MAR2010 - Preliminary Prediction of Power PDF

Resistance & Propulsion (1)
MAR 2010
Algorithm for the Prediction of

Power at the
Preliminary Design Stage
Rod Sampson - School of Marine Science and Technology - 4th March 2008
Design Scope
Method is appropriate for large ocean going

vessels with modern slow speed direct drive
diesel engines
Method is a basic design tool using chart

series diagrams
Design Scope
Ship owner require that a ship should achieve an average

speed in service at a certain engine power.
Initial acceptance will be based upon demonstration of a

higher speed on trial at the same power
Vtrial = Vservice + V
(V ! 1 knot)
Design Scope
Contract stipulate that the ship should achieve

trial speed with the engine developing 85% of
its maximum continuous power rating (MCR)
Preliminary Prediction of Power
Estimate resistance and effective power for a range

of speeds using appropriate Methodical Series
Data or Statistical Analysis Data
(Holtrop & Menen)
PE = methodical series
or other
PE trial = (1 + x)PE From BTTP - 65

procedure
PE service = 1.2 PE trial Based upon 20%

sea margin
12000
Pe Trial (kW)
10000 PE Service (kW)
Plot trial and

8000
service conditions
Power (kW)
6000
4000
20% sea margin

2000
0
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
Speed (knot)
Assumed vessel particulars from previous example:
Lbp = 135.34m
B = 19.3m
T = 9.16m
Cb = 0.704
Optimum RPM, Propeller and Engine Size
Chose maximum permissible propeller diameter with

respect to hull clearances
Determine the optimum engine speeds corresponding to

trial conditions, the required maximum continuous power
and the mean face pitch.
Select an appropriate engine
Using the equations provided in the handout determine the

wake fraction and thrust deduction factor
The required diameter behind the hull is given as

DB ! 0.6T = 5.5m = D
This gives:
w = 0.304 t = 0.214
As the behind condition allows a smaller propeller

diameter calculate the equivalent open water
diameter
DB ! 0.6T
Corresponding open water diameter

DB
Do = = (5.79m)
0.95
Select Bp diagram on basis of blade number and blade

area ratio
For this exercise the B4.55 diagram is to be used
12000
10000
Pe Trial (kW)
PE Service (kW) At TRIAL speed read off from the
plot the effective power at trial
speed
8000
Power (kW)
6000
Remember D is not known as

4000
it requires knowledge of the
2000
propeller hull interaction.
0 (1 t)
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0
Speed (knot)
18.0 20.0
D = o R
(1 w)
D = k1 o
Therefore a value is selected
12000
10000
Pe Trial (kW)
PE Service (kW) and an iteration is performed
until convergence
8000
Power (kW)
6000
D = 0.70
4000
Vs (trial) = 16 knots
2000
0
Pe (trial) = 3550 kW
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
Speed (knot)
Assume an initial D = 0.7

12000
Pe Trial (kW)
8000
From the graph:
Power (kW)
6000
PE trial
PD =
4000
D
2000
3550
PD =
0
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
0.7
Speed (knot)
PD = 5071 kW
Flow through the propeller disc

12000
Pe Trial (kW)
VA = Vtrial (1 w)
8000
Power (kW)
6000
VA = 16(1 0.304)
4000
2000
VA = 11.14 knots
0
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
Speed (knot)
1
2
N PD
Let: Bp = 1.158 2.5
VA
1
N 5071 2
Bp = 1.158
11.142.5
Bp = k2 N
and 1 N Do
= = 3.2808
J VA
N 5.79
= 3.2808
11.14
= k3 N
Enter the BP delta values onto the diagram provided
For each RPM calculate the open water efficiency from

the diagram
Plot the results
For a range of values of N calculate Bp
N (rpm) Bp o
80 15.93 136.4 0.62
90 17.91 153.5 0.624
100 19.91 170.5 0.626
110 21.90 187.6 0.622
120 23.89 204.6 0.605
0.63
o = 0.626
0.625
0.62
0.615
o
0.61
0.605
N =100
0.6
75 85 95 105 115 125
0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.6
o N
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56
0.55
65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
N
More data is now available to update the initial

