226 Y.

Journal of Mineralogical
Osanai, N. and Petrological
Nakano, M. Owada, T.N. Nam, T.Sciences,
Miyamoto,Volume 103, page
N.T. Minh, N.V.226
Nam 241,
and 2008
T.V. Tri

Collision zone metamorphism in Vietnam and adjacent

South-eastern Asia: Proposition for
Trans Vietnam Orogenic Belt

Yasuhito Osanai*, Nobuhiko Nakano*, Masaaki Owada**, Tran Ngoc Nam***,

Tomoharu Miyamoto, Nguyen Thi Minh, Nguyen Van Nam
and Tran Van Tri
*
Division of Evolution of Earth Environments, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 810 8560, Japan -

**
Department of Earth Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753 8512, Japan -

***
Department of Geosciences, Hue University of Science, Hue, Vietnam

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812 8581, Japan -

Research Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Hanoi, Vietnam

Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam

Recent geological and petrological investigations of the metamorphic rocks from Vietnam revealed the follow-
ing new evidences to understand the tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia; 1) findings of ultrahigh T (~ 1000 C)
-

pelitic granulites, high to ultrahigh P (~ 40 kbar) mafic metamorphic rocks and high P/medium T gneisses
- - - -

from the Kontum Massif, 2) eclogite and high P granulite from the Song Ma suture zone, and 3) ultrahigh T
- -

aluminous granulite from the Red River zone. These lines of evidence are strongly indicative of the highest -

metamorphic conditions in each metamorphic terrane. Estimated P T conditions and reaction textures from
-

these rocks delineate a characteristic clockwise pressure temperature time (P T t) path for each other.
- - - -

Based on the combination of P T paths from these complexes, two stages of metamorphic field gradient
- -

are identified. An earlier M0 stage of high P/T gradient is recognized, based on the peak P conditions from the
- - -

Kontum Massif and Song Ma suture zone. A later M1 stage of low P/T gradient is also identified by linking the
- -

peak metamorphic conditions from the Kontum Massif, the Song Ma suture zone and the Red River zone. The
former metamorphic field gradient could represent an early continental collision event and the latter would indi-
cate a peak metamorphic stage caused by very high T magmatic intrusion (asthenosphere upwelling) as a heat
-

source of ultrahigh T metamorphism. A simultaneous collision metamorphism throughout Vietnam should have
-

taken place during the continental collision between Indochina and South China cratons, which led to the for-
mation of Trans Vietnam Orogenic Belt.

Keywords: Collision metamorphism, UHT, UHP, Trans Vietnam Orogenic Belt

INTRODUCTION amorphic rocks formed during this collision episode are

exposed mainly in Red River zone, Song Ma suture zone,
Continental growth in South east Asia has been consid-
-
Truong Son fold belt and Kontum Massif (Fig. 1).
ered as the result of micro continent collision during Per-
-
The metamorphic rocks from these areas are tradi-
mo Triassic time (ca. 270 240 Ma: e.g., Nagy et al.,
- -
tionally believed to be part of Precambrian basement
2001; Carter et al., 2001; Osanai et al., 2001, 2004a, (high grade metamorphic rocks) of the Indochina craton
-

2006a; Lan et al., 2003; Nakano et al., 2007a; Lepvrier et (Tran Quoc Hai, 1986) and metamorphosed Lower to
al., 2008). During the collision, several types of metamor- Middle Palaeozoic cover sequences (low grade rocks)
-

phic rocks including ultrahigh T (UHT) and ultrahigh P

- -
(UHP) types were formed, which correspond with the
depth of subducted continental crust. In Vietnam, the met-
doi:10.2465/jmps.080620e
Y. Osanai, osanai@scs.kyushu-u.ac.jp Corresponding author
(Phan Truong Thi et al., 1986; Hutchison, 1989; Sengor
and Natalin, 1996; Metcalfe, 1999), although there has
been little appropriate age determination. Especially for
the Kontum Massif, many pioneering works including de-
tailed studies of geological, structural and petrological
 Collision zone metamorphism in Trans Vietnam Orogenic Belt 227

One of the most important geological topics in

South eastern Asia is to understand the metamorphic evo-
-

lutional process of the basement rocks in Vietnam and ad-

jacent South eastern Asia. Understanding this process
-

will provide a realistic model for the tectonic evolution of

the Indochina Craton as well as the growth of the Asian
continent. In this contribution, we present a review of the
recent progress regarding this and propose a Trans Viet-
nam Orogenic Belt. Mineral abbreviations are after Kretz
(1983).

GEOLOGICAL OUTLINE

Geology of the Red River zone, the Song Ma suture zone,

the Truong Son fold belt, and the Kontum Massif had
been investigated in the past mainly for stratigraphic pur-
pose and economic significance, which are now summa-
rized as regional geological maps and a lexicon (e.g.,
United Nations, 1990; Vu Khuc et al., 2000). On the con-
trary, detailed studies on metamorphism to understand the
lower crustal processes during continental collision have
not been carried out until comparatively recently. Here we
describe the general geological outline with a metamor-
phic perspective of the Kontum Massif and the Song Ma
suture zone in detail, and that of the Red River zone and
the Truong Son fold belt in brief, since investigations in
these regions are in progress.

