CLASS

7 FORMULAE MATHS

INTEGERS

Operations on Integers
The set of natural numbers, zero and the negatives of natural numbers form the set of integers. The set of
integers includes all the whole numbers. There is no smallest integer.
Addition of integers:
The sum of two positive integers results in a positive integer.
The sum of two negative integers results in a negative integer.
The sum of a positive and a negative integer is the difference of the numbers with the sign of the larger
integer of the two.
The additive inverse of any integer a is a, and the additive inverse of a is a.
Subtraction of integers
Subtraction is the opposite of addition, Therefore, to subtract two integers, we add the additive inverse
of the integer that is being subtracted to the other integer.
Multiplication of integers
The product of two positive integers is a positive integer. The product of a positive and a negative integer is a
negative integer. The product of two negative integers is a positive integer.

If the number of negative integers in a product is even, then the product is a positive integer. Similarly, if the
number of negative integers in a product is odd, then the product is a negative integer.

Division of Integers
Division is the inverse operation of multiplication. The division of a positive integer by a positive integer results in
a positive integer. The division of a negative integer by a positive integer results in a negative integer. The division
of a positive integer by a negative integer results in a negative integer. The division of a negative integer by a
negative integer results in a positive integer.
For any integer a,
a 0 = 0 = 0.
a 0 is not defined.
0 a = 0, where a is not equal to zero.

PROPERTIES OF INTEGERS

Closure property
Closure property under addition:
Integers are closed under addition, i.e. for any two integers a and b, a + b is an integer

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Closure property under subtraction:
Integers are closed under subtraction, i.e. for any two integers a and b, a - b is an integer.
Closure property under multiplication:
Integers are closed under multiplication, i.e. for any two integers a and b, ab is an integer.
Closure property under division:
Integers are not closed under division, i.e. for any two integers a and b, ab may not be an integer.

Commutative property
Commutative property under addition:
Addition is commutative for integers. For any two integers a and b, a + b = b +a.
Commutative property under subtraction:
Subtraction is not commutative for integers. For any two integers a and b, ab b a
Commutative property under multiplication:
Multiplication is commutative for integers. For any two integers a and b, ab = ba.
Commutative property under division:
Division is not commutative for integers. For any two integers a and b, a b .

Associative property
Associative property under addition:
Addition is associative for integers. For any three integers a, b and c, a + (b +c) = (a +b) +c
Associative property under multiplication:
Multiplication is associative for integers. For any three integers a, b and c, (a ) = ()
Associative property under division:
Division is not associative for integers.

Distributive property
Distributive property of multiplication over addition:
For any three integers a, b and c, + = + .
Distributive property of multiplication over subtraction:
For any three integers, a, b and c, a (b c) = (a b)-(a c).
The distributive property of multiplication over the operations of addition and subtraction is true in the case of
integers.

FRACTION AND DECIMALS

Divisions of Fraction
To obtain the reciprocal of a fraction, interchange the numerator with denominator.
To divide a whole number by a fraction, take the reciprocal of the fraction and then multiply it with the
whole number.
To divide a fraction by a whole number, multiply the fraction with the reciprocal of the second fraction.

Multiplication and Division on Decimals

Multiplication of decimals
To multiply a whole number by a decimal number, follow these steps: Ignore the decimal and multiply the
two numbers.

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Count the number of digits to the right of decimal point in the original decimal number. Insert the
decimal, from right to left, in the answer by the same count.
To multiply a decimal number by a decimal number, follow these steps: Ignore the decimals and multiply
the two numbers.
Count the number of digits to the right of decimal point in both the decimal numbers.
Add up the number of digits counted and insert the decimal, from right to left, in the answer by the same
count.

To multiply a decimal number with 10, 100 or 1000, follow these steps:
While multiplying a decimal number with 10, retain the original number and shift the decimal to the right
by one place.
While multiplying a decimal number with 100, retain the original number and sift the decimal to the right
by two places.
While multiplying a decimal number with 1000, retain the original number and shift the decimal to the
right by three places.

Division Of Decimals
To divide a decimal number by a whole number, follow these steps: Convert the decimal number into a
fraction.
Take the reciprocal of the divisor. Multiply the reciprocal with the fraction.
To divide a decimal number by another decimal number, follow these steps:
Convert both the decimal numbers into fractions.
Take the reciprocal of the divisor.
Multiply the reciprocal with the fraction.

