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IntroductiontoSQLLanguage

WhatisSQL?
SQLstandsforStructuredQueryLanguagewhichisusedtooperatedatabases.SQLisalanguage
whichisusedforstoring,retrievingandmanipulatingdatastoredinrelationaldatabases.ItisANSI
AmericanNationalStandardsInstitutestandard.Thebasicconstructwhichhelpsinfetchingor
manipulatingrecordsstoredinRDBMSRelationalDatabaseManagementSystemiscalledSQL
Query.CommonlyalsoknownasSQLcommandsorSQLQueryhelpsincommunicatingwiththe
databasetoperformcertaintasksandfunctionswithdata.SQLiscaseinsensitive.

TheSQLrelatedDataManipulationLanguagecommandsare:

SELECT

INSERT

UPDATE

DELETE

WhydoweneedSQL?
SQListhemostpopularRDBMSrelatedlanguageandcomesinwithseveraladvantagessuchas:

HasflexibleinbuiltconstructsmakingiteasytoaccessdatafromRDBMS

UsercandescribethedataaswellasthedatatypeforthedatatobestoredintoRDBMS

UsercanretrieveandmanipulatethedatastoredinRDBMS

Userscandroporcreatetables,schemas,databases

Hasfeaturesenablingeasycreationoffunction,views,storedprocedures,packages

CanbeeasilyembeddedwithinotherlanguagesusingSQLlibrariessuchasJDBCusedfor
Java

Providesvariouslevelsofsecurityfeaturesbyrestrictingorgrantingprivilegestoonly
authorizedusers.ThisiscommonlyreferredasDCLDataControlLanguagehaving
commandssuchasREVOKEandGRANT

HasDDLDataDefinitionLanguageoptionssuchasCREATE,ALTER,DROP,TRUNCATE

UnderstandingtheBasicsofSQLStructuring:
ThemostbasicstructuringinSQLiscalledTable.TablesinRDBMShelptostoredata.Tables
containoneormorecolumns.Eachcolumnwillhaveadatatype.Itcancontainzeroormorerows.

1. CreatetableCommand:

AnexampleofCreateTable
CREATETABLESTUDENTS(

Student_Idint,

FirstNamevarchar(200),

LastNamevarchar(200)

);

HeretableNameisSTUDENTSwithcolumnsasStudent_Id,FirstNameandLastName.Data
Typesofthesecolumnsaregivenalongwiththecolumnnamesasintandvarchar.SQLalso
hasseveralotherdatatypessuchasdate,timestamp,blob,bigint,clobetc.

2. InsertTableCommand:

AnexampleofInsertTable

INSERTINTOSTUDENTS(Student_Id,FirstName,LastName)VALUES(1,Anne,Berry);

INSERTINTOSTUDENTS(Student_Id,FirstName,LastName)VALUES(2,Rob,Nicolas);

COMMIT;

IntheaboveinsertquerieswehaveinsertedtworowsintheStudentstable.

PleasenoteattheendyourequireaCOMMITstatementtoallowchangestobereflected
intoyourRDBMS.COMMITisrequiredforDMLstatementssuchasInsert,update,delete.

Incaseyouhaveruntheinsertcommandbutdonotwishtocommitthechanges,thenyou
canuseROLLBACK.ROLLBACKallowschangestobenotreflectedinthedatabaseprovided
itstriggeredpriortoanyCOMMIT.

3. SelectTableCommand:

AnexampleofSelectTable

SELECT*FROMSTUDENTS;

SELECT*FROMSTUDENTSWHEREStudent_Id=1;

Thefirstcommandwillselectandretrievealltherowsfromthetable.Inthiscase2rows
whichwehaveinserted.

ThesecondcommandhasaWHEREclausewhichisusedasafilteringcondition.Wecanuse
WHEREclausetofilterdatafromthetablebasedoncertainconditionsuchas
Student_Id=1

4. UpdateTableCommand:

AnexampleofUpdateTable
UPDATESTUDENTSSETFIRSTNAME=AnnieWHEREStudent_Id=1;

COMMIT;

HerewehavechangedtheFirstNamefromAnnetoAnnieforrecordhavingStudent_Id=1.
AgainCOMMITisusedtoreflectthechangesintodatabase.

5. DeleteTableCommand:

AnexampleofDeleteTable

DELETESTUDENTSWHEREStudent_Id=1;

COMMIT;

HerewearedeletingtherowwithStudent_Id=1.Sothetablewillcontainonly1rownow
withStudent_Id=2.

6. AlterTableCommand:

AnexampleofAlterTable

ALTERTABLESTUDENTSADDCITYVARCHAR(200);

HereweareaddinganadditionalcolumnCITYtoSTUDENTStable.Youcanalsoaddmultiple
columns,modifycolumn,dropcolumn,renamecolumnname,renametablenameusing
altercommands.

7. TruncateTableCommand:

AnexampleofTruncateTable

TRUNCATETABLESTUDENTS;

Thiswillemptyalltherowsbutnotdeletethetable.

8. DropTableCommand:

AnexampleofDropTable

DROPTABLESTUDENTS;

ThiscommandwillremovethetableSTUDENTSfromthedatabase.
CONCLUSION:
AboveexplainedisanIntroductiontoSQL.Furthertothis,thereareseveralflexibleconstructsin
SQLsuchasdifferenttypesoftablejoins,sequences,views,procedures,functionsandpackages.
Examples: https://www.tsql.info/

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