Figure 1. Distribution of metamorphic rocks in Vietnam and adja-
cent South-eastern Asia, modified after United Nations (1990).
topics have revealed the following evidences that helped
Kontum Massif
The Kontum Massif in central Vietnam is classified into
three major metamorphic complexes, namely the Kannak
Complex in the south east, the Ngoc Linh Complex in the
-

to subdivide into three complexes. The Kham Duc Com- central and the Kham Duc Complex in the north and
plex consists of greenschist to blueschist facies (Trinh
- - south west (Fig. 2). The western extension of the Kontum
-

Long, 1995) and low grade amphibolite facies metamor-

- - Massif is exposed at the south western part of Laos,
-

phic rocks of Meso to Neoproterozoic age, which has

- where relatively low grade metamorphic rocks similar to
-

been considered to be derived from the Precambrian ophi- those from the Kham Duc Complex have been identified.
olite suit (e.g., Nguyen Xuan Tung et al., 1991). The Ngoc Many kinds of pelitic gneisses and granulites charac-
Linh Complex is composed mainly of amphibolite facies - teristically occur in the Kannak Complex, which are rep-
metamorphic rocks of Proterozoic age and has been re- resented by garnet orthopyroxene sillimanite cordierite
- - -

garded as Late Proterozoic fold belt (Tran Van Tri, 1992), granulite (Fig. 4a), garnet cordierite sillimanite biotite
- - -

while the Kannak Complex is composed of various types gneiss, garnet orthopyroxene biotite charnockitic gneiss
-

of granulite facies metamorphic rocks as the oldest crys-

- and graphite bearing garnet sillimanite gneiss (Khon
- -

talline basement in South east Asia of Early Precambrian

- dalitic gneiss) (Osanai et al., 2004a). Garnet and ortho- -

(Archean) age (e.g., Phan Cu Tien et al., 1991). The meta- pyroxene bearing S type tonalites (Plei Man Ko granitic
- -

morphic rocks from Red River zone, Song Ma suture complex) are also exposed in this complex (Owada et al.,
zone and Truong Son fold belt are still believed to be Pre- 2006), which show highly migmatized structures. Minor
cambrian to early Phanerozoic, although recent multi iso- - amounts of clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene bearing
- -

tope geochronological studies have shed light on the mafic granulite, orthopyroxene biotite enderbitic gneiss
-

Permo Triassic tectonic evolution (e.g., Nakano et al.,

- and olivine spinel humite or wollastonite bearing calc
- - - -

2008 and reference there in).

- silicate rocks also occur as thin intercalations within pelit-
 228 Y. Osanai, N. Nakano, M. Owada, T.N. Nam, T. Miyamoto, N.T. Minh, N.V. Nam and T.V. Tri

Figure 2. Simplified geologic map of

the Kontum Massif modified after
United Nations (1990).

ic gneisses. Characteristic large block of garnet amphibo- widely occur along the Tam Ky Phuoc Son shear zone. In
-

lite surrounded by pelitic gneisses crops out at the eastern
part of the Kannak Complex.
The Ngoc Linh complex consists mainly of amphib-
olite facies metamorphic rocks, namely garnet silliman-
- -
ite biotite gneiss, garnet biotite gneiss, amphibolite, gar-
- -
net amphibolite and hornblende biotite gneiss. Other
- low grade schists are major lithologies, while some
eastern and western parts of the northern Kham Duc
Complex, pelitic and psammitic schists are well devel-
oped. Psammitic schist is intercalated with pelitic schist,
and also mafic, ultramafic and felsic schists occur as thin
or thick layers within the intercalations. In this complex,
-

granulite facies metamorphic rocks such as garnet silli-

- - slightly high P metamorphic rocks of garnet staurolite
- - -

manite cordierite biotite gneiss, garnet orthopyroxene

- - - - biotite schist, staurolite kyanite biotite schist, garnet ky-
- - -

biotite gneiss, garnet orthopyroxene clinopyroxene horn

- - - anite biotite gneiss and garnet gedrite kyanite gneiss
- - -

blende granulite and garnet orthopyroxene clinopyrox

- - (described here) are also observed in northern Kham Duc
ene granulite are also observed along the NNW SSE - Complex (Nakano et al., 2007a).
trending Dac To Kan shear zone, near Kontum (Fig. 2).
The garnet orthopyroxene clinopyroxene granulite, de-
- - Song Ma suture zone
scribed here, is surrounded by mylonitized felsic granulite
(Fig. 5a) that contains fine grained diamond as inclusion
- The metamorphic rocks from the Song Ma suture zone in
in zircon (Nakano et al., 2006a). northern to north western Vietnam are subdivided into
-

Various metamorphic rocks of pelitic, psammitic, two formations, the Nam Co Formation and the Nam Su
mafic and calc silicate schists and gneisses are exposed in
- Lu Formation, based on the metamorphic grade (Fig. 3)
the northern and south western Kham Duc Complex (Fig.
- (Phan Son et al., 2005). The Nam Co Formation shows
2). The mylonites of mafic to intermediate compositions rather low grade conditions and consists mainly of mus-
-
 Collision zone metamorphism in Trans Vietnam Orogenic Belt 229

Figure 3. Simplified geologic map of

the Song Ma suture zone modified
after United Nations (1990) and
Lepvrier et al. (2004).

covite and/or phengite garnet bearing pelitic schists

- - - crust prior to the collision orogeny in South eastern Asia
-

with subordinate mafic rocks (greenstone) and calcsilicate (Hutchison, 1989).

