Equilibrium

y xz yx
z
fx
xx yx yx , y dy xx xx , x dx

( zx zx , z dz)

Summing all forces in the x direction where fx the body force per unit volume:
( + , ) + ( + , ) +
+( + , ) + () =
, + , + , + = 0

, + = 0 ( 1 )

( yy yy , y dy)
yx yx , y dy

xy xy , x dx
fy
xx
o

O fx xx xx , x dx
xy

y
yx
yy

x
Taking moment about O:

+ () + , () ( ) () , () ( ) = 0
2 2
We get : = , = and = = ( 2 )

= 1 = = 0
= 0 , ,
= 1 , ,
Neglecting the higher order ( 2 )() , ( 2 )()

u,y dy
= , + ,
v,y dy
The strain components in the general three-
dimensional:
g1
= , , = , , = , y v,x dx
g2
= , + , , = , + , v
= , + , , = x u,x dx

= , = u

= , (3)

The generalized Hookes law may written as: =

12 = 1211 11 + 1222 22 +1233 33 +1212 12 + 1221 21

+1213 13 +1231 31 +1223 23 +1232 32 , =

1
= ( + )
2
= 2 +
 = , = =

= ,
1
= [(1 + ) ]

1 1+
11 = [ (22 + 33 )] , 12 = 12
11
1
= (, + , ) = 2
2

1
= [ ( + )] , =

1
= [ ( + )] , =

1
= [ ( + )] , =

The Compatibility for plane stress: For plane stress, = = = 0

Equations: = , + , (3)

Differentiating with respect to x and y:

, = , + ,
, = (, ), + (,) ,
, = ( ), + ( ), also we get , = ( ), + ( ),
, = ( ), + ( ),

2( ), = [, + , + , ]


2( ), = [ , + , ]
,

2( ), = [ + , , ]
,

Generalized Hookes Law: the ratio of stress to strain is called the modulus of

elasticity in tension. = .

The ratio between the shearing-stress component and its corresponding shear-
strain component is called the modulus of elasticity in shear or the modulus of

rigidity and denoted by the letter G = .

= = = which called Poissons ratio

=
2(1 + )
1 1
= [ ( ) , = [ ( )

(1 + )
= [( + ) , = =

In analyzing three-dimensional stress problems (assuming small displacements) we
have three equilibrium equations:

, + = 0 Cauchys differential Equations of Equilibrium

And six equations relating strains and displacement

= , , = , , = , ,
= , + , , = , + , , = , + ,
= = , =
The solution for 15 unknowns (6 stress,6 strain , and 3 displacement components)
is theoretically possible, provided that a given set of boundary conditions is also
satisfied.(let = + + )
By introducing Airys stress function (, ) which satisfies:
= , , = , , = ,
For a two-dimensional state of stress the equilibrium equation become :
, + , + = 0 , + , = 0
, + , + = 0 , + , = 0
, + , = 2 ,
The Corresponding compatibility equation is:

, = ( ), + ( ),

In terms of stress components, becomes

1 1 2(1 + )
= [ ( )] , = [ ( )] , =

2(1 + ) 1 1
, = [, (, )] + [, (, )]

2(1 + ) , = [, (, )] + [, (, )]
2(1 + ) , = [, + , ] [, + , ]

2(1 + ) , = [, + , ] [2 , ]

2 , = [, + , ]]

2 (, ) = [, + , ]]

, + 2, + , = 0 4 = 0