Test Methods For Hot Mix Asphalt PDF

BRITISH STANDARD BS EN
12697-25:2005
Licensed Copy: Mr. x x, University of Derby, 31/08/2010 13:29, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Bituminous mixtures
Test methods for hot
mix asphalt
Part 25: Cyclic compression test
The European Standard EN 12697-25:2005 has the status of a

British Standard
ICS 93.080.20
12&23<,1*:,7+287%6,3(50,66,21(;&(37$63(50,77('%<&23<5,*+7/$:
BS EN 12697-25:2005
National foreword
This British Standard is the official English language version of

EN 12697-25:2005.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee
B/510, Road materials, to Subcommittee B/510/1, Coated macadam and hot
asphalt, which has the responsibility to:
aid enquirers to understand the text;

present to the responsible international/European committee any
enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the
UK interests informed;
monitor related international and European developments and
promulgate them in the UK.
A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on

request to its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European
publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue
under the section entitled International Standards Correspondence Index, or
by using the Search facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of
British Standards Online.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
This British Standard was Summary of pages

published under the authority
of the Standards Policy and This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,
Strategy Committee on pages 2 to 29 and a back cover.
4 May 2005
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.
Amendments issued since publication
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BSI 4 May 2005
ISBN 0 580 45985 5

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 12697-25
NORME EUROPENNE
EUROPISCHE NORM
April 2005
ICS 93.080.20
English version
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part

25: Cyclic compression test
Mlanges bitumineux - Mthodes d'essai pour mlange Asphalt - Prfverfahren fr Heiasphalt - Teil 25:
hydrocarbon chaud - Partie 25 : Essai cyclique de Druckschwellversuch
compression
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 15 March 2005.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 12697-25:2005: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
Contents page
Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................3
Introduction......................................................................................................................................................6
1 Scope ...................................................................................................................................................7
2 Normative references .........................................................................................................................7
3 Terms and definitions.........................................................................................................................7
4 Test method A Uniaxial cyclic compression test with confinement...........................................9
4.1 Principle...............................................................................................................................................9
4.2 Apparatus ..........................................................................................................................................10
4.3 Specimen preparation ......................................................................................................................13
4.4 Conditioning......................................................................................................................................14
4.5 Test procedure ..................................................................................................................................14
4.6 Calculation and expression of results.............................................................................................15
4.7 Test report .........................................................................................................................................16
4.8 Precision............................................................................................................................................16
5 Test method B Triaxial cyclic compression test ........................................................................17
5.1 Principle.............................................................................................................................................17
5.2 Apparatus ..........................................................................................................................................19
5.3 Specimen preparation ......................................................................................................................22
5.4 Conditioning......................................................................................................................................23
5.5 Test procedure ..................................................................................................................................24
5.6 Calculation and expression of results.............................................................................................25
5.7 Test report .........................................................................................................................................27
5.8 Precision............................................................................................................................................28
Bibliography...................................................................................................................................................29
2
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 12697-25:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 Road
materials, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by October 2005.
This European Standard is one of a series of standards as listed below:
EN 12697-1, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 1: Soluble binder content.
EN 12697-2, Bituminous mixtures - Test method for hot mix asphalt - Part 2: Determination of particle size
distribution.
EN 12697-3, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 3: Bitumen recovery: Rotary
evaporator.
EN 12697-4, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 4: Bitumen recovery: Fractionating
column.
EN 12697-5, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 5: Determination of the
maximum density.
EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 6: Determination of bulk density
of bituminous specimens.
EN 12697-7, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 7: Determination of bulk density
of bituminous specimens by gamma rays.
EN 12697-8, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 8: Determination of void
characteristics of bituminous specimens.
reference density.
EN 12697-10, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 10: Compactability.
EN 12697-11, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 11: Determination of the affinity
between aggregate and bitumen.
EN 12697-12, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 12: Determination of the water
sensitivity of bituminous specimens.
EN 12697-13, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 13: Temperature
measurement.
EN 12697-14, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 14: Water content.
EN 12697-15, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 15: Determination of the
segregation sensitivity.
EN 12697-16, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 16: Abrasion by studded tyres.
3
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
EN 12697-17, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 17: Particle loss of porous
asphalt specimen.
EN 12697-18, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 18: Binder drainage.
EN 12697-19, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 19: Permeability of specimen.
EN 12697-20, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 20: Indentation using cube or
Marshall specimens.
EN 12697-21, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 21: Indentation using plate
specimens.
EN 12697-22, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 22: Wheel tracking.
EN 12697-23, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 23: Determination of the indirect
tensile strength of bituminous specimens.
EN 12697-24, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 24: Resistance to fatigue.
EN 12697-25, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 25: Cyclic compression test.
EN 12697-26, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 26: Stiffness.
EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 27: Sampling.
EN 12697-28, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 28: Preparation of samples for
determining binder content, water content and grading.
dimensions of a bituminous specimen.
EN 12697-30, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 30: Specimen preparation by
impact compactor.
EN 12697-31, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 31: Specimen preparation by
gyratory compactor.
EN 12697-32, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 32: Laboratory compaction of
bituminous mixtures by vibratory compactor.
EN 12697-33, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 33: Specimen prepared by roller
compactor.
EN 12697-34, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 34: Marshall test.
EN 12697-35, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 35: Laboratory mixing.
EN 12697-36, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 36: Determination of the
thickness of a bituminous pavement.
EN 12697-37, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 37: Hot sand test for the
adhesivity of binder on precoated chippings for HRA.
EN 12697-38, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 38: Common equipment and
calibration.
EN 12697-39, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 39: Binder content by ignition.
4
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
prEN 12697-40, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 40: In-situ drainability.
prEN 12697-41, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 41: Resistance to de-icing
fluids.
prEN 12697-42, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 42: Amount of foreign
matters in reclaimed asphalt.
prEN 12697-43, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 43: Resistance to fuel.
No existing European Standard is superseded.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
and United Kingdom.
5
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
Introduction
This European Standard contains two test methods to determine the resistance to permanent deformation of a
bituminous mixture by cyclic compression tests with confinement. The tests make it possible to rank various
mixes or to check on the acceptability of a given mix. They do not allow making a quantitative prediction of
rutting in the field to be made. The choice for confinement was made in order to obtain realistic test results for
gap-graded mixes.
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EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard describes two test methods (A and B) for determining the resistance of bituminous
mixtures to permanent deformation.
Test method A describes the method for determining the creep characteristics of bituminous mixtures by
means of an uniaxial cyclic compression test with some confinement present. In this test a cylindrical
specimen is subjected to a cyclic axial stress. To achieve a certain confinement, the diameter of the loading
platen is taken smaller than that of the sample.
NOTE 1 Confinement of the sample is necessary to predict realistic rutting behaviour, especially for gap-graded mixes with a large
stone fraction.
Test method B describes the method for determining the creep characteristics of bituminous mixtures by
means of the triaxial cyclic compression test. In this test a cylindrical specimen is subjected to a confining
stress and a cyclic axial stress. This test is most often used for the purpose of evaluation and development of
new types of mixtures.
This European Standard applies to specimens prepared in the laboratory or cored from the road. The
maximum size of the aggregates is 32 mm.
NOTE 2 For purposes of compliance with EN 13108, the test conditions are given in prEN 13108-20.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 6: Determination of bulk density of
bituminous specimens.
EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 27: Sampling.
dimensions of a bituminous specimen.
EN 12697-30, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 30: Specimen preparation by
impact compactor.
EN 12697-31, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 31: Specimen preparation by
gyratory compactor.
EN 12697-33, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 33: Specimen prepared by roller
compactor.
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
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EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
3.1
accuracy class
permissible measuring error, expressed as a percentage, in the output signal of a transducer
3.2
contact area
that portion of the pressure platen that is in contact with the test specimen
3.3
creep curve
display of the cumulative axial strain, expressed in %, of the specimen as a function of the number of load
applications
NOTE Generally the following stages can be distinguished (see Figure 1)

