (distilled
concentrations and Reynolds numbers. water) is very important. To achieve the good stabilization of nanopar-
The heat transfer enhancement of nanouids ow in a double pipe ticles in water, nearly 1/10th of weight of nanoparticles of Cetyl
heat exchanger has been observed by various researchers based on Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) surfactant was used for each
the numerical study. Mohammed et al. [16] numerically studied the concentration of nanouid. Initially CTAB was added with 15 l of dis-
heat transfer of Al2O3, CuO, SiO2, and ZnO nanouids ow in a double tilled water and then stirred with high speed stirrer; after full dispersion
pipe heat exchanger with louvered strip inserts considering continuity, of surfactant the required quantity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles were added
momentum and energy equations based on the nite volume method and continued stirring for 24 h. The bulk nanouids preparation is
 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 81 (2017) 155163 157

shown in Fig. 2. The particles required for known percentage of volume
concentration was calculated based on the Eq. (1).
1 were conducted at different particle concentrations of 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.03%

  100%
100=m p =w 1
where (p)and (w) are the densities of the particles and water, re-
spectively, and () and (m) are the volume and mass concentrations
(%) of the dispersed uid, respectively. The thermal properties of
Fe3O4 nanouids have been taken from the Sundar et al. [28] and the
data is shown in Table 1.
3. Experimental setup and procedure
Experimental facility for heat transfer and friction factor tests was
shown in Fig. 1a and the test section details were shown in Fig. 1b.
The facility mainly consisted of: (i) two concentric tube heat ex-
changers, (ii) data logger along with personal computer (iii) cooling
water tank and heating water tank, (iv) a set of thermocouples, (v)
ow meters (both hot and cold) and (vi) U-tube manometer. The test
section consists of two double pipe heat exchangers (Fig. 1b) arranged
vertically connected by a return bend by bending the inner tube bent
at a radius of 0.160 m at a length of 2.2 m from hot water inlet. So, the
effective length of the heat exchanger is 2.2 m, but the length of the
inner tube is 5 m. The inner diameter (ID) is 0.019 m and outer diameter
(OD) is 0.025 for inner tube which is made of stainless steel material (SS
304) and the annulus tube has an inner diameter (ID) of 0.05 m and an
outer diameter (OD) of 0.056 m which is made of galvanized iron. The
annulus tube is wound with asbestos rope insulation in order to mini-
mize the heat loss from the test section to atmosphere. The four resis-
tance temperature detectors were installed to measure the inlet and
outlet temperatures of the hot uid (nanouid) and cold uid (water).
The temperature sensors are connected to the data acquisition system.
All instruments are calibrated before their installation in the experi-
mental setup. The resistance temperature detectors were calibrated (
0.1 C) before placement in the test section. The aspect ratio (l/d =354,
l: length; d: diameter) of the test section is sufciently high to guarantee
hydrodynamically developed ow. The pressure drop across the test sec-
tion was measured using u-tube manometer. At the entrance of the con-
centric tube heat exchanger, two ow meters (Magnetic Inferential
Type) of Dasmesh make were used to measure the ow rates of cold
and hot uids. The hot uid (nanouids) was supplied through the
inner tube, while the cold uid (water) was passed through the annulus
tube in counter ow direction. The temperature of the cold water (annulus
side) was maintained around 29 C at a constant ow rate of 8 LPM
(0.133 kg/s). The hot Fe3O4 nanouid (tube side) with constant inlet tem-
perature of 60 C from the hot uid tank was supplied through the inner
tube at different mass ow rates of 8, 10, 12 and 14 LPM. The experiments
1
and 0.06%. The temperatures of cold and hot uids were recorded at
steady state. The test section was calibrated with water as the working
uid, before using the Fe3O4 nanouid in the inner tube. For each and
every nanouid experiments the test section is cleaned with pure water.
The thermophysical properties of the nanouids were calculated at
mean temperature. The logarithmic mean temperature different method
is used to calculate the inside heat transfer coefcient of the nanouid.
3.1. Uncertainty analysis
The uncertainty of experimental results was determined by mea-
surement of deviation of the parameters, including weight, tempera-
ture, ow rate and pressure drop. The weight (W) of nanoparticles
was measured by a precise electronic balance with the accuracy of
0.001 g. The accuracy of temperature measurement is 0.1 C.
The ow rate (V) was measured by a ow meter with the full scale ac-
curacy of 5% and pressure drop (P) was measured by using u-tube
manometer with the accuracy of 2%. The procedure of Kline and Mc-
Clintock [29] is used to determine the uncertainty associated with the
q
2 2
estimation of Nusselt number, Nu=Nu h=h k=k and ob-
tained as 1.5%. The same procedure is also used to determine the un-
certainty associated for estimation of friction factor,
q
2 2 2
f =f p=p = 2v=v and was obtained as 2.5%.
4. Theoretical correlations
The following correlations were used to estimate the heat transfer
coefcient and friction factor of pure water and water based Fe3O4
nanouid, theoretically.
4.1. Nusselt number
a) Gnielinski [30] equation for single phase uid:
 