rocks. In this formation kyanite and andalusite are often
identified in pelitic schists. On the other hand, the meta- Red River zone
morphic rocks from the Nam Su Lu Formation indicate
more high grade, mainly amphibolite, garnet amphibo-
- - In the Red River zone, the metamorphic rocks distribute
lite, garnet orthopyroxene gneiss, garnet biotite gneiss,
- - along the NW SE trending Red river. They are divided
-

and garnet sillimanite biotite gneiss. The high grade met

- - - into two groups of the high grade Song Hong Group on
-

amorphic rocks from the Song Ma suture zone as de- the left bank and the low grade Xuan Dai Group on the
-

scribed later are garnet omphacite hornblende eclogite

- - right bank (Nguyen Vinh et al., 2004). The boundary be-
and garnet granulite, which are collected from Dien Bien tween them is the Song Hong fault zone situated on the
Phu area of the north western part of the suture zone.
- Red river. The northern border of the Song Hong Group is
Several small bodies of serpentinite and related maf- the Song Chay fault zone and the southern border of the
ic rocks expose within the Song Ma suture zone, which Xuan Dai Group is the Binh Lu fault zone, both show
have been regarded as relicts of Paleotethyan oceanic NW SE trend.
-
 230 Y. Osanai, N. Nakano, M. Owada, T.N. Nam, T. Miyamoto, N.T. Minh, N.V. Nam and T.V. Tri

Figure 4. Mode of occurrence and photomicrographs of ultrahigh-temperature granulite from the Kannak Complex (modified after Osanai et
al., 2004a; used with permission). Scale bar in all photos indicates 1 mm. (a) Knotty garnet-orthopyroxene-sillimanite-cordierite granulite.
Each knot contains multi-phase symplectite surrounding garnet. (b) Primary orthopyroxene porphyroblast including anhedral high-fluorine
phlogopite and quartz, surrounded by symplectite composed of later orthopyroxene and cordierite. (c) Coexisting orthopyroxene-sillimanite-
quartz, indicating ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism, replaced by retrograde cordierite and spinel. (d) Primary garnet and orthopyroxene
that are generally surrounded by later fine-grained multiple symplectites (corona) composed of orthopyroxene, spinel and cordierite. Ortho-
pyroxene moat is situated at the boundary between corona and surrounding quartz.

The Song Hong Group is subdivided into the Nui OVERVIEW OF METAMORPHIC
Con Voi and the Ngoi Chi Formations, where various EVOLUTION IN VIETNAM
high grade metamorphic rocks are observed, such as
-

garnet sillimanite biotite gneiss, garnet cordierite biotite

- - - - Recent investigations on structural geology and metamor-
gneiss, garnet orthopyroxene granulite, garnet clinopy-
- - phic petrology of metamorphic complexes in Vietnam
roxene granulite, two pyroxene hornblende granulite and
- have revealed the following key evidences that help to
wollastonite bearing calcsilicate rock. The kyanite bear-
- - understand the tectono metamorphic evolution. These in-
-

ing aluminous garnet corundum sillimanite spinel gran-

- - - clude;
ulite described below is also found at Truc Lau, north - 1)finding of ultrahigh T (~ 1000 C; UHT) pelitic (gar-
-

east of Yen Bai town. The Xuan Dai Group is composed net orthopyroxene sillimanite cordierite) granulites from
- - -

mainly of low grade pelitic metamorphic rocks (musco-

- the Kannak Complex, Kontum Massif (Fig. 4; e.g., Osa-
vite biotite garnet schist, staurolite garnet muscovite
- - - - nai et al., 2003, 2004a, 2004b),
schist) and subordinate intercalations of epidote amphib- - 2)discovery of high to ultrahigh P (~ 40 kbar; UHP)
- -

olite and quartzite. mafic metamorphic rocks (eclogitic garnet orthopyrox-

-

ene clinopyroxene granulite and diamond bearing felsic

- -

granulite) from the Ngoc Linh Complex, Kontum Massif

(Figs. 5a 5d; e.g., Nakano et al., 2004 a, 2006a, 2007b),
-

3)finding of garnet gedrite kyanite gneiss of rather

- -
 Collision zone metamorphism in Trans Vietnam Orogenic Belt 231

Figure 5. Mode of occurrence and photomicrographs of ultrahigh-temperature/ultrahigh-pressure mafic granulite from the Ngoc Linh Complex
(modified after Nakano et al., 2004a; used with permission, 2007b) and the Kham Duc Complex (Nakano et al., 2007a). (a) Mafic granulite
included in mylonitized felsic gneiss. (b) Orthopyroxene + plagioclase + magnetite symplectite among garnet, clinopyroxene and quartz. Or-
thopyroxene moat is also formed around clinopyroxene and quartz. Scale bar indicates 1 mm. (c) Quartz rods within clinopyroxene indicates
that the texture was derived from original hyper-silicic clinopyroxene during decompression stage. (d) Characteristic rutile needles within
garnet. Scale bar in (c) and (d) show 0.5 mm. (e) Porphyroblastic garnet, gedrite and kyanite in garnet-gedrite-kyanite gneiss from the Kham
Duc Complex. Fibrolitic sillimanite is also observed. (f) Inclusions of staurolite and quartz within gedrite.

high P and medium T from the Kham Duc Complex,

- - phacite hornblende eclogite: Figs. 6c and 6d; Nakano et
-

Kontum Massif (Figs. 5e and 5f; Nakano et al., 2004b, al., 2006a) from the Song Ma suture zone,
2005, 2007a), 5)finding of kyanite bearing aluminous garnet corun-
- -

4)discovery of high P granulite (garnet granulite: Figs.