stage 1: the (initial) part of the deformation curve, where the slope of the curve decreases with increasing number of
loading cycles;
stage 2: the (middle) part of the deformation curve, where the slope of the curve is quasi constant and with a turning
point in the deformation curve;
stage 3: the (last) part of the deformation curve, where the slope increases with increasing number of loading cycles.
Depending on the testing conditions and on the mix, one or more stages may be absent.
Key
N Cumulative axial strain 1 Stage 1
n Number of load repetitions 2 Stage 2
3 Stage 3
4 Turning point
Figure 1 Example of a creep curve
3.4
precision
the closeness of agreement between independent test results obtained under stipulated conditions
NOTE 1 Precision depends only on the distribution of random errors and does not relate to the true value or the
specified value.
NOTE 2 The measure of precision is usually expressed in terms of imprecision and computed as a standard deviation
of the test results. Less precision is reflected by a larger standard deviation.
8
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
NOTE 3 Independent test results means results obtained in a manner not influenced by any previous result on the
same or similar test object. Quantitative measures of precision depend critically on the stipulated conditions. Repeatability
and reproducibility conditions are particular sets of extreme conditions.
3.5
repeatability
precision under repeatability conditions
3.6
repeatability conditions
conditions where independent test results are obtained with the same method on identical test items in the
same laboratory by the same operator using the same equipment within short intervals of time
3.7
repeatability limit
the value less than or equal to which the absolute difference between two test results obtained under
repeatability conditions may be expected to be within probability of 95 %
NOTE The symbol used is r.
3.8
reproducibility
precision under reproducibility conditions
3.9
reproducibility conditions
conditions where test results are obtained with the same method on identical test items in different
laboratories with different operators using different equipment
3.10
reproducibility limit
the value less than or equal to which the absolute difference between two test results obtained under
reproducibility conditions may be expected to be with a probability of 95 %
NOTE The symbol used is R.
3.11
single test result
the value obtained by applying the standard test method fully, once to a single specimen; it may be the mean
of two or more observations or the result of a calculation from a set of observations as specified by the
standardized test method
3.12
measuring error
difference between the true value of the physical quantity and the value indicated on the measuring instrument,
expressed as a percentage of the true value
3.13
permanent deformation
cumulative axial deformation of the specimen after a given number of load applications
4 Test method A Uniaxial cyclic compression test with confinement
4.1 Principle
This test method determines the resistance to permanent deformation of a cylindrical specimen of bituminous
mixture by repeated load. The specimens may be either prepared in the laboratory or be cored from a
pavement.
9
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
A cylindrical test specimen with a diameter of 150 mm, maintained at elevated conditioning temperature, is
placed between two plan parallel loading platens. The upper platen has a diameter of 100 mm (by an
inclination the pressure area against the specimen has a real diameter of 96 mm). A schematic representation
of the test device is given in Figure 2. The specimen is subjected to a cyclic axial block-pulse pressure, as
represented in Figure 3. There is no additional lateral confinement pressure applied.
During the test the change in height of the specimen is measured at specified numbers of load applications.
From this, the cumulative axial strain N (permanent deformation) of the test specimen is determined as a
function of the number of load applications. The results are represented in a creep curve as given in Figure 3.
From this, the creep characteristics of the specimen are computed.
The test does not allow a quantitative prediction of the rutting. Nevertheless, the test makes it possible to rank
various mixes or to check on the acceptability of a given mix.
Figure 2 Test apparatus
4.2 Apparatus
4.2.1 Test system
4.2.1.1 Compression apparatus
A suitable test apparatus to generate a square (see Figure 3 and Figure 4) and periodical loading pulse, with a
frequency of 0,5 Hz and a load of (100 2) kPa. The load cell shall have a capacity of at least 2 000 N. All
components shall be constructed out of corrosion-resistant steel.
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EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
Key
1 Strain, microstrain t Time
2 Stress, kPa A Strain at preload, microstrain
3 Preload irr Irreversible strain (permanent deformation)
Figure 3 Stress and strain curve
Key
1 Load
2 Duration of the pulse
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 < 20 % of the whole pulse
Figure 4 Loading curve
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EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
4.2.1.2 Loading configuration
The lower platen shall have an area that stretches at least 5 mm outside the specimen. The dimensions of the
upper platen shall be as follows: diameter (100 0,5) mm, thickness (25 0,5) mm and mass (1,55 0,05) kg.
The platen shall at the lower edge have an inclination as shown in Figure 5, which gives a loading circular
surface with a diameter of (96 1) mm. The upper platen shall be fitted with hemispherical self-aligning
seating while the lower platen shall be fixed or held in place by e.g. a spigot/slot system. Both the bottom
surface (the lower platen) and the upper platen shall be made from hardened corrosion-resistant steel with a
polished (flat and smooth) surface.
NOTE The inclination of the lower edge can also be rounded off.
Figure 5 Lower edge of the platen
4.2.1.3 Control and measuring system
(PC and software) for controlling, reading and collecting necessary data. The control system shall guarantee
that during the test the physical parameter to be controlled (force) shows no oscillations.
NOTE It is recommended that the control system should include a programmable function generator and a control
circuit with which the desired loading signal can be generated.
4.2.1.4 Displacement transducers
The deformation measurement system shall include two displacement transducers for measuring and
recording the cumulative axial deformation to the test specimen, by measuring the change in distance
between the loading platens throughout the test. The transducers shall conform to accuracy class 0,2. The
measuring range of the transducers shall be 5 mm at least.
4.2.1.5 Thermostatic chamber
A thermostatic chamber to maintain the sample at the specified test temperature. The accuracy of the
temperature control shall be 1 C or higher.
NOTE It is recommended that a sufficiently large thermostatic chamber should be chosen, so that during the test
additional test specimens can be acclimatised inside the thermostatic chamber
4.2.2 Measuring instruments and accessories needed
4.2.2.1 Balance and other equipment required to determine the bulk density in accordance with
EN 12697-6.
12
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
4.2.2.2 Vernier callipers or other suitable apparatus to determine the specimen dimensions in accordance
with EN 12697-29.
4.2.2.3 Drying cabinet or room, temperature between 15 C and 25 C.
4.2.2.4 Storage area, temperature between 5 C and 25 C.
4.2.2.5 Silicon oil with lubricants or a mixture of glycerine and talcum for coating of the planoparallel areas
of the specimen.
4.3 Specimen preparation
