Saprolegniales

1.) Primary zoospores (posterior flagella) are released from zoosporangium. Secondary- Cyst will
germinate to give rise to secondary zoospore (laterally flagellated). Encysted- Zoospore swims
for a period of time and encysts: rounds up and cell wall forms around itself.
2.) None, There are several nuclei
3.) Nasa handout

Stemonitis

1.) Plasmodium, in fungi (kingdom Fungi), a mobile multinucleate mass of cytoplasm

without a firm cell wall. A plasmodium is characteristic of the vegetative phase of true
slime molds (Myxomycetes) and such allied genera as Plasmodiophora and
Spongospora
2.) Animal:Has chitin, the same substance that forms an insect's exoskeleton, in its

Plant: cell walls

Plant: Be sessile, or immobile, throughout all life stages

AnimalLack chlorophyll

Rhizopus stolonifer

Rhizpous stolonifer

1.) Filamentous(they are long) and branching (presence of branches) rhizoids are also
branching
2.) Sporangium, sporangiospores are produced inside a spherical structure, the sporangium.
Sporangia are supported by a large apophysate columella atop a long stalk, the
sporangiophore
3.) Zygosporangia are typically thick-walled, highly resilient to environmental hardships,
and metabolically inert. When conditions improve, however, they germinate to produce a
sporangium or vegetative hyphae. Meiosis occurs during germination of the
zygosporagium so the resulting spores or hyphae are haploid

Mucor

1.) https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_colony_morphology_of_Mucor_and_Rhizop
us
2.) Sexual: formation of gametangia
Asexual: Erect hyphal sporangiophores
Veg structure: The vegetative plant body is eucarpic, consists of white cottony
coenocytic much-branched mycelium.

Yeast

1.) HANDOUT
2.) HANDOUT
 3.) . They are used in fermentation of sugar into alcohol. Yeasts are extensively used in bakeries and
breweries. Sacc haromyces cerevisiae is commonly used yeast. Yeats extract is commercially used
for vitamins synthesis.

Penicillum
1.) HANDOUT. Heterkaryotic- fungal cell which has two or more genetically-distinct but
allelically-compatible nuclei,
2.) Penicillium camemberti has also been reported to produce
geranium-like, musty, potato-like or earthy mushroom flavours.
P. roqueforti possess several extracellular proteolytic enzymes
3.) Returning from holiday on September 3, 1928, Fleming began to sort through petri
dishes containing colonies of Staphylococcus, bacteria that cause boils, sore throats
and abscesses. He noticed something unusual on one dish. It was dotted with
colonies, save for one area where a blob of mold was growing. The zone
immediately around the moldlater identified as a rare strain of Penicillium
notatumwas clear, as if the mold had secreted something that inhibited bacterial
growth.P notatum was the species.

Aspergillus

1.) Hyphae and conidia are separate. As is the case with other members of
Ascomycota, Aspergillus produces asci withinascocarps. Aspergillus gets its name
from its shape. There is a vesicle in the shape of a circle,
with filamentous extensions growing out from it. Aggregated filamentous hyphae are
collectively known as mycelium. In non-septate hyphae the mycelium has numerous
nuclei present in a common mass of cytoplasm. Such a condition is known as coenocytic
mycelium. Cross walls are absent in hyphae.
2.)

Penicillium has branched conidiophore, with Metulla and sterigmata on which conidia
are born in chains

In Aspergillus the conidiophore is straight ending in a large vesicle from which primary
and secondary sterigmata /Phialids arise bearing conidia in chians

3.)
Conidium is an asexually produced fungal spore, formed on
a conidiophore.Conidium (plural: conidia) is a well-defind type of spore.
The phialide (/fa.lad/ FY-l-yde; Greek: phialis, diminutive of phiale, a broad, flat
vessel) is a flask-shaped projection from the vesicle (dilated part of the top of
conidiophore) of certain fungi.

Peziza

1.) Thefruit bodies of Peziza domiciliana grow singly, in groups, or in clusters on plaster, sand,
gravel and coal-dust, Asci a sac, typically cylindrical in shape, in which the spores of
ascomycete fungi develop.
2.) handout
 3. Yes and yes, Paraphyses are sterile cells' often with swollen tips and are at high
turgor pressure. ... To disperse spores, asci push between the paraphysesfrom
below, shoot off their spores then collapse.
Morels

1.)Provide savory flavour and nutrional benefits

Agaricus

1.) A ring of tissue around the upper part of a mushroom's stem, resulting from the
collapsing of the partial veil. Rings are extremely variable, ranging from ephemeral
and quickly disintegrating to sturdy and prominent
2.) a basidiocarp, basidiome or basidioma (plural: basidiomata) is the sporocarp of a
basidiomycete, the multicellular structure on which the spore-producing hymenium is
borne. 4 spores. Basida bears the spores.

