Chapter 26

Student: _________________________________________________________

1. If you were making a flower bed in your yard, which of the following would be helpful to mix with the soil in
order to grow healthy plants?
A. earthworms and bacteria
B. decaying material like old leaves
C. sand
D. all of the choices would be helpful

2. A plant that does not need soil in order to grow would be called a(n):
A. epiphyte
B. mycorrhizae
C. saprophyte
D. none of the choices is correct

3. Which of the following is NOT necessary for mineral uptake by plant roots?
A. root nodules
B. cuticle
C. root hairs
D. active transport

4. The early experiment by Van Helmont (1600s) describes how he grew a tree in a large pot and found that
after five years, the amount of soil in the pot had not changed. He concluded that the increase in weight was due
to the addition of water. At that time, the compounds in air had not yet been identified. Today, you know that he
only discovered half the story. Which additional experiment would provide evidence for the rest of the story?
A. Carbon is discovered as a major element in trees and is lacking in water molecules.
B. Radioactive carbon in carbon dioxide in the air is identified as part of the tree structure.
C. A very careful measurement of the water taken in and lost by the tree would have revealed only half the
added weight gained by the tree was from water.
D. Analysis of nutrients in the soil would account for half the weight of the tree.
E. The discoveries that carbon is in trees and not water along with the use of radioactive carbon from the air and
measurement of water use and loss would all be correct.

5. The main advantage of hydroponics in nutrient research is that

A. it excludes hydrogen ions.
B. it is simply a "cleaner" experimental system without any "dirt" involved.
C. in water, the plant does not need any other molecules beyond carbon dioxide.
D. plant growth can be maximized since the minimal supply of water is never a problem.
E. nutrient measurements can be made accurately because in a liquid solution they are not isolated in soil a few
millimeters away from a root hair.

6. Which element is NOT one of the three most common ones in a plant?
A. oxygen
B. sulfur
C. carbon
D. hydrogen

7. The Greek root words meaning "water" and "hard work" are the basis for the term
A. macronutrient.
B. hydroponics.
C. epiphyte.
D. guttation.
E. mycorrhizae.

8. Soil formation is due to

A. decomposition of organic matter.
B. weathering or transport of bedrock.
C. activity of animals such as earthworms.
D. All of the choices change the nature of soil.

9. Soil consists of
A. a mixture of soil particles of different sizes.
B. both living organisms and decaying organic material.
C. air.
D. water.
E. All of these are components that define soil.

10. Which is an INCORRECT association of soil particles and characteristics?

A. Sandlargest size, cannot hold water.
B. Claymedium size, Intermediate properties.
C. Loammedium size, retains water and nutrients and allows drainage.
D. Siltmedium size, Intermediate properties.

11. Which is a CORRECT relationship between soil particles and leaching of soil ions?
A. Clay particles hold tight to NO3- and the nitrogen content of clay soils is therefore high.
B. Clay is unable to retain Ca2+ and K+ which are easily leached away.
C. Clay holds water and clumps.
D. Sand prevents water erosion and leaching.

12. Which is an INCORRECT description of the layers in soil?

A. The C horizon is newly weathered bedrock.
B. The B horizon contains the soluble chemicals leached from the A horizon.
C. The A horizon is the rich topsoil and contains all of the humus and soluble chemicals.
D. Earthworms and leaf litter are most prevalent in the A horizon.
E. The A horizon is more shallow in forests than in grasslands.

13. The degree of erosion is best described as

A. there is a set amount of soil that was originally formed and erosion continually removes some of it; therefore
we will one day run out of topsoil due to erosion.
B. Soil forms at generally the same rate as soil erodes, so there is an overall balance just as worldwide
precipitation equals evaporation; it is just not evenly spread across the landscape.
C. soil is eroding faster than it is being formed on about one-third of all cropland.
D. removal of trees helps build up topsoil and prevents erosion.

14. The plasma membrane of plant cells

A. actively transports water into the cell.
B. allows the entry of all minerals equally.
C. actively transports some mineral ions into the cell.
D. concentrates minerals up to 100 times as much as in the soil.