f
Re1000 Pr
Nu
2

0:5
 2
1:07 12:7 2f Pr2=3 1
2
f 1:58 ln Re3:82 ; 2300bReb106 ; 0:5b Prb2000
b) DittusBoetler [31] equation for single phase uid:

Nu 0:023 Re0:8 Pr0:4 3

Table 1 c) Pak and Cho [32] equation for Al2O3 and TiO2 nanouids:
Thermophysical properties of base uid and Fe3O4 nanouid (Sundar et al. [28]).

T,
(C) = 0.0% = 0.005% = 0.01% = 0.03% = 0.06% Nu 0:021 Re0:8 Pr0:5 4
104 bReb105 ; 6:54b Prb12:33; 0bb3:0%
() , kg/m3 20 998.5 998.8 999.10 999.7 1000.9
40 992 992.3 992.60 993.21 994.42
60 983.3 983.6 983.90 984.51 985.71
(k) , W/m K 20 0.6024 0.604 0.6055 0.6087 0.6149 d) Xuan and Li [33] equation for Cu nanouid:
40 0.6314 0.6341 0.6367 0.6421 0.6527
60 0.653 0.6564 0.6598 0.6666 0.6802
() , mPa . sec 20 0.79 0.7916 0.7931 0.7963 0.8025

Nu 0:0059 1 7:62860:6886 Ped0:001 Re0:9238 Pr 0:4
40 0.54 0.5403 0.5406 0.5413 0.5425 5
60 0.3 0.3009 0.3018 0.3038 0.3075 10000bReb22500; 0bb15%
(Cp) ,J/kg K 20 4182 4181.8 4181.5 4181.1 4180.2
40 4178 4177.8 4177.5 4177.1 4176.2
60 4183 4182.8 4182.5 4182.1 4181.2 e) Sajadi and Kazemi [14] for TiO2 nanouid:
Prandtl number 20 5.48 5.4766 5.4731 5.4663 5.4525
(Pr) 40 3.57 3.5584 3.5468 3.5238 3.4775 Nu 0:067Re0:71 Pr0:35 0:0005 Re 6
60 1.92 1.9163 1.9125 1.905 1.89 5000bReb3  104 ; 0:2bb0:25%
158 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 81 (2017) 155163

Fig. 1. A Line diagram of an experimental setup. b Test section details.

4.2. Friction factor 5. Experimental calculations

f) Blasius [34] equation for friction factor of single phase uid: 5.1. Nusselt number


f 4  0:0791 Re0:25
7
3000bReb105  
_ h  C h  T h;i T h;o 9
Rate of heat flow tube side fluid; Q h m

g) Petukhov [35] equation for single phase uid:

2
f 0:790 ln Re1:64  annulus
Rate of heat flow  side fluid; Q c
8
3000bReb5  106 m _ c  C c  T c;o T c;i 10
 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 81 (2017) 155163 159

Overall heat transfer coefficient tube side; U i 5.2. Friction factor

Q avg
0 1 11
The friction factor is calculated based on the pressure difference in
B T 1 T 2 C the mercury column and the expression is given below:
Ai B
@  C
T 1 A
ln P
T 2 f  2 19
Li v

Di 2
Overall heat transfer coefficient annulus side; U o
Q avg where P = P1 P2
0 1 12
B T 1 T 2 C 5.3. Effectiveness NTU method
Ao B
@  C
T 1 A
ln
T 2