estimate of D
(1 t)
D = o R
(1 w)
(1 0.214)
D = 0.626 1.0
(1 0.304)
D = 0.707
To test convergence the difference from the original

and new D should be less than 0.005
0.707 - 0.7 = 0.007
use the new value of and re-calculate the delivered power

and repeat BP d diagram
Continue until convergence to get

N and D
For this exercise the previous calculation is assumed

converged, therefore:
D = 0.707
N = 100
Engine Selection
Once the propulsive efficiency is known the power

required for sea trials can be calculated
PE trial 3550
PB(trial) = PB(trial) =
D S 0.707 0.98
PB(trial) = 5123.7 kW
Engine Selection
From this Break Power required to satisfy the trial

speed, the contract specified that the engine should
only be at 85% of its total rating
PB(trial)
PB(installed) =
0.85
Engine Selection
PB(installed) = 6028 kW
This value can now be used to calculate the required

engine size
Engine Selection
Finally modify the propeller diameter using the

empirical relationships given previously
Re- calculate (as in example 1 of the numerical example

the new diameter for the same delivered power
Plot Bp on the diagram and read the

P/D ratio
Engine Selection
Calculate the delivered power at the trial condition
PD = PB(trial) s
PD = 5123.7 0.98
PD = 5021.23
Engine Selection
Calculate the delivered power at the trial condition
1
100 5021.23 2
Bp = 19.81
Bp = 1.158
11.142.5
100 5.50
= 3.2808 = 161.97
11.14
Engine Selection
Enter the final values onto the diagram
Bp = 19.81 = 161.97
P
= 1.0
D
mean face pitch:
1.0 DB = 5.50
Engine Selection
Calculated optimum rpm = 100

Trial power = 5123.7 kW
Installed power = 6029 kW
Calculate the power per cylinder and use suitable engine

diagrams to select an engine
Engine Selection
Engine R1
Power
installed power
85% MCR trial power

R4
reducing fuel
consumption
R3 R2
Engine RPM
Engine Selection
Engine R1
Power
R4
R3 R2
Engine RPM
1. Assume a number of Cylinders

2. Calculate the required number of installed power
per cylinder
3. from range of engines select the appropriate engine
with optimum RPM and power range
Engine Selection
Engine R1
Power
R4
R3 R2
Engine RPM
4 Cylinders:
5123.7 / 4 (trial) = 1280.92 kW/cyl
6028.0 / 4 (total) = 1509 kW/cyl
Suitable engines could be RTA68 and RTA62 at 4 cyl.
Prediction of Service Performance
The final stage is to find the new ship service speed

and propeller rate of rotation at constant power of:
PD = 0.85 PB s
i.e with the engines developing 85% of their Brake Power

(including transmission losses)
PD = 5123.7 0.98 = 5021.23 kW
Caution:
This method is different than the calculation for the trial
condition.
For the trial condition the propeller was designed to absorb

a particular power
In the service condition the propeller design is fixed :

Diameter (behind) = 5.5m Pitch = 1.0
At this new condition there will be a new wake fraction to

allow for hull roughness, wind, waves, etc.
This is defined as:
w = 1.1wtrial
w = 1.1 0.304 = 0.3344
(assume previous values for t & R )
The propulsive efficiency will change for this new

condition therefore another iteration must be
performed
This iteration of D follows a different method than

previous to obtain the optimum efficiency
Assume an initial value of D
PE service = PD D
PE service = 5021.23 0.7 = 3514.86 kW
Use the plots of trial and service power to read off

the PE service value. Read from the plot the service
speed this occurred
8000
PE (service)
7000 PE (trial)
6000
Vs (service) = 15.25 knots
5000
Power [kW]
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
13 14 15 16 17 18
Speed [kn]
Re-calculate the advance velocity based on this power

and new wake fraction
Va = Vs (1 w)
Va = 15.25 (1 0.3344)
Va = 10.15 knots
1
Let: N PD 2
Bp = 1.158 2.5
VA
1
N 5021.23 2
Bp = 1.158
10.152.5
Bp = k4 N
Let: ND
= 3.2808
VA
N 5.50
= 3.2808
10.15
= k5 N
As before use a range of shaft rotations and calculate the

new Bp coefficients
Plot these values directly on the Bp diagram
Where this curve intersects the P/D of the propeller

designed previously is the required value
For range of values of N calculate Bp
N (rpm) Bp o
80 19.99 142.16
90 22.49 159.93
100 24.99 177.77
110 27.49 195.47
Basic Design - BP delta diagrams
P
D