15. Which statement is NOT true about root adaptations in plants?

A. Some plants have very poorly developed roots or none at all.
B. Fungal mycorrhizae depend on plants for the fungus's supply of water and minerals.
C. Some plants, including orchids, require the presence of fungal symbionts to survive.
D. Parasitic plants have root adaptations called haustoria that draw nutrients from the host.
E. Bacteria of the genus Rhizobium live in root nodules in legumes, producing available nitrogen that the plant
uses.

16. The Greek root words meaning "over" and "plant" are the basis for the term
A. macronutrient.
B. hydroponics.
C. epiphyte.
D. guttation.
E. mycorrhizae.

17. Girdling is a process by which

A. plants carry water upward.
B. plants carry nutrients upward.
C. plants carry nutrients downward.
D. a tree is killed by interrupting the passage of phloem sap.
E. a tree is killed by interrupting the passage of xylem sap.

18. An epiphyte is a plant that

A. is not able to carry out photosynthesis.
B. does not have roots but absorbs nutrients from the air.
C. has a relationship with mycorrhizal fungi on its roots.
D. has a relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria on its roots.

19. Which statement is NOT true about water uptake in a plant root?
A. Water enters the root by osmosis from the soil.
B. Water enters the cytoplasm of the root hairs by active transport.
C. Water travels by diffusion through the cell walls of the epidermis and cortex.
D. Water must enter the cytoplasm of the endodermal cells to get past the Casparian strip.

20. Which of these is most likely to be produced by the plant in usable amounts?
A. minerals
B. water
C. oxygen
D. carbon dioxide

21. If you cut a herbaceous stem and observe fluids continually seeping upward and out of the cut, it is most
likely to be due to
A. root pressure.
B. turgor pressure.
C. active transport by phloem.
D. tension caused by transpiration.
E. cohesion to the xylem walls.

22. Because most roots need gaseous oxygen as well as liquid water, the best soil for agricultural plants is
A. sand, since it has the greatest pore spaces.
B. clay, since it holds onto water better than silt or sand.
C. silt, because it is Intermediate between sand and clay in size.
D. loam, a mixture of all size soil particles and therefore able to hold onto water but be porous.
E. All sizes of soil particles (sand, silt, clay) are equal in soil properties.

23. When you have waxed your car, rainfall makes very large droplets that roll around on the hood. This
property of the water molecule is known as
A. adhesion.
B. turgor pressure.
C. cohesion.
D. transpiration.
E. negative pressure potential.

24. Most minerals move into the xylem of the root's vascular cylinder from the endoderm by
A. active transport.
B. osmosis.
C. movement against a concentration gradient.
D. movement down a concentration gradient.

25. The Latin root word meaning "drops" or "spots" is the basis for the term
A. macronutrient.
B. hydroponics.
C. epiphyte.
D. guttation.
E. mycorrhizae.

26. Which term describes forcing water out of the plant at the edges of its leaves?
A. water stress
B. atmospheric pressure
C. root pressure
D. guttation
E. transpiration

27. Which force is responsible for moving water up to the tops of the tallest trees?
A. water stress
B. atmospheric pressure
C. root pressure
D. guttation
E. transpiration

28. Which force pushes water into the xylem as osmosis moves water into the root?
A. water stress
B. atmospheric pressure
C. root pressure
D. guttation
E. transpiration

29. Which force is the central causative agent of the cohesion-tension model of xylem transport?
A. water stress
B. atmospheric pressure
C. root pressure
D. guttation
E. transpiration

30. Which statement is NOT true about stomates?

A. As guard cells become turgid, the stomates open.
B. There are two guard cells around each stomate.
C. Guard cells take up potassium ions and water enters the guard cells.
D. Guard cells surrounding stomates lack chloroplasts that other epidermal cells contain.
E. Stomates open and close on a daily basis, even if kept in the dark, on a circadian rhythm.

Use the following key to classify the experimental observation:

HYPOTHESIS I: A flavin pigment absorbs blue light; this pigment then activates the proton pump.
HYPOTHESIS II: When CO2 concentration rises, a membrane receptor inactivates the proton pump.