4.3.1 At least five test specimens shall be prepared for testing.
4.3.2 Each test specimen shall have the shape of a cylinder. The end of the test specimen shall be even
and plan parallel, which is achieved by sawing both ends of the specimen. A diamond saw equipped with
parallel blades is recommended. The ends shall be parallel and perpendicular to the cylinder axis (i.e. a right-
angle not more than about 2 to 3. For a rough control of evenness brush the hand over the surface. If it feels
even without blemishes it shall be considered adequate, otherwise it shall be polished. After sawing/polishing
the specimen shall be dried at a temperature not exceeding 25 C.
NOTE A test specimen should be considered to be dry after at least 8 h drying time and when two weightings
performed minimum 4 h apart differ by less than 0,1 %.
4.3.3 The following dimensions, measured on the dry test specimen according to EN 12697-6, procedure D
(EN 12967-29, using a vernier calliper) shall apply:
the specimen shall have a height of (60 2) mm and a diameter of (148 5) mm;
the height shall not vary by more than 1,0 mm and the diameter shall not vary by more than 2 mm.
4.3.4 The test shall be performed on
test specimens prepared in the laboratory by gyratory compaction (EN 12697-31);
test specimens drilled from laboratory-prepared slab of asphalt (EN 12697-33);
test specimens prepared from drilled core specimen taken from the road (EN 12697-27);
test specimens prepared in the laboratory by impact compactor (EN 12697-30).
NOTE 1 The way of compaction has a considerable impact on the results.
NOTE 2 For type testing: the compaction method is given in prEN 13108-20.
4.3.5 The bulk density of the test specimen shall be measured in accordance with EN 12697-6.
4.3.6 In case of cored specimens from the road and if the height of the individual specimen is not high
enough, two specimens may be put one on top of the other (but not more than two). The same demands for
evenness and plan-parallelism as for one specimen shall be met for each of the specimens as for the two put
together. Each of the specimens shall have a height of at least 25 mm (the two specimens put together shall
still have a height of (60 2) mm). The specimens are put together without the use of any kind of substance.
4.3.7 Damage to the test specimen shall be avoided in all stages of sampling, transport and preparation
before testing. During transport and storage the slab and drilled core specimen shall be fully supported to
prevent deformation or damage.
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EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
4.4 Conditioning
4.4.1 The specimens shall be stored at a temperature between 5 C and 25 C. Test specimens shall be
fully supported and not be stacked on top of each other. Any damage shall be prevented.
4.4.2 Testing shall start not before 2 days after compaction in the laboratory or on the road.
4.4.3 Specimens shall be cleaned if necessary by brushing or washing, as required.
4.4.4 The specimens shall be dried at ambient temperature to constant mass.
NOTE Constant mass is obtained after at least 8 h drying time and when the change of mass between two
determinations at an interval of at least 4 h is less than 0,1 %.
4.4.5 To minimize the friction between the loading platens and the test specimen, the end faces of the
specimen shall be smooth and plain. Brush the hand over the specimens surface. If it feels even without
blemishes, it shall be considered adequate, otherwise it shall be polished or ground.
NOTE 1 An adequate way to coat the end faces of the specimen and minimise the friction with the platens is to apply a
mixture of glycerine and talcum (or silicone oil with lubricants) to the faces, in order to obtain a smooth surface. Any
surplus might be removed using an absorbent tissue.
NOTE 2 Does not apply for the surface between two specimens (see 4.3.6).
4.4.6 Stabilize the specimen to the test temperature to within 1,0 C for at least 4 h and not more than 7 h.
NOTE It is an advantage to be able to do this in the thermostatic chamber.
4.5 Test procedure
4.5.1 For a standard creep investigation at least five specimens shall be tested.
4.5.2 The test temperature shall be kept constant to within 1,0 C during the duration of the test.
NOTE 1 A typical test temperature is 40 C.
NOTE 2 For testing according to prEN 13108-20, the temperature is given in that standard.
4.5.3 The test specimen shall be positioned well centred coaxially with the test axis between the two
platens. Two displacement transducers shall be positioned on the loading platen, one opposite to the other.
Then a preload shall be applied for 10 min (600 s). The accuracy on the preload control shall be 10 % or
better.
4.5.4 The deformation shall be registered after the preloading.
NOTE 1 A typical value of the preload is (72 7) 103 kN (this corresponds to a pre-stress of (10 1) kPa on a
specimen with a diameter of the loading surface of 96 mm).
NOTE 2 The upper platen gives a constant static load (about 2 kPa), which however is not included in the cyclic load.
4.5.5 Immediately after the preloading time has ended, the periodic load shall be applied with a loading time
for each pulse (1 0,05) s. The accuracy on the period load shall be 10 % or better. The loading pulse can
be seen in Figure 3 and Figure 4. Every rest period between the pulses shall be (1 0,05) s as well, meaning
a frequency of approximately 0,5 Hz. Totally 3 600 pulses shall be applied (total time for the test about 2 h).
NOTE 1 A typical value for the axial load is (724 14) 103 kN (corresponding to a stress of (100 2) kPa for a
specimen with a diameter of 96 mm).
NOTE 2 For testing according to prEN 13108-20, the axial load is given in that standard.
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EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
4.5.6 During the test regular measurements of the total permanent deformation shall be made. As a
minimum, readings shall be taken after the following loading applications: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100,
200, 300 etc to 3 600.
NOTE It is recommended to measure the deformation at a fixed moment in the loading/unloading cycle.
Measurements are preferably taken during the rest period and as short as possible to the next loading pulse.
4.5.7 If the permanent deformation exceeds 4%microstrain a graph of total deformation versus number of
loading applications shall be drawn, as it shall be seen as likely that the test specimen has been demolished
(the inflexion point has been passed). The test report shall mention that the permanent deformation at
3 600 cycles exceeds 4%. The number of loading applications corresponding to 4% shall be reported.
4.6 Calculation and expression of results
4.6.1 Permanent deformation
The cumulative axial strain n after n load applications shall be calculated in percent (%) from the following
equation (for a standard creep investigation, n = 3 600):
h0 hn
n = 100 (1)
h0
where
n is the cumulative axial strain of the specimen after n load applications, in percent (%);
h0 is the average height as measured by both displacement transducers after preload of the specimen,
in millimetres (mm);
hn is the average height as measured by both displacement transducers after n load applications, in
millimetres (mm).
Calculate n in percent (%) at 3 600 pulses from the equation above (n = 3 600).
4.6.2 Creep rate and creep modulus
If requested calculate creep rate, fc, in microstrain/loading cycle, and creep modulus, En, in megapascal, from
the following equations for a specified interval of load applications (n1, n2):
n1 n 2
fc = (2)
n1 n2
where
fc is the creep rate, in microstrain/loading pulse;
n1; n2 is the cumulative axial strain of the specimen after n1, n2 load applications (see (1)) in micro-
strain;
n1; n2 is the number of repetitive load applications.

