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A. CARBON COMPOUND
1. Carbon compounds can be classified as

i. Organic compound : Rubber, Glucose, Protein, Cellulose

ii. Inorganic compound :

2. Organic compound can be classified into

i. Hydrocarbon compound : Butane , propane , benzene

ii. Non - hydrocarbon compound : Glucose , ethanol , ethanonic acid.

3. Hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbons contain carbon and hydrogen

4. Petroleum and natural gas are mixture of hydrocarbons.

Carbon Compound

Organic Compound Inorganic Compound

Hydrocarbon Non -Hydrocarbon

C and H only

Saturated Hydrocarbon Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

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B. ALKANES
1. Alkanes are a family of hydrocarbon that contains only single covalent bond between carbon atoms.
(Known as saturated hydrocarbons)

2. General formula of alkanes is

n Molecular formula Name of alkane n Molecular formula Name of alkane

1 6

2 7

3 8

4 9

5 10

3. Molecular formula is the formula that shows

4. A structural formula shows how the atoms in a molecule are bonded together.

5. Alkyl group

6. Rules for naming organic compounds by The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

Choose the longest straight chain

Start numbering from the carbon that nearest to alkyl group.
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TYPE 1 : Name the following alkane

TYPE 2 : Name the following alkane

TYPE 3 : Name the following

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TYPE 4 : Draw structural formula for the each of the followings.

7. Physical properties of alkanes

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a. Low melting and boiling points

Alkanes are covalent compounds. The alkane molecules are held together by weak molecular force (van der
Waals force). Less energy is needed to overcome the weaker forces.

When going down the alkane group, size of molecules increases. Thus, the molecular force become stronger.
Therefore, more energy needed to overcome the stronger force.

b. Insoluable in water soluable in organic solvent.

c. Less dense than water

d. Cannot conduct electricity

7. Chemical properties of alkanes

a. Combustion

Alkane burns easily in oxygen to form CO2 and H2O.

Complete combustion takes place in excess oxygen.
When the oxygen gas is limited, CO and C formed.

Excess oxygen complete combustion Limited oxygen Incomplete combustion

Example
Hexane burns with sootier flame compare to butane. Explain. [3m]
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b. Substitution reactions

Alkanes undergo substitution reaction with halogen when expose to sun light / ultraviolet light.

The reaction is known as halogenation.

Example :
Write chemical equation for substitution reaction
between methane and bromine solution
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8. ISOMERISM

Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different
structural formula.

Isomerism is a phenomenon at which two or more molecules have

Example 1 :
Draw structural formula for all isomers of butane

Example 2 :
Draw structural formula for all isomers of a) Hexane b) Pentane
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C. HOMOLOGOUS SERIES and ALKENES

1. Homologous series is a group organic compounds. The characteristic of homologous series are

Members of the series can be represented by a general fornula

Successive members differs from each other by CH 2
Members can prepared by similar methods.
Members have similar chemical properties
Physical properties change regularly with the increasing number of carbon atoms.

2. Functional group is a special group of atoms attached to an organic molecule which determined the chemical
properties of the molecules.

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES Functional group

Alkane

Alkene

Alcohol

Carboxylic acids

3. Alkenes are the hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon carbon double bond.

4. General formula of alkene is

n Molecular formula Name of alkene n Molecular formula Name of alkene

1 6

2 7

3 8

4 9

5 10

5. Rules for naming organic compounds by The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

Choose the longest straight chain with the double bond.

Give smaller number to the carbon with double bond .
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TYPE 1 : Name the following alkene

TYPE 2 : Name the following hydrocarbons

TYPE 3 : Draw structural formula for the each of the followings.

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6. ISOMER (ALKENE)
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7. Physical properties of alkenes

a. Low melting and boiling points

b. Insoluable in water soluable in organic solvent.

c. Less dense than water

d. Cannot conduct electricity

9. Chemical properties of alkenes

a. Combustion

Alkene burns easily in oxygen to form CO2 and H2O.

Complete combustion takes place in excess oxygen.
When the oxygen gas is limited, CO and C formed.

Excess oxygen complete combustion Limited oxygen Incomplete combustion

Example 1
Butene burns with sootier flame compare to butane. Explain. [3m]

Example 2
14g pentene burns completely in excess air. Find the volume of CO 2 formed at room condition.

Example 3
Hydrocarbon X contains 82.7% of carbon.
a. Find the empirical formula of X
b. Given the relative molecular mass of X is 58, find the molecular formula.
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c. Determine wheather X is an alkane or alkene. Explain.

d. Draw the structural formula of all isomers of X.
e. Write balance chemical equation for combustion of X in excess air.
b. ADDITION REACTION
Alkenes react with other substance. During the chemical reaction, the double bond between the carbon
atoms are broken.

(i) ADDITION OF HALOGEN

(ii) ADDITION OF HYDROGEN (HYDROGENATION REACTION)

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(iii) ADDITION OF WATER

(iv) ADDITION OF ACIDIFIED POTASSIUM MANGANATE (VII) SOLUTION

(v) POLYMERISATION
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SUMMARY

ALKENE

ALKENE

ALKENE

ALKENE

ALKENE

ALKENE
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D. COMPARING ALKANES AND ALKENES