31. When plants are kept in darkness, stomates open and close on a 24-hour cycle.
A. Supports both Hypothesis I and II
B. Supports only Hypothesis I
C. Supports only Hypothesis II
D. Supports neither hypothesis

32. Stomates open when exposed to white light, a mixture of all colors of light.
A. Supports both Hypothesis I and II
B. Supports only Hypothesis I
C. Supports only Hypothesis II
D. Supports neither hypothesis

33. Stomates do not open when exposed to a narrow band of green light.
A. Supports both Hypothesis I and II
B. Supports only Hypothesis I
C. Supports only Hypothesis II
D. Supports neither hypothesis

34. Researchers discover that guard cells of the lady slipper orchid lack chloroplasts; yet the guard cells
regularly open and close.
A. Supports both Hypothesis I and II
B. Supports only Hypothesis I
C. Supports only Hypothesis II
D. Supports neither hypothesis

35. Cells of wilting leaves produce abscisic acid; abscisic acid causes guard cells to close.
A. Supports both Hypothesis I and II
B. Supports only Hypothesis I
C. Supports only Hypothesis II
D. Supports neither hypothesis

36. Stomate closure on darkening (arrow) with air (0.03% CO2) or CO2-free airflow through leaf.
A. Supports both Hypothesis I and II
B. Supports only Hypothesis I
C. Supports only Hypothesis II
D. Supports neither hypothesis

37. Stomate opening after illumination following eight hours in darkness: plant is Xanthium pennsylvanicum.

A. Supports both Hypothesis I and II

B. Supports only Hypothesis I
C. Supports only Hypothesis II
D. Supports neither hypothesis

38. Stomate rhythm in wheat under continuous light at 25C.

A. Supports both Hypothesis I and II

B. Supports only Hypothesis I
C. Supports only Hypothesis II
D. Supports neither hypothesis

39. Changes in stomata aperture (dashed-line) and guard cell starch content (solid-line) during day in
Hydrocotyle vulgaris.

A. Supports both Hypothesis I and II

B. Supports only Hypothesis I
C. Supports only Hypothesis II
D. Supports neither hypothesis

40. Air with varying amounts of CO2, within the ranges found in nature, is forced across leaf surfaces and into
sub-stomatal cavities; this produces stomatal closure.
A. Supports both Hypothesis I and II
B. Supports only Hypothesis I
C. Supports only Hypothesis II
D. Supports neither hypothesis

41. How did the scientist Marcello Malpighi, in 1679, deduce the role of phloem before the chemistry was
known?
A. He observed aphids and cut off their beaks.
B. He was an early researcher on the cause of maple sap flow in producing syrup.
C. He observed the effects of girdling a tree below the level of the majority of leaves.
D. He used radioactive tracers to measure the flow of sap between two distances over time.
E. He observed the uptake of ink into the stem of celery.

42. The main component of phloem is

A. hormones.
B. amino acids.
C. sucrose.
D. glucose.
E. lipids.

43. Which statement is NOT true about the pressure-flow model of phloem transport?
A. Water is actively transported into phloem.
B. Phloem sap moves at a rate of 60 to 300 cm per hour.
C. Pressure is created in the phloem by the buildup of water and sugar.
D. Sugar produced by photosynthesis is actively transported into phloem cells.
E. Sugar is actively transported out of the phloem at a sink area such as the root.

44. To secure genuine maple syrup, maple tree trunks are "tapped" with metal spigots that interrupt the flow of
sap in late winter prior to spring budding. Which of the following would be true of this process?
A. Leaves are the ultimate origin of the sucrose component.
B. The sap flows out with some pressure from the phloem tube.
C. The water component originated from soil water absorbed by root hairs.
D. Only a small core is tapped; taking sap continuously from a substantial radius could eventually kill part of
the tree.
E. All of the choices are correct.

45. Animals found in soil include all of the following EXCEPT

A. moles.
B. earthworms.
C. mites.
D. millipedes.
E. crickets.

46. ATP is involved in the movement of _________ into the root.

A. negatively charged mineral ions
B. nitrate
C. positively charged mineral ions
D. phosphate

47. Adaptations of roots for mineral uptake include all of the following EXCEPT
A. legumes have a root association with colonies of Rhizobium.
B. increased numbers of root hairs in the zone of absorption.
C. mycorrhizal association.
D. None of the choices are such adaptations.