En = 1 000 (3)
n
15
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
where
En is the creep modulus after n load applications, in megapascal (MPa);
is the applied stress, in kilopascal (kPa);
n is the cumulative axial strain of the specimen after n load applications (%).
If the permanent deformation exceeds 40 000 microstrain and the drawn graph shows that the inflexion point
has been passed then the extrapolated inclination line with the least slope gives the creep rate.
4.7 Test report
The test report shall make reference to this European Standard and shall include information on the
specimens and on the test results:
4.7.1 Information on the specimens
For each specimen the following information shall be provided in the test report:
a) type and origin of material tested;
b) specimen identification number;
c) specimen preparation method: laboratory made (refer to relevant EN standard) or cored from the road;
d) bulk density, in megagrams per cubic metre to the nearest 0,001 Mg/m3;
e) particulars (including the number of discarded samples).
4.7.2 Information on test conditions
a) test temperature;
b) applied stress, in kilopascal.
4.7.3 Test results
For each sample, the following information shall be provided in the test report:
a) the cumulative axial strain after 3 600 load applications in percent (%);
b) creep characteristics, if requested;
c) the mean permanent deformation at 3 600 load applications in percent (%);
d) the mean creep characteristics, if requested.
4.8 Precision
Precision data have not yet been established. Two round robin tests were performed in 1995 and 1998 on
cored samples from pavements (wearing course, binder and base courses, made of asphalt concrete and
SMA). The tests were performed at 40 C. The following precision data are estimated from these experiences:
16
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
repeatability r; approximately 20 %,
reproducibility R; approximately 20 %.
5 Test method B Triaxial cyclic compression test
5.1 Principle
This test method determines the resistance to permanent deformation of a cylindrical specimen of bituminous
mixture. The specimen is either prepared in the laboratory or cored from the road.
A cylindrical test specimen, maintained at elevated conditioning temperature, is placed between two plan
parallel loading platens. The specimen is subjected to a confining pressure, c, on which a cyclic axial
pressure a(t) is superposed.
NOTE 1 The confining pressure can be static or dynamic.
The cyclic axial pressure can be:
a) a haversinusoidal pressure a(t), with amplitude V, as represented in Figure 6. The resulting total axial
pressure, A(t), is
c + a(t) = c + V (1 + sin(2 f t)). (4)
Rest periods can be applied.
where
c is the confining stress (all around the specimen), kilopascal (kPa);
a(t) is the cyclic axial pressure as a function of time, in kilopascal (kPa);
in case of haversinusoidal pressure, a(t) is defined by a(t) = V (1 + sin(2 f t));
V is the amplitude of the haversinusoidal pressure, in kilopascal (kPa);
f is the frequency, in hertz (Hz);
t is the time.
b) a block-pulse pressure a(t), with height B, as represented in Figure 7. The resulting total pressure, A(t),
is c + a(t).
where
c is the confining pressure
a(t) = B during block pulse period T1