Coprinus
1.) the lamellae autodigested to release their spores.
2.) Handout

Lycoperdon

1.) Handout
2.) Handout, The cell surface of the Mycelium "sweats" out antibiotics that are known to
scientists as exudates, or secondary metabolites. (calvacin)
3.) Handout(last sentence and the spores. Medicinal benefits, antibiotics, anti-
coagulant properties

Pleurotus

1.) Handout
2.) Hymenium is decurrent.It will descent if stipe is present
3.) Yes, for flavouring, high nutritional values, and medicinal properties

Auricularia

1.) The fruiting body is distinguished by its noticeably ear-like shape and brown colouration; it
grows upon wood, especially elder. The fungus can be found throughout the year in
temperate regions worldwide, where it grows upon both dead and living wood
2.) Handout
Polyporus

1.) The basidiocarp is reflexed, leathery and hard to brittle in

texture. The upper surface is coloured, smooth with concentric
zonations. The lower surface is with distinct pores of circular or
angular outline
 2.) Handout
Ganoderma

1.) Handout
2.) Handout

Puccinia

1.) Rust fungi are highly specialized parasites with several unique features.. They produce large
fungi.
2.)

Ustilago
1.)The fungus itself infects all parts of the host plant by invading the ovaries of its host. The infection
causes the corn kernels to swell up into tumor-like galls, whose tissues, texture and developmental
pattern are mushroom-like. These galls are made up of hypertrophied cells of the infected plant,
along with resulting fungal threads, and blue-black spores.[8] These dark-colored spores give the cob
a burned, scorched appearance; these are the intention behind the genera name Ustilago, from the
Latin word ustilare (to burn).

2.) . Reproduction in Ustilago:

It is of two types:
(1) Asexual Reproduction

(2) Sexual Reproduction

(1) Asexual Reproduction:

It takes place by fragmentation, budding of basidiospores and
formation of conidia. However, it is of rare occurrence.

(2) Sexual Reproduction:

Ustilago is autoecious i.e., it completes its life cycle on a single host.
Sex organs are completely absent. It produces two kinds of spores
during its life cycle i.e., Teliospores or teleutospores and basidiospores
(Fig. 2, 5).

(1) Teleutospores:
These are also known as chlamydospores, smut spores or bi-nucleate
brand spores. These are produced by the cells of the secondary
mycelium (dikaryotic mycelium). The secondary mycelium becomes
active at the flowering time of the host and forms a dense mass of
hyphae within the host tissues. It is composed of numerous short
dikaryotic cells (Fig. 2 A-C).

The protoplast of each bi-nucleate cell rounds off and the wall
becomes gelatinized. At this stage, the protoplast secretes a thick wall
around itself. It results in the formation of a smut spores (Fig. 2 D). By
the time the spores reach towards maturity, the gelatinous matter
disappears and the spores are separated from each other.

Each smut spore is bi-nucleate globose, yellow to brown with spiny,

reticulate or smooth wall (Fig. 2 E).

Its thick wall can be differentiated into two layers:

(1) The outer thick layer i.e., exine or exosporium and

(2) The inner thin layer i.e., inteine or endosporium (Fig. 2 E).

The smut spores are disseminated by wind, insects or water, only a

small rachis persist on the infected ear after the total dispersal of the
spores

Lichens
1.)
Phycobiont : It refers to the algal component of the lichen. Algae prepare
food for Fungi due to presence of chlorophyll.

Mycobiont : It refers to the fungal component of lichen. Fungus provides

shelter to algae and absorbs water and nutrients from the soil.
2. After fertilizationtrichogyne withers. The ascogonium produces
freely branched acrogenous hyphae. These hyphae produce asci at
their ends. All the structures after fertilization (i.e., developing
asci, ascogenous hyphae and ascogonium) are surrounded by the
sterile hyphae. It results in the formation of fruiting body which is
either a apothecium or perithecium type.
3.) One of the ways lichens directly benefit humans is through their ability to absorb
everything in their atmosphere, especially pollutants. Lichens can provide us with valuable
information about the environment around us.
4.)Handout