DATA HANDLING
A bar graph is a visual representation or organized data.
A bar graph consists of bars which have uniform width.
The lengths of the bars depend on the frequency or the scale you choose.
The double bar graph helps in comparing two data sets.
The likelihood of getting an outcome is known as probability.
Mean
Arithmetic mean is a number that lies between the highest and the lowest value of data.
Note that we need not arrange the data in ascending or descending order to calculate arithmetic mean.
Range = Highest observation Lowest observation

Mode
Mode refers to the observation that occurs most often in a given data.
The following are the steps to calculate mode:
Step -1:
Arrange the data in ascending order.
Step -2:
Tabulate the data in a frequency distribution table.
Step 3:
The most frequently occurring observation will be mode.

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Median
Median refers to the value that lies in the middle of the data with half of the observations above it and the other
half of the observations below it.
The following are the steps to calculate median.
Step 1:
Arrange the data in ascending order.
Step 2:
The value that lies in the middle such that half of the observations lie above it and the other half below it will be
the median.
The Mean, mode and median are representative values of a group of observations or data, and lie between the
minimum and maximum values of the data. They are also called measures of the central tendency.

LINES AND ANGLES

Angles
An angle is formed when two lines or line segments meet.
Complementary angles are a pair of angles, the sum of whose measure is equal to 900
Supplementary angles are a pair of angles, the sum of whose measure is equal to 1800
Adjacent angles have a common vertex, a common arm and non-common arms are on either side of the
common arm.
Adjacent angles have no common interior points
A linear pair is a pair of adjacent angles whose noncommon sides are opposite rays.
The angles in a linear pair are supplementary.
Vertically opposite angles are opposite to each other, and these angles are equal in measure.

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Pairs of lines
Lines that meet at a point are called intersecting lines.
Lines that always remain the same distance apart and never meet are called parallel lines.
A line that intersects two or more lines at a distinct point is called a transversal.
When two lines re intersected by a transversal, pairs of corresponding angles, alternate angle and interior
angles on the same side of the transversal are formed.
Angles formed on the same side of the transversal, on the same side of the two lines and at corresponding
vertices are called corresponding angles.
When two lines are intersected by a transversal, the pairs of angles on opposite sides of the transversal at
the two distinct points of intersection and between the two lines are called alternate interior angles.
When two lines are intersected by a transversal, the pairs of angles on opposite sides of the transversal at
the two distinct points of intersection but outside the two lines are called alternate exterior angles.
Angles that have different vertices lie on the same side of the transversal and are interior angles are called
consecutive interior angles or allied or co-interior angles.
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal then each pair of interior angles on the same side of
transversal are supplementary, each pair of corresponding angles are equal and each pair of alternate
interior angles are equal.
When a transversal cuts two lines such that pairs of corresponding angles are equal, the lines are parallel.
When a transversal cuts two lines such that pairs of alternate interior angles are equal, the lines are
parallel.
When a transversal cuts two lines such that pairs of interior angles on the same side of the transversal are
supplementary, the lines are parallel.

Triangle and Its Properties

A triangle is a closed figure made of three line segments.
Every triangle has three sides, three angles, and three vertices. These are known as the parts of a triangle. The
sides and the angles of every triangle differ from one another; therefore, they do not look alike.
Triangles can be classified based on their sides and angles.

Based on their sides, there are equilateral, isosceles and scalene triangles.
Based on their angles, there are acute, obtuse and right angled triangles.

Equilateral triangle: A triangle in which all the sides are equal is called an equilateral triangle. All the three angles
of an equilateral triangle are also equal, and each measures 600.

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Isosceles triangle: A triangle in which any two sides are equal is called an isosceles triangle. In an isosceles
triangle, In an isosceles triangle, the angles opposite the equal sides are called the base angles, and they are
equal.

Scalene triangle: A triangle in which no two sides are equal is called an scalene triangle.

Acute-angled triangle: A triangle with all its angles less than 900 is known as an acute-angled triangle.

Obtuse-angled triangle: A triangle with one of its angles more than 900 and less than 1800 is known as an obtuse-
angled triangle.

Right-angled triangle: A triangle with one of its angle equal to 900 is known as a right angled triangle. The side
opposite the 900 angle is called the hypotenuse, and is the longest side of the triangle.

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Mark the mid-point of the side of a triangle, and join it to its opposite vertex. This line segment is called a median.
It is defined as a line segment drawn from a vertex to the mid-point of the opposite side. You can draw three
medians to a given triangle. The medians pass through a common point. Hence, the medians of a triangle are
concurrent. This point of concurrence is called the centroid, and is denoted by G. The centroid and medians of a
triangle always lie inside the triangle. The centroid of a triangle divides the median in the ratio 2 :1.