- dum sillimanite spinel granulite from the Red River zone
- -

6a and 6b; Nakano et al., 2008) and eclogite (garnet om- - (Figs. 6e and 6f; N. Nakano, unpublished data),
 232 Y. Osanai, N. Nakano, M. Owada, T.N. Nam, T. Miyamoto, N.T. Minh, N.V. Nam and T.V. Tri

Figure 6. Photomicrographs of representative metamorphic rocks from the Song Ma suture zone and the Red River zone (modified after Na-
kano et al., 2006a and 2008). (a) High-P granulite from the Song Ma suture zone. Garnet porphyroblast coexists with orthopyroxene-pla-
gioclase symplectite and orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene-plagioclase hornblende quartz symplectite. (b) Back scattered SEM-image of
high-P granulite. (c) Hornblende-bearing eclogite from the Song Ma suture zone containing garnet. omphacite, quartz with minor hornblende
and rutile. (d) Back scattered SEM-image of eclogite, where characteristic clinopyroxene+plagioclase corona surrounds omphacite. (e) Co-
rundum-garnet- sillimanite-bearing aluminous granulite from the Red River zone. (f) Magnified mineral coexistence of garnet, corundum
and quartz.

6)understanding of a main metamorphic age for most The peak metamorphic conditions recognized in
metamorphic rocks in Vietnam to be Permo Triassic - each area, when combined with geochronological data set
(230 270 Ma), but part of them have older signatures
- are quite useful to retrieving the pressure temperature
- -

(Neoproterozoic: ca. 680 Ma and Ordovician Devonian:- time (P T t) path. Estimating P T path from individual
- - -

400 480 Ma) (e.g., Nakano et al., 2007a).

- metamorphic rocks is much significant to presume the
 Collision zone metamorphism in Trans Vietnam Orogenic Belt 233

tectonic evolution of the regional metamorphic terrane, in Opx 1 (Opx 1) + Sil + Qtz = Crd 1 Grt 1 (1)
which metamorphic mineral parageneses, reaction tex- Opx 1 (Opx 1) + Sil = Crd 1 + Spl 1 (2)
tures and mineral chemistries would provide critical in- Grt 1 + Qtz = Opx 2 + Crd 2 (3)
sights into their metamorphic P T conditions. Following - Grt 1 + Crd 2 = Opx 3 + Spl 2 (4)
descriptions of metamorphic reactions, especially for the Grt 1 + Crd 2 = Grt 2 + Spl 3 (5)
Kontum Massif (Kannak, Ngoc Linh, and Kham Duc Crd 2 Qtz + melt = Opx 4 + Kfs + Pl (6).
Complexes), are revised from Osanai et al. (2005).
Reactions (1) to (5) suggest a sequential, nearly isother-
Representative reaction textures of the highest-grade mal decompression process under ultrahigh T conditions.
-

metamorphic rocks High fluorine phlogopite consuming melting reac-

-

tions could have taken place during the prograde process

Kannak Complex. The garnet orthopyroxene silliman- - - before forming the highest grade assemblage of orthopy-
-

ite cordierite granulite consists mainly of garnet, orthopy-

- roxene sillimanite quartz garnet through the following
- -

roxene, sillimanite, cordierite, spinel and quartz with sub- reaction at high P: -

ordinate plagioclase, K feldspar, phlogopite/biotite, rutile,

-

ilmenite, apatite, corundum, zircon and monazite. The high F Phl + Sil + Qtz = Opx 1 Grt 1 + melt
- (7).
granulite shows various significant reaction textures indi-
cating multi phase/ multi stage symplectite formation
- - Interstitially existed melt, which might have been
during their metamorphic evolution started from ultra- produced by reaction (7) at the primary stage, was con-
high T conditions.
- sumed by the Opx 4 producing reaction (6) at the simi-
-

Anhedral to subhedral garnet porphyroblasts (Grt 1: lar T but relatively low P conditions.
- -

Alm43.050.2Sps00.1Prp48.455.1Grs1.42.8), including sillimanite Ngoc Linh Complex. The garnet orthopyroxene clino-
- -

needles, are generally surrounded by fine grained multi- - pyroxene granulite consists mainly of relatively large
ple symplectites composed of orthopyroxene (Opx 2: XMg: grains of garnet, clinopyroxene and quartz and fine -

Mg/(Fe + Mg) = 0.62 0.69, 6.0 7.6 wt% Al2O3) + cordi-

- - grained symplectites composed of orthopyroxene, plagio-
erite (Crd 2: XMg= 0.84 0.86) and orthopyroxene (Opx 3:
- clase, magnetite and spinel. Quartz also occurs within the
XMg = 0.66 0.70, 5.8 7.6 wt% Al2O3) + spinel (Spl 2: XMg
- - garnet and clinopyroxene. A small amount of rutile is
= 0.46 0.51). A thin moat of orthopyroxene (Opx 4: XMg =
- present both in the matrix and as inclusions in garnet and
0.67 0.71, 4.7 5.3 wt% Al2O3), which coexists with K
- - - clinopyroxene. Kyanite, clinozoisite and brown horn- -

feldspar and plagioclase, was identified along the bound- blende occur only as inclusions in garnet. Individual large
ary between these symplectites and adjacent quartz (Fig. grains of orthopyroxene, plagioclase and spinel are absent
4d). Part of Grt 1 is completely consumed and Opx 4 in the matrix, while they are present as symplectite phases
mantled Opx 2 Crd 2 symplectite is formed as a garnet
- around garnet, clinopyroxene and quartz.
pseudomorph (Fig. 4d). At the rim of Grt 1 (Alm57.660.2 Garnet (Grt 1: Alm3942Prp3336Grs2024Sps01) occurs
Sps00.2Prp34.538.0Grs3.95.4), fine symplectite composed of as relict anhedral grains and within the core of symplec-
rather Mg rich garnet (Grt 2: Alm55.156.7Sps00.3Prp39.240.6
- tite domains. The garnets are completely surrounded by
Grs4.04.3) and spinel (Spl 3: XMg = 0.57 0.60) was ob- - orthopyroxene, plagioclase, spinel and magnetite sym-
served. Coarse grained subhedral orthopyroxene porphy-
- plectite (Fig. 5b). Rutile, kyanite, clinozoisite, brown -