= 0 during rest period T0
B is the height of block pulse
In both cases a small dead load of maximum 0,02 V (for haversine loading) and 0,02 B (for block-pulse
loading) is allowed.
17
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
Key
A Total axial pressure
t Time
Figure 6 Representation of the pressures exerted on the specimen in case of haversinusoidal cyclic
loading
Key
A Total axial pressure 1 Load

t Time 2 Pulse duration
T1 Pulse duration
T0 Rest period
Figure 7 Representation of the pressures exerted on the specimen in case of block-pulse cyclic
loading
During the test the change in height of the specimen is measured at specified numbers of load applications.
From this, the cumulative axial strain, n, (permanent deformation) of the test specimen is determined as a
18
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
function of the number of load applications. The results are represented in a creep curve as given in Figure 1.
From this, the creep characteristics of the specimen are computed.
NOTE 2 The actual stress conditions in the road cannot be simulated in the laboratory with simple test equipment.
They depend on time (position of the wheel), the road structure, the depth in the structure, the stiffness of other layers, ...
Therefore, the applied load conditions are only an approximation of the loads that occur in reality. One might suggest that
application of a cyclic confining stress is to be preferred over a static confining stress. However, given the considerations
just mentioned above and the fact that cyclic confining stresses require advanced and expensive equipment, it is not
applied for type testing.
NOTE 3 The outcome of the test is dependent on the stress conditions, on the testing temperature, the frequency and
rest period and on the dimensions of the test specimens. Results obtained with a haversinusoidal loading cannot be
quantitatively compared to those obtained with block-pulse loading, because of the presence of rest periods and the
different shape of the signal. Results of triaxial compression tests can only be fully compared, if they are obtained under
the same testing conditions. Also, in the case that the outcome of the test is used to check on the acceptability of a given
mixture, the results should be evaluated with respect to specific requirements related to well-defined testing conditions.
5.2 Apparatus
5.2.1 Test system
5.2.1.1 General
The axial loading system shall consist of two steel loading platens between which the specimen is placed. The
static confining pressure and the axial cyclic pressure shall be applied by means of a servo-hydraulic,
pneumatic, electro-magnetic or other suitable system, able to generate the required pressures with an
accuracy of at least 2,0 %.
The specimen shall be put in a suitable protection to separate the specimen from the confining medium. A
direct contact between confining gases (air) or liquids (water, oil) on one hand and the specimen on the other
hand shall be prevented.
NOTE 1 Rubber foil can be used as suitable protection.
Depending on the way of applying the confining stress, three types of triaxial test systems are introduced.
They are represented in Figure 8 to Figure 10.
a) In the test system represented in Figure 8, the whole specimen, including the upper and lower platens,
shall be put in a rubber socket (or foil). The rubber socket shall seal the circumference of the platens to
ensure that ingress of water, oil or air does not occur.
NOTE 2 This may be achieved by using O-rings.
The whole set-up shall be mounted in the test rig, and a pressure cell is placed around the specimen.
Then the confining pressure is applied by pressurising the cell (by water, oil or air as medium). The axial
cyclic load shall be subsequently applied.
b) In the test system represented in Figure 9, a lateral confining pressure shall be applied to the specimen
by placing it in a pressure ring.
NOTE 3 This may be achieved by mounting an inner tube of an appropriate sized tyre around the specimen and
inflating this tyre.
Before applying the desired lateral confining pressure, the specimen is mounted in the set-up and the
loading platens are brought into contact with the specimen. After applying the lateral confining pressure, a
constant axial stress (equal to the inflation pressure) shall be applied via the platens, to create a confining
stress all around the specimen. The axial cyclic load shall be subsequently applied.
19
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
c) In the test system represented in Figure 10, the confining pressure shall be realised by applying a partial
vacuum to the specimen. The specimen shall be sealed within a rubber membrane.
NOTE 4 Sealing can be secured at either end by two O-rings which rest in purpose cut grooves around the perimeter
of two specially designed platens. For the extraction of air, the lower platen may, e.g. be hollow and may, e.g. have a
series of drainage holes arranged in a radial pattern on its top surface. It also may, e.g. have an outlet pipe fitted in the
base which connects via a pressure regulator and gauge to a vacuum pump.
An effective confining stress shall be realised on the specimen by extracting air from the specimen. The
axial cyclic load shall be subsequently applied.
Key
1 Actuator for dynamic pressure 4 Confining pressure
2 Pressure cell 5 Compressor
3 Specimen
Figure 8 Schematic representation of a triaxial cyclic compression test device with pressure cell
Key
1 Actuator for axial pressure 4 Lateral pressure
2 Pressure ring 5 Compressor
3 Specimen
Figure 9 Schematic representation of a triaxial cyclic compression test device with pressure ring
20
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
Key
1 Actuator for dynamic pressure 4 Vacuum membrane
2 Specimen put under partial vacuum 5 Vacuum pump
3 O ring
Figure 10 Schematic representation of a triaxial cyclic compression test device making use of a
partial vacuum as confining pressure
5.2.1.2 Loading platens
The loading platens shall deform less than 2 m when a stress of 250 kPa is applied.
NOTE 1 This can be verified by means of a dummy specimen that deforms less than 2 m on application of a 250 kPa
stress or by pressing the two loading platens directly onto each other.
The surfaces of the platens shall be flat and smooth. The clearance between the two platens shall be such
that test specimens can be accommodated.
Choose the diameter of the loading platens slightly larger than the diameter of the specimen, so as to avoid
that part of the specimen would be no longer loaded in case of serious radial deformation.
NOTE 2 A 10 mm larger diameter is suitable for that purpose.
5.2.1.3 Control system
The apparatus shall be provided with a system to control the confining and cyclic axial stresses separately.
5.2.1.4 Load cell
The load cell shall have a measuring range capable of measuring the required stresses and shall comply with
the specification for transducers of accuracy class 0,2. Resonance frequencies of the load cell, as mounted,
shall be at least 10 times as high as the test frequency.
5.2.1.5 Displacement transducers
The apparatus shall be provided with displacement transducers to measure the change in height of the
specimen during the test.
21
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
The measurements shall be taken between the platens or directly on the specimen. The transducers shall
conform to accuracy class 0,2. Resonance frequencies of the mounted transducers shall be at least 10 times
higher then the test frequency. The measuring range of the transducers shall be 10 mm at least.
5.2.1.6 Data registration equipment
A data-acquisition system shall be provided for controlling and collecting the signals from the load and
displacement transducers.
Measuring instruments, including amplification, shall be such that forces and displacements can be read with
an accuracy of 2 %.
NOTE Any system for graphical follow-up of the creep curve during testing is recommended.