Altitude: The altitude of a triangle is a line segment drawn from a vertex and is perpendicular to the opposite
side. A triangle has three altitudes. The altitudes of a triangle are concurrent. The point of concurrence is called
the orthocenter, and is denoted by O. The altitude and orthocenter of a triangle need not lie inside the triangle.

Properties of Triangles
An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of its interior opposite angles.
The total measure of the three angles of a triangle is 1800
Sum of the length of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the third side.
In a right-angled triangle, the side opposite to the right angle is called the hypotenuse and the other two
sides are called its legs.
The Pythagoras Property states that in a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to
the sum of the squares on the legs.
If the Pythagoras Property holds, the triangle must be right angled.

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CONGRUENCE OF TRIANGLE

Criteria for congruence of Triangles:

Congruence of triangles:
Consider triangles ABC and XYZ. Cut triangle ABC and place it over xyz the two triangles cover each other exactly,
and they are of the same shape and size. Also notice that A falls on X, B on Y, and C on Z. Also, side AB falls along
XY, side BC along YZ, and side AC along XZ. So, we can say that triangle ABC is congruent to triangle XYZ.
Symbolically, it is represented as .

So, in general, we can say that two triangles are congruent if all the sides and all the angles of one triangle are
equal to the corresponding sides and angles of the other triangle.

In two congruent triangles ABC and XYZ, the corresponding vertices are A and X, B and Y, and C and Z, that is, A
corresponds to X, B to Y, and C to Z. Similarly, the corresponding sides are AB and XY, BC and YZ, and AC and XZ.
Also, angle A corresponds to X, B to Y, and C to Z. So, we write ABC corresponds to XYZ.

We can tell if two triangles are congruent using 4 axioms: SAS axiom, ASA axiom, SSS axiom and RHS axiom.

SSS congruence criterion: Two triangles are congruent if three sides of one triangle are equal to the three
corresponding sides of the other triangle.

SAS congruence criterion: Two triangles are congruent if two sides and the included angle of one triangle are
equal to the corresponding two sides and the included angle of the other triangle.

RHS congruence criterion: Two right-angled triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and a side of one triangle
are equal to the hypotenuse and the corresponding side of the other triangle.

ASA congruence criterion: Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the included side of one triangle are
equal to the corresponding two angles and the included side of the other triangle.

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Comparing Quantities
Ratios are used to compare quantities. Ratio help us to compare quantities and determine the relation between
them. We write ratios in the form of fractions, and then compare them by converting them into like fractions. If
these like fractions are equal, then we say that the given ratios are equivalent.

The ratio of two quantities in the same unit is a fraction that shows how many times one quantity is greater or
smaller than the other. When two ratios are equivalent, the four quantities are said to be in proportion.

Ratio and proportion problems can be solved by using two methods, the unitary method and equating the ratios
to make proportions, and then solving the equation.

Percentages:
Percentage is another method used to compare quantities. Percentages are numerators of fractions with the
denominator 100.

Meaning of percentage:
Percent is derived from the latin word Per centum, which means per hundred.
Per cent is represented by the symbol- %

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Ratios and Proportions
The ratio of two quantities in the same units is a fraction that shows how many times one quantity is
greater/smaller than the other.
To calculate the ratio of two quantities, the units must be the same.
Compare different ratios to determine whether they are equivalent ratios or not.
If two fractions are equal then the given ratios are equivalent.
When two ratios are equivalent then the four quantities are said to be in proportion.
Ratio and proportion problems can be solved by using two methods, unitary method and equating ratios
to make proportions and solve.
The equation.
Percentage means per hundred. It is another method used to compare quantities.
Fractions can be compared by converting them into percentages.

Conversions
To convert a percentage into fraction:
Step 1: Drop the percentage sign, and then divide the number by hundred.

To convert a percentage into a decimal:
Step 1: Remove the percent sign.
Step 2: divide the number by hundred of move the decimal point two places to the left in the numerator.

To convert a decimal into percentage:
Step 1: Convert the decimal into a fraction
Step 2: Multiply the fraction by hundred or shift the decimal point two places to the right
Step 3: Put a per cent sign next to the number

Rational Number
All numbers, including whole numbers, integers, fractions and decimal numbers, can be written in the numerator-
denominator form. A rational number is a number that canbe written in the form p/q, where p and q are integers
and q 0.

The denominator of a rational number can never be zero. A rational number is positive if its numerator and
denominator are both either positive integers or negative integers. If either the numerator or the denominator of
a rational number is a negative integer, then the rational number is called a negative rational number.
The rational number zero is neither negative nor positive.