roblasts (Opx 1: 9 15 mm; XMg = 0.73 0.78, 7.5 10.2 wt%

- - - hornblende and quartz are present as inclusions within the
Al2O3) include anhedral high fluorine phlogopite (XMg = - garnet. Sometimes, garnet consists of abundant rutile and
0.86 0.90, XF: F/(F + Cl + OH) = 0.21 0.27) and quartz
- - ilmenite needles (Fig. 5d) exsolved from supertitanic gar-
inclusions (Fig. 4a). Another type of fine grained anhe- - net (Grt 0: Alm41Prp35Grs17Sps1Adr6). Clinopyroxenes are
dral and aluminous orthopyroxene porphyroblast (Opx 1: anhedral shape. Based on the mode of occurrence of
1 5 mm: XMg = 0.73 0.77, 6.3 7.5 wt% Al2O3) coexists
- - - clinopyroxene, three types can be identified: (i) small
with sillimanite and quartz, even though cordierite (Crd 1: grains partially surrounded by large grains of garnet, (ii)
XMg = 0.88 0.91) and cordierite (Crd 1: XMg = 0.84 0.86)
- - aggregates, and (iii) discrete grains surrounded by orthop
- spinel (Spl 1: XMg = 0.55 0.57) symplectite separate Opx
- yroxene+plagioclase symplectite. The clinopyroxene rep-
1, sillimanite and quartz (Fig. 4c). This type of gneiss resents three types of breakdown texture with each occur-
contains excess quartz as described above, while any di- rence. Clinopyroxene surrounded by garnet has quartz
rect contact of spinel quartz and corundum quartz was
- - rods or needles, which is crystallographically oriented
not detected. These textures suggest the following reac- (Fig. 5c). The clinopyroxene contains high jadeite (Jd)
-

tions took place during the retrograde process: and Ca Tschermak (CaTs) components and sometimes
- -
 234 Y. Osanai, N. Nakano, M. Owada, T.N. Nam, T. Miyamoto, N.T. Minh, N.V. Nam and T.V. Tri

have low Ca Eskola (CaES) content (Cpx 1: Aug6475

- represents lepidoblastic texture in the matrix. Biotite (XMg
CaEs05Jd615CaTs411). The texture suggests presence of = 0.61 0.63) is present around porphyroblastic garnet or
-

supersilicic clinopyroxene (Cpx 0: Aug05CaEs514Jd814 gedrite (Fig. 5e). Kyanite is surrounded by plagioclase,
CaTs02) at high P condition. Clinopyroxene (Cpx 2:
- completely separated with quartz. Garnet has inclusions
Aug7590CaEs02Jd17CaTs29) and plagioclase (Pl 1: An2843) of quartz and gedrite includes staurolite (XMg = 0.20 0.24, -

symplectic intergrowth is observed in the core part of 0.2 1.0 wt% ZnO, 0.5 1.2 wt% TiO2) and quartz (Fig. 5f).
- -

clinopyroxene aggregates that indicates decompression Spinel (XMg = 0.17 0.18, 0.6 1.0 wt% ZnO) and cordierite
- -

process under eclogite facies condition. The last type of

- (XMg= 0.71 0.73) occur only as symplectite between the
-

breakdown texture of clinopyroxene (Cpx 4: Aug6788Ca fine grained prismatic sillimanite and gedrite. Spinel is
-

Es0Jd0CaTs411) is characterized by arrays composed of well developed in the sillimanite side of the symplectite,
orthopyroxene (Opx 3: XMg = 0.64 0.67, 0.4 1.1 wt% - - while a layer composed of single phase of cordierite is
Al2O3), plagioclase (Pl 4: An3747) and hornblende (XMg = present in the gedrite side. Fine grained prismatic silli-
-

0.68 0.71). These constituents exhibit needle or rod

- -
shapes. This texture is observed in the discrete grains and
the rim grains of clinopyroxene aggregates. Orthopyrox-
ene bearing symplectites widely occur in the matrix with-
-
- manite, never associated with quartz, would be formed by
transition from kyanite. These textures suggest the fol-
lowing reactions:

out any garnet, clinopyroxene, quartz and rutile. These are St + Qtz = Ged + Ky (14)
divided into two types according to their mineral assem-
- Ky = Sil (15)
blages and chemistries. One is composed of Al poor or- - Ged + Sil = Spl + Crd  (16).
thopyroxene (Opx 1: XMg = 0.61 0.68, 0.6 2.6 wt% Al2O3)
- -

and Na rich plagioclase (Pl 2: An4253) with minor amounts

- To achieve these reactions, decompression with heat-
of magnetite that are situated in the clinopyroxene and ing process is required under medium T and medium P - -

quartz side among garnet, clinopyroxene and quartz. An- conditions.