5.2.1.7 Temperature conditioning
The accuracy of the temperature control shall be 1 C or higher.
To apply the chosen temperature to the specimen, either the whole test apparatus shall be placed in a
thermostatic chamber, or the test apparatus shall be equipped with a temperature chamber in which the
specimen is mounted.
5.2.2 Measuring instruments and accessories needed
5.2.2.1 Balance and other equipment required to determine the bulk density in accordance with
EN 12697-6.
5.2.2.2 Vernier callipers or other suitable apparatus to determine the specimen dimensions in accordance
with EN 12697-29.
5.2.2.3 Drying cabinet or room, temperature between 15 C and 25 C.
5.2.2.4 Storage area, temperature between 5 C and 25 C.
5.2.2.5 Coatings
A membrane-lubricant-membrane-system for coating of the planoparallel areas of the specimen.
NOTE The membrane may, e.g. consist of a disk cut out of typical geotechnical latex rubber membranes e.g.
ELE P/N EL-25-7621 or WFI P/N 11091 or equivalent of the same diameter as the specimen.
Silicon grease to apply between both membranes.
5.3 Specimen preparation
5.3.1 At least two test specimens shall be prepared for testing.
5.3.2 Each test specimen shall have the shape of a cylinder. The end of the test specimen shall be even
and plan-parallel, which is achieved by sawing both ends of the specimen. A diamond tipped masonry saw
equipped with parallel blades is recommended. The ends shall be parallel and perpendicular to the cylinder
axis (i.e. differing not more than about 2 to 3 from a right angle). For a rough control of evenness: brush the
hand over the surface. If it feels even without blemishes it shall be considered adequate, otherwise it shall be
polished. After sawing/polishing the specimen shall be dried at a temperature not exceeding 25 C.
NOTE A test specimen should be considered dry after at least 8 h drying time and when two weighings minimum
performed 4 h apart differ by less than 0,1 %.
22
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
5.3.3 Although different specimen dimensions may be used, the following minimum dimensions shall apply:
if the nominal maximum aggregate size is less than or equal to 16 mm, the minimum diameter shall be
50 mm and the minimum height shall be 50 mm;
if the nominal maximum aggregate size is greater than 16 mm, the minimum diameter shall be 75 mm
and the minimum height shall be 75 mm.
NOTE 1 Some equipment makes use of the minimum specimen dimensions. It makes the test less complex. Other
equipment uses a height-to-diameter-ratio of 1,25 to 2 in order to obtain a homogeneous state of stress and hence much
higher specimens. It makes the test heavier to carry out and, for some specimen dimensions, impossible to perform on
cores taken from the road.
NOTE 2 It is known that the creep parameters depend on the height-to-diameter-ratio of the sample. Test results
obtained on specimens having different dimensions cannot therefore generally be quantitatively compared. Hence, in the
case that the outcome of the test is used to check on the acceptability of a given mixture, the results should be evaluated
with respect to specific requirements related to specimens with well-defined dimensions.
For the product standards, a height-to-diameter-ratio of 0,6 is chosen if the nominal aggregate size is less
than or equal to 16 mm and 0,8 if the nominal aggregate size is greater than 16 mm.
Measure the dimensions on the dry test specimen according to EN 12697-6, procedure D (EN 12967-29,
using a vernier calliper). The height of the specimen shall not vary by more than 1,0 mm and the diameter
shall not vary by more than 2 mm.
5.3.4 The test shall be performed on the following types of test specimens:
test specimens prepared in the laboratory by gyratory compaction (EN 12697-31);
test specimens drilled from laboratory-prepared slab of asphalt (EN 12697-33);
test specimens prepared from drilled core specimen taken from the road (EN 12697-27);
test specimens prepared in the laboratory by impact compactor (EN 12697-30).
NOTE 1 The method of compaction has a considerable impact on the results.
NOTE 2 For type testing, the compaction method is given in prEN 13108-20.
5.3.5 The bulk density of the test specimen shall be measured in accordance with EN 12697-6.
NOTE Results from specimens showing important differences in bulk density generally show larger differences in the
results between each other.
5.3.6 Damage to the test specimen shall be avoided in all stages of sampling, transport and preparation
before testing. During transport and storage the slab and drilled core specimen shall be fully supported to
prevent deformation or damage.
5.4 Conditioning
5.4.1 The specimens shall be stored at a temperature between 5 C and 25 C. Any damage or deformation
shall be prevented.
5.4.2 Testing shall start not before 2 days after compaction in the laboratory or on the road.
5.4.3 Specimens shall be cleaned if necessary by brushing or washing, as required.
5.4.4 The specimens shall be dried at ambient temperature to constant mass, at a relative air humidity of
less than 80 %.
23
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
NOTE Constant mass is obtained when the change of mass between two determinations at an interval of at least 4 h
is less than 0,1 % (m/m).
5.4.5 To minimize the friction between the loading platens and the test specimen, the end faces of the
specimen shall be smooth and plain. Brush the hand over the specimens surface. If it feels even without
blemishes, it shall be considered adequate, otherwise it shall be polished or ground.
5.4.6 To minimize the friction between the loading platens and the test specimen, a membrane-lubricant-
membrane-system shall be used between the loading platens and the specimen.
NOTE 1 The membrane may e.g. consist of a disk cut out of typical geotechnical latex rubber membranes, e.g.
ELE P/N EL-25-7621 or WFI P/N 11091 or equivalent, of the same diameter as the specimen. A small amount of silicon
grease should be applied between both membranes.
NOTE 2 The amount of friction between the loading platens and the specimen is known to have a large impact on the
results.
NOTE 3 Instead of putting the test specimen in direct contact to the loading platens, the specimen may be glued by its
extremities on steel plates.
5.4.7 Test specimens shall be conditioned, before mounting, at the test temperature. The temperature shall
not vary more than 1 C over the specimen.
NOTE The conditioning period can be determined by means of a dummy specimen.
5.5 Test procedure
5.5.1 General
To evaluate the resistance to permanent deformation of a given mixture under given test conditions, at least
two specimens shall be tested.
5.5.2 Preparation of the test
5.5.2.1 Ensure that the temperature of the testing chamber has reached the specified temperature within
1,0 C before installing the test specimen.
NOTE 1 Test temperatures are generally between 30 C and 50 C. For testing according to prEN 13108-20 the test
temperature is given in that standard.
NOTE 2 It is recommended to monitor the temperature of a dummy core during pre-conditioning.
5.5.2.2 The test specimen shall be positioned coaxially with the loading platens. In case of self-aligning
platens: before locking the self-aligning loading platen, the specimen shall be pre-loaded carefully in order to
adjust the self-aligning loading platen such that any slight deviation in the parallelism of the end faces of the
specimen is corrected. This pre-loading stress shall not exceed 0,02 (2 V + c) in the case of haversinusoidal
loading and 0,02 (B + c) in the case of block-pulse loading. The time of pre-loading shall not exceed
(120 6) s. Then, lock the self-aligning platen.
5.5.2.3 Mount the displacement transducers.
5.5.2.4 Before starting the test, make sure that the temperature of the specimen is at the specified
temperature within 1,0 C. Allow sufficient time between the fixing of the specimen and the start-up of the