UA Q
Number of transfer units; NTU NTU 20
Where, Q avg Q h Q
2
c
; T 1 T h;i T c;o ; T 2 T h;o T c;i C min T LMTD  C min
For double pipe heat exchangers without considering the fouling
factor term the below equation is used: _ h  Ch
Heat capacity of tube side fluid; C h m 21

  _ c  Cc
Heat capacity of annulus side fluid; C c m 22
Do
ln
1 1 Di 1
13 where Cmin is the smaller of Cc and Ch
U i Ai ho Ao 2KL hi Ai
1 expNTU 1Z 
Effectiveness; 23
Where Uo or Ui is the overall heat transfer coefcients for annulus 1Z expNTU 1Z 
side and tube side, k is the thermal conductivity of tube material and
L is the length of the heat exchanger. where, Z CCmax
min

The annulus heat transfer coefcient (ho) is calculated based on the

Eq. (2) of Gnielinski [30] by considering the hydraulic diameter (Dh) 6. Results and discussion
which is given in Eq. (14).
6.1. Heat transfer coefcient and Nusselt number
4A
Dh Do Di 14 The initial experiments were conducted with hot water, which ows
P
inside the tube and the cold water ows through an annulus tube. The
annulus side heat transfer coefcient (ho) is calculated from Eq. (15)
where A is the ow area i.e. A 4 D2o D2i and that value is substituted in Eq. (13) for the estimation of tube side
The obtained Nusselt number value from Eq. (2) is used to calculate heat transfer coefcient (hi). The Eq. (16) represents the experimental
the annulus heat transfer coefcient (ho) and the expression is given Nusselt number, which is calculated based on the tube side heat transfer
below: coefcient, thermal conductivity of hot water and diameter of the tube.
The experimental Nusselt number values of water along with the ob-
Nuo  ko tained values from Gnielinski [30] and Dittus-Boelter [31] were shown
ho 15 in Fig. 2. There is a maximum deviation of 2.5% was obtained between
Dh
the experimental and theoretical Nusselt number. The heat losses are
very low from the experimental setup with b10% of heat duty of the
The (ho) value from Eq. (15) is substituted in Eq. (13) for obtaining heat exchanger. It means that the experimental setup is calibrated and
the tube side heat transfer coefcient (hi or hnf). The value of (Nunf) is ready to conduct experiments with different concentrations of
can be determined as follows: nanouids. Based on the steady state observations of nanouids, the
data analysis is performed using Eq. (9) to Eq. (18). Fig. 3 shows the var-
hnf  Di iation of Nusselt number with Reynolds number for different concentra-
Nunf 16 tions of nanouids in comparison with that of base uid. It is observed
knf
that Nusselt number of nanouid increases with increase of particle
concentrations and Reynolds number. The tube side heat transfer coef-
The Reynolds number is based on the ow rate at the inlet of the cient of different volume concentrations of nanouid is shown in Fig. 4.
tube. Under the same mass ow rate the Nusselt number of nanouid is more
compared to water, which is possible with the dispersion of nanoparti-
  cles. At a particle concentration of 0.005%, the Nusselt number enhance-
v di
Renf 17 ment is about 1.72% and 2.29% at Reynolds number of 16,545 and
nf
28,954, respectively compared to water data. Similarly, at particle con-
centration of 0.06%, the Nusselt number enhancement is about 9.76%
The Prandtl number is calculated based on the specic heat, thermal and 14.7% at Reynolds number of 16,545 and 28,954, respectively com-
conductivity, and viscosity of nanouids at mean temperature of the pared to water data. Within the measured Reynolds number range from
uid. 16,545 to 28,954, the Nusselt number enhancement is about 47.7%,
  51.1%, 49.4% and 55.31% at 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.03% and 0.06% volume con-
C P centrations respectively. The enhancement in heat transfer coefcient
Prnf 18
k nf for nanouid is caused due to the effective mixing of uid by providing
160 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 81 (2017) 155163
Fig. 2. Experimental Nusselt number of tube side hot water is compared with the values of
Gnielinski [30] and DittusBoelter [31].
the return bend for the test tube. The similar behavior of active method
of heat transfer augmentation for Al2O3 nanouid in a tube with return
bend have been observed by Choi and Zhang [36] based on the numer-
ical study.
In order to see the trend of present experimental Nusselt number
values of Fe3O4 nanouids, the literature values of Al2O3, TiO2 and Cu
nanouids are used. The experimental Reynolds numbers and Prandtl
numbers were substituted in Eq. (4) of Pak and Cho [32] and the data
is shown in Fig. 5 along with experimental data. It is observed from