other symplectite characteristically contains Al rich or- - Song Ma suture zone. The garnet granulite of high P -

thopyroxene (Opx 2: XMg = 0.69 0.72, 4.1 5.3 wt% Al2O3),

- - granulite facies contains mainly of garnet, quartz and
-

Na poor plagioclase (Pl 3: An8693), spinel (XMg = 0.42

- - multiple phase symplectite with subordinate Na poor
- -

0.48) and magnetite, which is formed around garnet or
along the cracks of garnets. Above mentioned reaction
textures can be explained by following reactions:
Grt 0 = Grt 1 + Ilm + Rt
clinopyroxene, hornblende, ilmenite and rutile (Fig. 6a).
- Minor amount of zircon, monazite and apatite are also
present in this rock. The coarse garnet porphyroblast
(Alm5862Prp1621Grs1924Sps02) is replaced with orthopy-
(8) roxene (XMg = 0.37 0.38) +plagioclase (An6085) symplec-
-

Cpx 0 = Cpx 1 + Qtz (9) tite. A multiple phase symplectite is composed of ortho-
-

Cpx 1 + Qtz = Pl 1 (+ Cpx 2) (10) pyroxene + clinopyroxene + plagioclase hornblende

Grt 1 + Cpx 2 + Qtz = Opx 1 + Pl 2 quartz (Fig. 6b). This symplectite has a rectangular
Mag (+ Cpx3) (11) euhedral shape (Fig. 6a), which should be a breakdown
Grt 1 + O2 = Opx 2 + Pl 3 + Spl + Mag (12) product from large single phase mineral. Chemical com-
-

Cpx 3 + H2O = Opx 3 + Hbl + Pl 4 (+ Cpx 4) (13). positions of minerals in the multiple phase symplectite -

are as follows; orthopyroxene (XMg = 0.38 0.41), clinopy- -

Considering mineral parageneses and their chemis- roxene (Jd02CaTs05Aug9399), plagioclase (An3050) and
tries, the reactions (8) to (12) would take place during de- hornblende (XMg = 0.50 0.63). Nakano et al. (2008) made
-

compression process from ultrahigh P eclogite to low P

- - - a recalculation of the chemical composition of this sym-
granulite facies metamorphic conditions through the ul-
- plectite to demonstrate an original phase. Their result in-
trahigh T conditions.
- dicates that an origin of the symplectite was high Jd and -

Kham Duc Complex. The garnet gedrite kyanite gneiss

- - high CaTs clinopyroxene (sodic augite: Jd1222CaTs716
-

records the highest grade metamorphic history in this

- Aug6880), which is equivalent with clinopyroxene from
complex. The rock is composed mainly of garnet, gedrite, eclogite facies and high P granulite facies (OBrien and
- - -

biotite, kyanite, sillimanite, spinel, cordierite, plagioclase Rtzler, 2003). Hence Mg rich garnet, sodic augite and
-

and quartz. Minor amount of zircon, monazite and apatite quartz were equilibrated at high P/ T conditions, and - -

are also present in this rock type. subsequently these minerals broke down to form orthopy-
Coarse grained garnet (Alm6165Prp2933Grs12Sps24),
- roxene bearing assemblages during decompression stage
-

gedrite (XMg = 0.54 0.56) and kyanite occur as porphyrob-

- as follows:
lasts (Figs. 5e and 5f), and secondary fibrolitic sillimanite
 Collision zone metamorphism in Trans Vietnam Orogenic Belt
Grt + Na Aug + Qtz = Opx + Pl
- (17)
Na Aug = Opx + Cpx + Hbl + Pl
- (18).
The garnet omphacite hornblende eclogite indicat-
- -
ing low T/ultrahigh P conditions is mainly composed of
- -
garnet, omphacite and quartz (Fig. 6c) with subordinate
amounts of clinopyroxene, hornblende, barroisite, tremo-
lite, phengite, epidote, plagioclase and rutile. Garnet in-
cludes rutile needles similar to those found in the Ngoc
Linh Complex. Most of omphacite grains are surrounded
by symplectite composed of clinopyroxene+plagioclase
(Fig. 6d). In the matrix, there are various amphiboles and
epidote, which might have formed during the retrograde
decompression stage by the omphacite breakdown and
- To obtain a better understanding of the metamorphic evo-
amphibole forming reactions.
- lution of the highest grade metamorphic rocks from Viet-
Red River zone. Kyanite bearing aluminous garnet co-
- -
rundum sillimanite spinel granulite contains garnet, co-
- -
235
Figure 7. Combined P-T-t paths and
assumed two-stage metamorphic
field gradients for the highest-grade
metamorphic rocks from the Kon-
tum Massif and the Song Ma su-
ture zone. Data are compiled from
Osanai et al. (2004a) and Nakano et
al. (2004a, 2006a, 2006b, 2007a).
Presumed garnet-corundum-quartz
stability field is also shown at the
ultrahigh-T conditions.
rundum, sillimanite, spinel, quartz, magnetite, ilmenite,
and rutile (Fig. 6e). Generally garnet+corundum+silliman
ite coexistence is observed, while direct contact of garnet
+ corundum + quartz is also identified (Fig. 6f). No spinel
+ quartz coexistence is observed. Very small grains of ky-
anite and staurolite are also found as mineral inclusions in
garnet, as detected by Laser Raman Spectrometry and
-
consequently this aluminous granulite was considered to
have stabilized under kyanite field prior to the co
-
rundum+quartz under ultrahigh T conditions.
-
Metamorphic evolution
-
nam, geothermobarometers and well established petroge-
-
netic grids obtained by experimental and thermodynamic
 236 Y. Osanai, N. Nakano, M. Owada, T.N. Nam, T. Miyamoto, N.T. Minh, N.V. Nam and T.V. Tri

analyses for pelitic, mafic and aluminous granulites were manite spinel granulite is also identified from the Red
-

applied. River zone, which contains coexisting assemblage of gar-

The ultrahigh T pelitic granulites from the Kannak
- net corundum quartz (N. Nakano, unpublished data). Co-
- -