test, for relaxation of the stresses due to the clamping of the specimen.
24
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
5.5.3 Application of the loads
5.5.3.1 Before the test loads are applied, the specimen shall be pre-loaded again for 120 s with a static
load equal to 0,02 (2 V + c) in the case of haversinusoidal loading and 0,02 (B + c) in the case of block-
pulse loading. This load shall be applied gradually and smoothly.
5.5.3.2 Immediately after preloading, the confining stress shall be applied.
NOTE Confining stresses c in the range 50 kPa to 200 kPa is most often applied. For testing according to
prEN 13108-20 the confining stress is given in that standard.
5.5.3.3 Within 10 s after that, the cyclic axial load shall be applied.
NOTE 1 Frequencies in the range of 1 Hz to 5 Hz are most often applied for the axial haversinusoidal loading. To
simulate slow traffic, a lower frequency may be appropriate.
NOTE 2 Examples of pulse duration in use for block-pulse loading are: pulse duration of 1 s with 1 s rest period and
pulse duration of 0,2 s with rest period 0,8 s.
NOTE 3 For the amplitude of the haversinusoidal pressure V, values ranging from 100 kPa to 300 kPa are most often
used. For haversinusoidal loading, the amplitude of the haversinusoidal load is usually taken two to three times larger than
the confining stress. For block-pulse loading, pressures B of 100 kPa up to 700 kPa are used.
NOTE 4 For testing according to prEN 13108-20 the loading conditions are given in that standard.
NOTE 5 The results and the shape of the creep curve depend largely on the testing conditions: temperature, axial and
confining stress. However, preferably the combination should be such that stage 2 of the creep curve exists and that the
creep characteristics (see Figure 1) can be determined.
5.5.4 Measurements during the test
5.5.4.1 Measure the change in height of the specimen as the test progresses using the displacement
transducers and a data acquisition system. As a minimum, readings shall be taken after every 10th load
applications up to 100 load applications, every 100th load applications up to 1 000 load applications and
thereafter every 500 load applications. Each measurement shall be taken at a fixed moment in the
loading/unloading cycle. At each measurement, the corresponding load application number shall be known.
NOTE 1 For haversine loading, measurements are preferably taken at the minimum of the signal. For bloc pulse
loading, measurements are preferably taken during the rest period and as short as possible to the next loading pulse.
NOTE 2 More measurements may be necessary, e.g. depending on the type of representation of the creep curve.
5.5.4.2 During the test, check that the static confining stress and the amplitude of the haversinusoidal axial
stress or the height of the block-pulse remain constant within 5 % of the required value.
5.5.4.3 The test shall be ended after at least 10 000 loading cycles. The test may be stopped earlier in
case that the deformation is too large and there is a risk to damage the equipment. The deformation shall be
at least 6 % in this case.
NOTE It may happen that stage two of the creep curve is measured during a too short period to determine the creep
parameters. In that case the duration of the test may be extended.
5.6 Calculation and expression of results
5.6.1 Calculate the cumulative strain n in percent of the specimen for each measured load application as
follows:
n = 100 (h0 hn)/h0 (5)
25
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
where
h0 is the average height after preload of the specimen, in millimetres (mm);
hn is the average height after n load applications, in millimetres (mm).
5.6.2 The resistance to permanent deformation of the mixture shall be determined by interpreting the creep
curve, according to one of the following methods:
5.6.2.1 Method 1: Determination of the creep rate, fc
If stage 2 is present represent the creep curve on a linear scale. Determine the slope B1 from the least square
linear fit of the (quasi) linear part of the creep curve (stage 2):
n = A1 + B1 n (6)
where
n is the cumulative axial strain of the specimen after n load applications, in percent (%).
Determine the creep rate, fc, in the (quasi)linear part of the creep curve. This is the slope B1 but expressed in
(microstrain/loading cycle):
fc = B1 104 (7)
The parameter fc is used to characterize the resistance to permanent deformation of a given mixture.
NOTE This method is simple, but has the disadvantage that it is only a poor representation of the deformation curve.
Furthermore, the slope fc depends highly on the selected interval used for curve fitting, because there is generally no part
with real constant slope in the creep curve.
5.6.2.2 Method 2: Determination of the parameters B and 1 000,calc.
Determine the following least square power fit of the (quasi) linear part of the creep curve:
n = A nB (8)
or equivalent, determine the least square linear fit on the (log n log n) values:
log n = log A + B log n (9)
where
B is the power of the least square power fit or is the slope from the least square linear fit on the log n
versus log n-values.
Determine the calculated permanent deformation after 1 000 loading cycles, 1 000, calc., in percent (%):
1 000,calc. = A 1 000B (10)
The parameters B and 1 000,calc. are used to characterize the resistance to permanent deformation of a given
mixture.
26
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
NOTE This method seems more complex than method 5.6.2.1, but has the advantage that in many cases a clear
linear part is observed in the creep curve.
5.6.3 If only stage 1 and stage 3 of the creep curve are present, or if the deformation is so large that the test
is already stopped after a short number of loading cycles so that only phase 1 is observed, the mixture shall
be considered as very sensitive to permanent deformation for the given test conditions. Values of the
permanent deformation corresponding to a well-defined number of load applications can be used to compare
such mixtures; e.g. 1 000 and 10 000.
5.7 Test report
The test report shall make reference to this European Standard and shall include the following information on
the specimens, on the test conditions and the test results:
5.7.1 Information on the specimens
a) type and origin of material tested;
b) specimen identification number;
c) specimen preparation method: laboratory made (refer to relevant EN standard) or cored from the road;
d) average diameter, in millimetre;
e) initial height, in millimetre;
f) bulk density, in gram per cubic centimetre, to the nearest 0,001 g/cm3;
g) particulars (including the number of discarded samples).
5.7.2 Information on the test conditions
a) test temperature;
b) confining stress, in kilopascal;
c) shape of the cyclic signal : haversine or block-pulse;
d) amplitude of the haversinusoidal stress, or height of the block pulse, in kilopascal;
e) frequency, in hertz (in case of haversinoidal axial load); pulse duration and rest period (in case of block-
pulse loading).
5.7.3 Test results
For each specimen the following information on test results shall be provided in the test report:
a) creep curve;
b) creep characteristics, if requested, with representation of the fit on the creep curve;
c) the mean creep characteristics, if requested.
27
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
5.8 Precision
A precision exercise according to this standard has not yet been carried out.
A precision study with the Vacuum Repeated Load Axial Test (VRLAT) involving 7 laboratories testing 6
replicate specimens of 3 materials, led to the values of repeatability and reproducibility given in Table 1 (ref.
M. E. Nunn et al, 2nd Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, Barcelona 2000, p. 590).
Table 1 Repeatability, r, and reproducibility, R, for the strain at the end of the test
Cumulative strain at end of test (microstrain)