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On the number line:
Positive rational numbers are represented to the right of 0.
Negative rational numbers are represented to the left of 0.
By multiplying or dividing both the numerator and the denominator of a rational number by the same non-zero
integer, we can get another rational number that is equivalent to the given rational number.

A rational number is said to be in its standard form if its numerator and denominator have no common factor
other than 1, and its denominator is a positive integer.

To reduce a rational number to its standard form, divide its numerator and denominator by their Highest common
Factor (HCF). To find the standard form of a rational number with a negative integer as the denominator, divide its
numerator and denominator by their HCF with a minus sign.

Practical Geometry
Construction of a triangle when measurements of its three sides are given construct , when AB = 6 cm, BC =
7 cm and CA = 9 cm.

Steps of construction:
Step 1: Draw line segment BC = 7 cm.
Step 2: Draw an arc with Bas the centre and the radius equal to 6 cm.
Step 3: Draw and arc with C as the centre and the radius equal to 9 cm.
Step 4: Name the point of intersection of these two arcs as A.
Step 5: Join points A and B, and points A and C. Triangle ABC is the required triangle.

Construction of a triangle when measurements of two sides and the included angle are given
Construct , when PQ = 4 cm, QR = 6 cm and = 60!

Steps of construction:
Step 1: Draw line segment QR = 6 cm.
Step 2: Construct an angle of 600 at point Q.
Step 3: Draw an arc on the ray QX with Q as the centre and the radius equal to 4 cm
Step 4: Name the point where the arc cuts ray QX, as P.
Step 5: Join points P and R.
Triangle PQR is the required triangle.

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 CLASS 7 FORMULAE MATHS

Construction of a triangle, when two angles and the included side are given
Construct , When = 40! , = 95! and the included side XY = 8 cm.

Steps of construction:
Step 1: Draw line segment XY = 8 cm.
Step 2: Construct an angle of 400 at X with XY.
Step 3: Construct another angle of 950 at Y with YX
Step 4: Name the point of intersection of the two rays as Z.
Triangle XYZ is the required triangle.

Construction of a right-angled triangle, when the length of one side and the hypotenuse are given
Construct a right angle triangle LMN, with hypotenuse LN = 8 cm and side MN = 5 cm.

Steps of construction:
Step 1: Draw line I.
Step 2:Mark a point on I and name it M.
Step 3: Draw a line segment MN = 5 cm on I.
Step 4: Construct a right angle LMN at M.
Step 5: Draw an arc with N as the centre and radius equal to 8 cm, such that it intersect MX.
Step 6: Mark the point of intersection as L.
Step 7: Join points L and N.
Triangle LMN is the required triangle.

PERIMETER AND AREA

Triangle:
A triangle is a polygon with three vertices, and three sides or edges that are line segments. A triangle with vertices
A, B, and C is denoted as

The Primeter of a triangle is the sum of thelengths of its sides. If the three sides are a, b, and c, then perimeter
= + + .

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 CLASS 7 FORMULAE MATHS

!
The area of a triangle is the space enclosed by its three sides. It is given by the formula, = ! , where
b is the base and h is the altitude.

Quadrilateral
A simple closed figure bounded by four line segments is called a quadrilateral.\
Various type of quadrilateral are:
Rectangle
Square
Parallelogram
Rhombus

Rectangle
A rectangle is a quadrilateral with opposite sides equal, and each angle of measure 900
The perimeter of a rectangle is twice the sum of the lengths of its adjacent sides.
In the figure, the perimeter of rectangle ABCD = 2(AB + BC).
The area of a rectangle is the product of its length and breadth.
In the figure, the area of rectangle ABCD = AB BC.

Square
The perimeter of a square with side s units is 4s.
In the figure, the perimeter of square ABCD = 4AB or 4 BC or 4CD or 4DA.
The area of a square with side s is s2
In the figure, the perimeter of square ABCD = AB2 or BC2 or CD2 or DA2

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 CLASS 7 FORMULAE MATHS

Parallelogram
A quadrilateral in which both the pairs of opposite sides are parallel is called a parallelogram.
The perimeter of a parallelogram is twice the sum of the lengths of the adjacent sides.
In the figure, the perimeter of parallelogram ABCD = 2(AB + BC)
The area of a parallelogram is the product of its base and perpendicular height or altitude.
Any side of a parallelogram can be taken as the base. The perpendicular dropped on that side from the opposite
vertex is known as the height (altitude).
In the figure, the area of parallelogram ABCD = AB DE or AD BF.


Rhombus

A parallelogram in which the adjacent sides are equal is called a rhombus.
The perimeter and area of a rhombus can be calculated using the same formula as that for a parallelogram.