Complex indicate the peak metamorphic conditions of existing corundum + quartz assemblage is still controver-
~ 11 12 kbar and 1000 1050 C (stage M1KN in Fig. 7).
- - sial, to be stable or metastable, using thermodynamic
Certain low grade assemblages from this complex show
- examinations (e.g., Guiraud et al. 1996; Shaw and Arima,
the metamorphic condition at around 8 9 kbar and - 1998; Harlov and Milke, 2002). However, on the basis of
800 900 C (stage M2KN in Fig. 7) as estimated by geo-
- worldwide natural occurrences of corundum+quartz,
thermobarometry using garnet rim and orthopyroxene which is reviewed by Mouri et al. (2004), the texturally
compositions in retrograde phases (e.g., Osanai et al., stable corundum + quartz assemblage is mainly ob-
2004a; Nakano et al., 2004a, 2004b). However, the served in the magnetite ilmenite spinel bearing high
- - - -

high P side of this evolution path cannot be constrained

- grade metamorphic rocks that represent ultrahigh T and -

due to the lack of evidence of reaction textures and/or dry conditions. Therefore, it is assumed that garnet + co-
mineral inclusions. rundum + quartz coexistence from the Red River zone is
On the contrary, a series of changes in divariant min- stable under ultrahigh T conditions during the clockwise
-

eral assemblages of garnet clinopyroxene quartz, clino-

- - P T evolution started from kyanite stability field, similar
- -

pyroxene orthopyroxene plagioclase (garnet) and horn-

- -
blende quartz in the garnet orthopyroxene clinopyroxene
- -
granulites (eclogitic ultrahigh P mafic metamorphic-
rocks) from the Ngoc Linh Complex helped in constrain-
- to those reported from Highland Complex in Sri Lanka
- (Osanai et al., 2006b). Cooling process of the aluminous
granulite seems to be similar to the Kannak and Ngoc
Linh Complexes, because co existing spinel + quartz has
-

ing the metamorphic evolution. Initial ultrahigh P assem- - not been found from the granulite as described above (Fig.
blage (stage M0NL in Fig. 7) indicates conditions of ~ 40 7).
kbar and ~ 900 C. The ultrahigh T metamorphosed - Based on the compilation of P T paths from the -

pelitic and mafic metamorphic rocks from the Kontum Kontum Massif, the Song Ma suture zone and the Red
Massif characteristically exposed along the Dac To Kan River zone, at least two stages of metamorphic field gra-
-

shear zone show the same isotopic age of 240 250 Ma - dient (progressive P T trend) can be identified. An earlier
-

(Osanai et al., 2004a; Tran Ngoc Nam et al., 2004). This high P/T gradient is recognized based on the peak P con-
- -

would indicate that the metamorphic evolution process of ditions from the Ngoc Linh (M0NL stage) Complex in the
these two types of very high grade metamorphic rocks
- Kontum Massif and the Song Ma suture zone (M0SM
from the Kannak and the Ngoc Linh Complexes would be stage) (Fig. 7). In addition, a later low P/T gradient is -

identical with a clockwise affinity.
Metamorphic evolution deduced from the highest
grade metamorphic rock of garnet gedrite kyanite gneiss-
from the Kham Duc Complex yields peak P condition of
also identified by the connection of peak metamorphic
- conditions of the Kannak, Ngoc Linh (M1KN stage) and
- the Kham Duc (M1KD stage) Complexes (Fig. 7). As the
- result, it is possible that the low grade Kham Duc Com-
-

around 12 kbar at 640 C (high P amphibolite facies). - - plex was situated at shallower depth than the high grade -

Reaction textures in this gneiss as described above indi-
cate clockwise P T path followed by low P amphibolite
- -
facies condition through the peak metamorphic condition-
of 8 kbar and 740 C (stage M1KD in Fig. 7).
Ngoc Linh and the Kannak Complexes in the same conti-
- nental crust. The former metamorphic field gradient could
represent a continental collision event and the latter would
indicate a very high T magmatic intrusion (e.g., Emeis-
-

A rather low T ultrahigh P mafic metamorphic rock

- - han basalt; Chung and Jahn, 1995 and Song Da komatiite;
(garnet omphacite hornblende eclogite) as newly found
- - Hanski et al., 2003), which is considered as a heat source
from the Song Ma suture zone contains omphacite, gros- of ultrahigh T metamorphism (Owada et al., 2007).
-

sular and pyrope rich garnet, Na rich hornblende, phen-

- - -

gite and quartz. Estimated peak P metamorphic condi-

- GEOCHRONOLOGY OF METAMORPHIC
tions of the eclogite are ~ 25 kbar and ~ 650 C (stage ROCKS IN VIETNAM
M0SM) with clockwise P T evolution and decrease to 20
-

kbar, at peak thermal conditions of 700 750 C (Nakano - Recently, many detailed geochronological works for the
et al., 2006a). Another high P garnet granulite, which in-
- metamorphic rocks from the Red River zone, Song Ma
dicates very high T peak metamorphic conditions (~ 20
- suture zone, Truong Son fold belt and Kontum Massif re-
kbar, 910 930 C), is also newly recognized from the
- vealed a Permo Triassic metamorphic episode throughout
-