48. When plants are stressed for water

A. stomata close.
B. photosynthesis ceases.
C. carbon dioxide concentrations lower.
D. All of the choices occur.

49. The opening and closing of stomata is related to all of the following EXCEPT
A. potassium ion concentrations within guard cells.
B. blue light of sun light absorbed by flavin pigment causes them to open.
C. circadian rhythms.
D. carbon dioxide concentrations within the leaf.

50. Sieve tube members are connected by

A. plasmodesmata.
B. tight junctions.
C. companion cells.
D. tracheids.

51. Transpiration rate in plants is increased by

A. wind.
B. elevated temperature.
C. increased sunlight intensity.
D. All of the choices increase the rate of transpiration.

52. A mixture of all sizes of soil particles plus humus is called

A. sand.
B. silt.
C. clay.
D. loam.
E. C horizon.

53. Water is moved throughout a tall tree due to root pressure.

True False

54. Water moves into the guard cells of stomata in response to the movement of K+.
True False

55. The Casparian strip prevents diffusion of water through cell walls into the xylem.
True False

56. Hydroponics is used to determine which macronutrients and micronutrients are used by plants.
True False

57. A stomate allows carbon dioxide into the leaf and water out of the leaf.
True False

58. Water availability of a soil is correlated with the size of the soil pores.
True False
59. Some plants are not photosynthetic and must depend upon bacteria in their root nodules for nutrients.
True False

60. Analysis of nutrient content of phloem is done by using the cut-off mouthparts of aphids to obtain phloem
sap.
True False

61. Entry of mineral ions into the xylem is regulated by cells of the cortex.
True False

62. Conduction in the phloem occurs in hollow tubes composed of dead cells.
True False

63. Phytoremediation removes lead, uranium, and other toxic chemicals from environments.
True False

64. Essential plant nutrients include carbon, potassium, calcium, and nitrogen.
True False

65. Water is forced to enter root endodermal cells by a strip of suberin in the four sides of root endodermal cells
called the Casparian strip.
True False

66. Describe the process of mineral uptake and regulation in the plant root.

67. Explain three specializations of plant roots that allow unusual uptake of minerals and water.

68. Describe the current theory of how stomates open and close.

69. Stomates seem to be responding to the blue wavelengths of light that triggers a flavin pigment, setting in
motion the cytoplasmic response and leading to activation of the proton pump that transports hydrogen ions
outside the cell. This in turn allows potassium ions to enter by a channel protein, which allows water to enter
and open the guard cells. But why would this mechanism be responding to only blue light when photosynthesis
utilizes most visible wavelengths except green?

70. The text states that photosynthesis: "...requires an abundant supply of water so that the stomates can remain
open and allow carbon dioxide to enter." Why is this statement not referring to just water for the photosynthetic
equation? And how are desert plantsthat supposedly are not able to open stomates without losing substantial
waterable to contradict this statement?

71. Describe the pressure-flow model of phloem transport.

 Chapter 26 KEY
1. D
2. A
3. B
4. E
5. E
6. B
7. B
8. D
9. E
10. B
11. C
12. C
13. C
14. C
15. B
16. C
17. D
18. B
19. B
20. C
21. A
22. D
23. C
24. D
25. D
26. D
27. E
28. C
29. E
30. D
31. A
32. B
33. D
34. C
35. D
36. C
37. A
38. D
39. D
40. C
41. C
42. C
43. A
44. E
45. E
46. C
47. B
48. D
49. D
50. A
51. D
52. D
53. FALSE
54. TRUE
55. TRUE
56. TRUE
57. TRUE
58. TRUE
59. FALSE
60. TRUE
61. FALSE
62. FALSE
63. TRUE
64. TRUE
65. TRUE
66. Answers will vary.
67. Answers will vary.
68. Answers will vary.
69. Answers will vary.
70. Answers will vary.
71. Answers will vary.