Circle:
A circle is defined as a collection of points on a plane that are at an equal distance from a fixed point on the plane
The fixed point is called the centre of the circle.

Circumference:
The distance around a circular region is known as its circumference.

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Circumference of a circle = 2, where r is the radius of the circle or
Circumference = Diameter 3.14
Diameter (d) is equal to twice radius (r) . D = 2r
Circles with the same centre but different radius are called concentric circles.

Circle:
The area of a circle is the region enclosed in the circle.
The area of a circle can be calculated by using the formula:

! , if radius r is given
!! !
, if diameter D is given
!
!!
if circumference C is given
!!

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
Operations on Rational Numbers
The denominator of the sum or difference of two rational numbers with the same denominator is the
same as the common denominator of the given numbers.
The numerator of the sum of two rational numbers with the same denominator is the sum of the
numerators of the given numbers with their correct sign.
The numerator of the difference of two rational numbers with the same denominator is the difference
between the numerators of the given numbers with their correct sign.
To add or subtract rational numbers with different denominators, we convert them into equivalent
rational numbers having common denominator equal to the LCM of the denominators of the given
numbers.
Two rational numbers whose sum is zero are called additive inverse of each other.
The numerator and denominator of the product oftwo rational numbers are equal to the product of their
individual numerators and denominators.
Two rational numbers whose product is 1 are called reciprocals of each other.
A rational number and its reciprocal always have the same sign.
To divide one rational number by a second rational number, we actually multiply the first number by the
reciprocal of the second number.

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EXPONENTS AND POWERS
Laws of Exponents
Multiplication of Powers with the same Base
When numbers with the same base are multiplied, the power of the product is equal to the sum of the powers of
the numbers.
If a is a non-zero integer, and m and n are whole numbers then, am an = am + n.

Division of Powers with the Same Base
When numbers with the same base are divided, then the power of the quotient is equal to the difference
between the powers of the dividend and the divisor.
If a is a non-zero integer, and m and n are whole numbers then, am an = am n.

Power of a Power
If a is any nonzero integer, and m and n are whole numbers then, ! ! = !" .

Multiplication of Powers with the Same Exponent
If a is any non-zero integer, and m is a whole number then, ! ! = ! .

Division of Powers with the Same Exponent
If a and b are any non-zero integers and m is a whole number then, ! ! = !

Numbers with an exponent of zero
For any non-zero integer a, a0 = 1.

Symmetry
Line symmetry is also known as reflection symmetry because a mirror line resembles the line of symmetry, where
one half is the mirror image of the other half. Remember, while looking at a mirror, an object placed on the
appears to be on the left, and vice versa.

For a line segment, the perpendicular bisector is the line of symmetry.
For an equilateral triangle, the bisectors of the internal angles are the lines of symmetry.
For a square, the lines of symmetry are the diagonals and the lines joining the mid-points of the opposite
sides.
The lines of symmetry of a rectangle are the lines joining the midpoints of the opposite sides.
The line of symmetry of an isosceles triangle is the perpendicular bisector of the non-equal side.
A scalene triangle, in which all the sides are of different lengths, doesnt have any line of symmetry.

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 CLASS 7 FORMULAE MATHS

Visualizing Solid Shapes
Plane or to dimensional figures have only length and breadth and they lie in a single plane whereas three
dimensional solids have length, breadth and height and they do not lie entirely on a plane.
The flat surfaces that form the skin of solid are called its faces, the line segments that form the skeleton
are called edges and the points
Where the edges meet are called vertices.
All two dimensional figures can be identified as the faces of three dimensional solid shapes.
The net of a three dimensional solid is a two dimensional skeleton outline, which when folded results in
the three dimensional shape.
Solid shapes can be drawn on a flat surface, which is known as the two dimensional representation of a
three dimensional solid
Sketches of solid are two types; oblique and isometric.
Oblique sketches are drawn on squared paper. They do not have exact lengths but still covey all the
significant aspects of the appearance of a solid.
Isometric sketches are drawn on dotted or isometric sheets and have the exact measurements of solids.
Viewing the different section of Solids
Three dimensional objects are solids have lengths, breadth and height and look different from various
locations.
Sections of a solid can be viewed in a number of ways.
Visualizing a solid help to analyse or see the hidden parts of the solid.
A solid can be viewed from different angles. Viewing a solid from the front, side and top are three most
common ways of viewing the solid.
Cutting or slicing a solid with result in its cross section, which is also one ways of viewing the section of a
solid.
Observing the two dimensional shadow of a three dimension solid is also a method of viewing a solid.
Shadows of solids are of different sizes depending on the position of the solid and the position of the
source of light.

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