Song Ma suture zone (Nakano et al., 2008) (Fig. 7). Vietnam as the main metamorphic stage (Fig. 8) (e.g.,
A kyanite bearing aluminous garnet corundum silli-
- - - Tran Ngoc Nam, 1998, 2000, 2001; Maluski et al., 1999,
 Collision zone metamorphism in Trans Vietnam Orogenic Belt
2002, 2005; Nagy et al., 2001; Carter et al., 2001; Osanai
et al., 2001, 2003, 2004a; Nakano et al., 2003, 2004a,
2004b, 2006a, 2006b, 2007a, 2008; Lan et al., 2003; Lep-
vrier et al., 2004, 2008; Miyamoto et al., 2006; Owada et
al., 2006; Roger et al., 2007). These works showed Per-
mo Triassic metamorphic ages (230 270 Ma) that were
- -
determined using SHRIMP, CHIME, Sm Nd and Rb Sr
- -
internal isochrones, and K Ar mineral dating, but there is
- P T evolution. Cooling stage detected by K Ar method
no distinct spatial or temporal relationship with metamor-
phic grade. It is therefore considered that Vietnam had ex-
perienced extensive simultaneous crustal metamorphism
from north (Red River zone) to central (Kontum Massif)
237
Figure 8. Metamorphic age distri-
bution and geotectonic blocks in
Vietnam. Age data were compiled
mainly from Tran Ngoc Nam (1998,
2000, 2001), Nagy et al. (2001),
Carter et al. (2001), Osanai et al.
(2003, 2004a), Nakano et al. (2003,
2004a, 2004b, 2006a, 2006b,
2007a, 2008), Miyamoto et al.
(2006), Lan et al. (2003), Maluski
et al. (2002, 2005), Lepvrier et al.
(2004) and Owada et al. (2006).
regions. Nakano et al. (2006b, 2007a) reported a more de-
tailed metamorphic evolution process of UHP/UHT gran-
ulites from Ngoc Linh Complex in the Kontum Massif.
The UHP stage (M0NL) initiated at ca. 270Ma, which was
followed by decompression and cooling stage (M2KN) of
ca. 245 Ma passing through the peak metamorphic UHT
stage (M1KN: 250 260 Ma) along a protracted clockwise
-
- -
for biotite (passing 300 C) indicates ca. 230 Ma (e.g.,
Tran Ngoc Nam, 1998) (Fig. 7). A similar cooling age
(229 Ma) is also reported from the Song Ma suture zone
(Miyamoto et al., 2006).
 238 Y. Osanai, N. Nakano, M. Owada, T.N. Nam, T. Miyamoto, N.T. Minh, N.V. Nam and T.V. Tri

Figure 9. Schematic geologic cross

section of the Trans Vietnam Oro-
genic Belt (a) and its tectonic mod-
el (b) during the collision orog-
eny between the Indochina and
the South China cratons. After the
collision orogeny, many different
types of metamorphic rocks derived
from different crustal levels in the
subducted Indochina craton were
exhumed by folding and thrusting.
Base picture of the tectonic model
is modified after Best (2003).

However, older ages were also recognized from met- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
amorphic rocks in Vietnam. Recent results from the Kon-
tum Massif include, Sm Nd internal isochron (using gar-
- Various kinds of Permo Triassic metamorphic rocks, in-
-

net, hornblende, felsic fraction and whole rock) age of cluding UHT/UHP rocks, are exposed extensively from
678 23 Ma for the garnet amphibolite (Nakano et al., north (Red River zone) to central Vietnam (Kontum Mas-
2003; Osanai et al., 2003), monazite CHIME ages of ca.
- sif). These metamorphic rocks indicate typical clockwise
480 Ma as an inherited core age for garnet orthopyrox-
- P T evolution as described above, which correspond well
-

ene sillimanite cordierite granulite (Osanai et al., 2003,

- -
2004a) and zircon SHRIMP ages of ca. 430 520 Ma from
- -
pelitic granulites as a lower intercept age (Nakano et al.,
2006b). Upper intercepts for these zircons indicate vari-
ous ages of ca. 1800 2500 Ma. Roger et al. (2007) also
- throughout the region. Therefore it is considered that the
reported U Pb zircon ages of ca. 430 470 Ma form the
- -
with metamorphic characteristics of a collision orogeny
(e.g., Condie, 1997). Furthermore, these metamorphic
rocks show simultaneous metamorphic process, especially
the peak metamorphic stage took place at ca. 250 Ma
Permo Triassic metamorphism in Vietnam should have
-

Kontum Massif. Therefore it would also indicate that the resulted from an orogeny during the continental collision
Kontum Massif had undergone an earlier Pan African - between Indochina and South China cratons. UHP/UHT
metamorphic event during Gondwana era. Ordovician - granulites are derived from basal portion of the continen-
Devonian ages are also reported from the Song Ma suture tal crust of the subducted Indochina craton beneath the
zone and the Red River zone (e.g., Lepvrier et al., 1997). South China craton. This collision/subduction system be-
tween Indochina and South China cratons is also pointed
out by Lepvrier et al. (2008). Hence we propose a Trans
 Collision zone metamorphism in Trans Vietnam Orogenic Belt
Vietnam Orogenic Belt for the zone of Permo Triassic
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to sincerely thank Nguyen Xuan Kien,
Pham Binh, T. Toyoshima, T. Tsunogae, H. Kagami, T.
Hokada, and T. Itaya for their collaboration and frequent
discussions. Thanks are also due to H. Ishizuka and M.
Satish Kumar for critical reading of the manuscript and A.
Kamei for editorial support. This work was partly sup-
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- -
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Tech-
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Y. Osanai and No. 18540454: M. Owada).
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Manuscript received June 20, 2008
Manuscript accepted July 7, 2008
Manuscript handled by Atsushi Kamei