the gure that Pak and Cho [32] correlation under predicts the experi-
mental data by 9% to 13% with the variation of Reynolds number from
16,478 to 28,837, at particle concentration of 0.06%. The reason may
be attributed to the fact that Pak and Cho [32] correlation for Nusselt
number was developed by considering the Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparti-
cles, whereas in the present study, Fe3O4 nanoparticles are used.
The experimental Nusselt number values are shown in Fig. 6 along
with the values from Eq. (5) of Xuan and Li [33] and Eq. (6) of Sajadi
and Kazemi [14] at a volume concentration of 0.06% for validation pur-
pose. The gure shows that both the correlations over predict the
Fig. 3. Experimental Nusselt number of hot Fe3O4 nanouid at different particle
concentrations and Reynolds number.
Fig. 4. Experimental heat transfer coefcient of hot Fe3O4 nanouid at different particle
concentrations and Reynolds number.
experimental data. It is observed from the gure that the deviation of
Xuan and Li [33] and Sajadi and Kazemi [14] correlations from that of
experimental data, at the lower range of Reynolds number of 16,478 re-
spectively is 8.2% and 10.2%, while that at a higher Reynolds number is
observed to be 4.3% and 5.64% correspondingly, at particle concentra-
tion of 0.06%. As in the case of Pak & Cho [32] correlation, Xuan and Li
[33] and Sajadi and Kazemi [14] correlations were regression equations
developed based on the experimental data of Cu and TiO2 nanoparticles,
which could be the reason for deviation from the present experimental
data where Fe3O4 nanouid is used.
The present experimental data is t into a general equation by con-
sidering Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds number, Prandtl
number and particle volume concentration. The proposed equation
with an average deviation of 1.13% and standard deviation of 1.34%
and the equation is given below.
NuReg 0:02327Re0:8 Pr0:4 1 1:969 24
16000bReb30000; 0bb0:06%
Fig. 5. Experimental Nusselt number of hot Fe3O4 nanouid is compared with the data of
Eq. (4) of Pak and Cho [32].
 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 81 (2017) 155163
Fig. 6. Experimental Nusselt number of hot Fe3O4 nanouid is compared with the data of
Eq. (5) of Xuan and Li [33] and Eq. (6) of Sajadi and Kazemi [14].
The Eq. (24) is also valid for Nusselt number of water by substituting
= 0. The parity graph between the values obtained from Eq. (24) and
experimental data is presented in Fig. 7.
6.2. Friction factor
The experimental friction factor is calculated based on the pressure
difference between the entrance and exit of the tube. The u-tube ma-
nometer is used to collect the pressure difference between the entrance
and exit of the tube and mercury (Hg) is used as manometric uid. The
mercury column height is converted into water column height for fur-
ther friction factor calculations. The experimental friction factor is calcu-
lated from the Eq. (19) and the values obtained for water were shown in
Fig. 8 along with the data obtained from Eq. (7) of Blasius [34] and Eq.
(8) of Petukov [35]. The experimental friction factor data for water has
shown good agreement with that of theoretical correlations with a max-
imum deviation of 2.5%. Further, the calculations are performed for
nanouids and the same are shown in Fig. 9 for different volume con-
centrations. The gure shows that the friction factor of Fe3O4 nanouid
increases with increase of particle volume concentrations and Reynolds
Fig. 7. Parity graph between experimental Nusselt number data and proposed Eq. (24)
data.
161
numbers. The viscosity of nanouid is also one of the major inuencing
parameter for friction factor enhancement. At particle concentration of
0.005%, the friction factor increase of 1.018-times and 1.01-times at
Reynolds number of 16,545 and 28,954 respectively compared to
water data. Similarly, at particle concentration of 0.06%, the friction fac-
tor increase of 1.079-times and 1.092-times at Reynolds number of
16,545 and 28,954 respectively compared to water data. Thus, it is ob-
served that the friction factor penalty is very less compared to the
heat transfer enhancement.
The general friction factor equation is proposed by considering fric-
tion factor as a function of Reynolds number and particle volume con-
centration. The proposed equation with an average deviation of 1.19%
and standard deviation of 1.36% and the equation is given below.
f Reg 0:3216 Re0:25 1 1:319 25
16000bReb30000; 0bb0:06%
