The column is discretized using two-noded Euler beam elements of length l with two degrees of
freedom namely transverse displacement and rotation at each node as shown in Fig 1. Let I be the
moment of inertia of the beam cross sectional area. To describe the displacement at intermediate nodal
points Hermite polynomial shape functions are used
3x 2 2x 3 2x 3 2x 2 x 3
N1 = 1 + + ; N2 = x + 2
l2 l3 l3 l l
3x 2 2x 3 x 2 x3
N3 = 3 ; N4 = + 2
l2 l l l
Figure 1: Two noded beam element (1)
q1
q
w(x) = [N1 N2 N3 N4 ] 2 (2)
q3
q4
Substituting eq. (2) in eq. (3) and applying Galerkins method, results in the stiffness matrix of the beam
element.
[B] EI[B]dx
T
Ke =
0
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12 6l 12 6l
2
EI 6l 4l 6l 2l2
Elemental stiffness matrix given by Ke = 3 (4)
l 12 6l 12 6l
6l 2l2 6l 4l2
l
1 2w
e
T = A 2 (5)
2 t
0
Where is the mass density per volume of the beam and A is the cross sectional area of the
beam. Substituting eq. (5) in eq. (8) and applying Galerkins method results in the elemental mass matrix
for the beam.
[N] A[N]dx
e T
m =
0
The beam is subjected to an external axial periodic force p(t) ,the elemental work done by the
external periodic force p(t) is given by
l
1 2w
we =
2
0
p(t) 2 dx
x
(7)
Substituting eq. (2) in eq. (7) and applying the Galerkins method yields the geometric stiffness matrix.
l T
dN dN
0
k eg = dx
dx dx
36 3l 36 3l
2
1 3l 4l 3l l2
K eg = (8)
30l 36 3l 36 3l
3l l2 3l 4l2
Where is called geometric stiffness matrix or stability matrix or initial stress matrix.
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5. Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes
| |
0 (9)
Where K is the assembled stiffness matrix of the beam and M is the assembled mass matrix of the beam,
we get Eigenvalues / natural frequencies and Eigenvectors/mode shapes
6. Buckling Load
On solving the Eigen value equation
|
|
0 (10)
Where K is the assembled stiffness matrix of the beam and KG is the assembled geometric stiffness
matrix of the beam, we get Eigenvalues / Euler buckling load and Eigenvectors/buckling mode shapes of
the beam.
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Number of Elements
nel = 50
Material properties (MKS system)
Youngs modulus, E=2.1*10^11
Moment of inertia of cross-section, I=2003.*10^-8
Mass density of the beam, mass = 61.3
Total length of the beam, tleng = 7
To validate the code the values obtained are compared with the theoretical formulaes available. Error
percentage is also shown.
The following are the result obtained for a clamped-free beam/cantilever beam:
Table 1
Natural frequencies (rad/S) and Buckling load (N) for the beam
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Figure 4: First four Buckling mode shapes (buckling load in N)
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