SMA Hot rolled asphalt Asphalt concrete
Mean value 7 400 14 300 3 553
Repeatability, r 1 710 4 130 8 41
Reproducibility, R 1 710 7 290 1 640
28
EN 12697-25:2005 (E)
Bibliography
[1] EN 12697-38, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 38: Common
equipment and calibration.
[2] prEN 13108-20, Bituminous mixtures - Material specifications - Part 20: Type testing
29
BS EN
12697-25:2005
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BRITISH STANDARD BS EN

The European Standard EN 12697-25:2005 has the status of a

This British Standard is the official English language version of

aid enquirers to understand the text;

A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on

This British Standard was Summary of pages

Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No. Date Comments

ISBN 0 580 45985 5

Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 15 March 2005.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

This European Standard is one of a series of standards as listed below:

No existing European Standard is superseded.

3 Terms and definitions

NOTE Generally the following stages can be distinguished (see Figure 1)

NOTE The symbol used is r.

NOTE The symbol used is R.

4 Test method A Uniaxial cyclic compression test with confinement

Figure 2 Test apparatus

4.2.1 Test system

4.2.1.1 Compression apparatus

Figure 3 Stress and strain curve

Figure 4 Loading curve

4.2.1.2 Loading configuration

Figure 5 Lower edge of the platen

4.2.1.3 Control and measuring system

4.2.1.4 Displacement transducers

4.2.1.5 Thermostatic chamber

4.2.2 Measuring instruments and accessories needed

4.2.2.3 Drying cabinet or room, temperature between 15 C and 25 C.

4.2.2.4 Storage area, temperature between 5 C and 25 C.

4.3 Specimen preparation

4.3.1 At least five test specimens shall be prepared for testing.

4.3.4 The test shall be performed on

test specimens prepared in the laboratory by gyratory compaction (EN 12697-31);

test specimens drilled from laboratory-prepared slab of asphalt (EN 12697-33);

test specimens prepared in the laboratory by impact compactor (EN 12697-30).

NOTE 1 The way of compaction has a considerable impact on the results.

4.4.3 Specimens shall be cleaned if necessary by brushing or washing, as required.

4.4.4 The specimens shall be dried at ambient temperature to constant mass.

NOTE It is an advantage to be able to do this in the thermostatic chamber.

4.5 Test procedure

NOTE 1 A typical test temperature is 40 C.

4.5.4 The deformation shall be registered after the preloading.

4.6 Calculation and expression of results

4.6.1 Permanent deformation

4.6.2 Creep rate and creep modulus

fc is the creep rate, in microstrain/loading pulse;

n1; n2 is the number of repetitive load applications.

En is the creep modulus after n load applications, in megapascal (MPa);

is the applied stress, in kilopascal (kPa);

4.7 Test report

4.7.1 Information on the specimens

a) type and origin of material tested;

b) specimen identification number;

e) particulars (including the number of discarded samples).

4.7.2 Information on test conditions

b) applied stress, in kilopascal.

4.7.3 Test results

b) creep characteristics, if requested;

c) the mean permanent deformation at 3 600 load applications in percent (%);