The Eq. (25) is also valid for friction factor of water by substituting
= 0. The parity graph between the values obtained from Eq. (25)
and experimental data is shown in Fig. 10.
6.3. Effectiveness NTU method
In the present section, the effect of different concentrations of
nanouid on the overall performance of the double pipe heat exchanger
is analyzed. The effectiveness () and number of transfer units (NTU) of
heat exchanger for different concentrations of nanouids is evaluated
using Eq. (20) to Eq. (23) and the results are shown in Fig. 11. The higher
value of NTU and effectiveness () indicates the higher performance of
heat exchanger. It is observed from the gure that the NTU of water is
varying from 0.415 to 0.452 with the variation of Reynolds number
from 16,554 to 28,970. For the same range of Reynolds number, the
NTU of 0.06% of nanouid is observed to vary from 0.429 to 0.469,
which indicates an enhancement in NTU with the use of nanouid.
Fig. 12 shows the variation of effectiveness of heat exchanger with
water and with that of different concentrations of nanouids as tube
uid. It is observed from the gure, the effectiveness of heat exchanger
with water varies from 0.293 to 0.339 as the Reynolds numbers varies
from 16,554 to 28,970. Similarly, the effectiveness heat exchanger
with 0.06% of nanouid varies from 0.3002 to 0.3418 at same Reynolds
numbers of 16,554 and 28,970. At all the operating parameters, the ad-
dition of the nanoparticles in the base uid (water) enhances the overall
heat transfer coefcient and, accordingly, the effectiveness and NTU.
Fig. 8. Experimental friction factor of tube side hot water is compared with the values of
Blasius [34] and Petukov [35].
162 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 81 (2017) 155163
Fig. 9. Experimental friction factor of different volume concentrations of hot nanouid
along with base uid.
Finally, addition of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the water observed to en-
hance the heat exchanger performance, negligible pressure drop penal-
ty. The similar trend of NTU and effectiveness has been observed by El-
Maghlany [3] using Cu-water nanouid ow in a horizontal double tube
heat exchanger. But the order of magnitude varies because of the differ-
ent nanoparticles.
7. Conclusions
The present work mainly focused on the estimation of performance
of double pipe heat exchanger with return bend. The heat exchanger
performance is analyzed in terms of effectiveness and NTU for base
uid and nanouids. The NTU method involves both the mass ow
rates of hot nanouids and cold uids. In this analysis two methods of
heat transfer augmentation techniques were considered (i) active
method and (ii) passive method. In order to achieve the active method
of heat transfer augmentation, bend is provided in the test tube at a dis-
tance of 2.2 m. In order to achieve the passive method of heat transfer
augmentation, nanouids (dispersion of nanoparticles in base uid)
were used. The following conclusions have been obtained.
Fig. 10. Parity graph between experimental friction factor data and proposed Eq. (25) data.
Fig. 11. Number of transfer units (NTU) variation of water and nanouids at different
Reynolds numbers.
The heat transfer enhancement of Fe3O4 nanouids increases with in-
crease of volume concentration and Reynolds number. This is caused
due to inuence of particle Brownian motion and micro-convection
of the particles in the base uid. Maximum heat transfer enhancement
of 14.7% was obtained for 0.06% volume concentration and at a Reyn-
olds number of 28,970 compared to water.
The use of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the base uid gives higher heat
transfer coefcient, effectiveness and NTU. The NTU is enhanced by
1.037-times and the effectiveness by 1.024-times for 0.06% nanouid
at Reynolds number of 28,970.
The friction factor of nanouid increases with increasing particle con-
centrations and Reynolds numbers. Maximum of 1.092-times was ob-
served 0.06% particle loading at a Reynolds number of 28,970
compared to water.
For a particular Reynolds number and temperature, the pressure drop
due to the increase of friction factor is relatively negligible, when com-
pared to the benets arising from heat transfer enhancement.
The developed Nusselt number and friction factor correlations are
NuReg 0:02327Re0:8 Pr0:4 1 1:969
f Reg 0:3216 Re0:25 1 1:319
Fig. 12. Effectiveness () variation of water and nanouids at different Reynolds numbers.
 N.T. Ravi Kumar et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 81 (2017) 155163
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