0
1.0
o = 0.583 BP BP
Rod Sampson - School of Marine Science and Technology - 26th February 2008
As before use the propulsive efficiency formula below

and iterate until the difference between successive
iterations is within 0.005
(1 t)
D = o R
(1 w)
On convergence the ship speed in service condition

has been calculated
(1 0.214)
D = 0.583 1.0
(1 0.334)
D = 0.688
(D )assumed (D )previous = 0.7 0.688 = 0.0011
(no need for iteration)
PE (service) = 5021.23 0.688
PE (service) = 3454.60 kW
Read from the power diagram the PE (service) for

3454.6 kW
8000
PE (service)
7000 PE (trial)
6000
5000
Power [kW]
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
13 14 15 16 17 18
Speed [kn]
At the intersection of the new line with the pitch

line read off from the BP diagram the Service
values of BP
BP = 24.2
B = 174
Re-calculate the advance velocity for the final

service speed of 15.15 knots
VA = VS (1 w)
VA = 15.15(1 0.3344)
VA = 10.08 knots
Finally at the service condition calculated read off

the B and calculate the RPM in service
ND VA
= 3.2808 N=
VA 3.2808 D
174 10.08
N=
3.2808 5.50
Nservice = 97.2 rpm
Therefore at 85% MCR:
The vessels service speed is 15.15 knots
The propeller rate of rotation is 97.2 rpm
Determination of Blade Areas
Final stage in the design algorithm is to calculate blade

surface area and blade area ratio
This is performed for TRIAL condition
Using the previous trial conditions:
T = 9.16m
N = 100 rpm
D = 5.50m
PD = 5021.23 kW
VA = 16 (1 0.3044) = 11.14 knots
P
= 1.0 o = 0.626
D
D
h= + 0.2
2
h = 2.95
Text
shaft immersion at centreline
H =T - h
H = 9.16 - 2.95
H = 6.21m
Calculation of the cavitation number

pe
r =
qt
The static component
p e = 99629 10179H
p e = 99629 10179 6.21
p e = 162840.59 N/m 2
The dynamic component
qt = (11.66VA ) + (0.828 nD) 2 2
qt = (11.66 11.14)2 + (0.828 100 5.50)2
qt = 224261.2 N/m2
The resultant cavitation number becomes:
162840
r =
224261.2
r = 0.726
Entering this value onto the Burrill Diagram:
r = 0.726
c = 0.23
T
= c q T
AP
T
= 0.23 224261.2 = 51580.08
AP
PD o
T VA
= 1941.3
AP AP
1941.3 PD o
AP =
VA ATP
1941.3 5021.23 0.626
AP =
11.14 51580.08
AP = 10.62 m 2
AP
AD =
1.067 0.229 D
P
10.62
AD =
1.067 0.229 1.0
AD = 12.67 m 2
AD
BAR = D 2
4
12.67
BAR = 5.52
4
BAR = 0.533
Ae
Selected Ao was 0.55 Assuming Ae AD
Ae
= 0.533
AD
Selected area was 0.55, therefore the design will provide

a low risk of cavitation
Coursework Submission
To satisfy the requirements of the coursework the

following is required:
A typed report covering the 4 stages:
1. Effective power prediction

2. Design of propeller and engine
3. Prediction of performance in service,
4. Blade surface area and BAR
To satisfy the requirements of the coursework the

following is required:
The report should include a detailed hand calculation

for one speed (e.g. service speed)
Include tables from Excel where necessary and

appropriate graphs
If you only present Excel tables and make a mistake,

you cannot collect method marks.
Submission date is:
2nd May 2008
End of Presentation

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Resistance & Propulsion (1)

Algorithm for the Prediction of

Method is appropriate for large ocean going

Method is a basic design tool using chart

Ship owner require that a ship should achieve an average

Initial acceptance will be based upon demonstration of a

Contract stipulate that the ship should achieve

Estimate resistance and effective power for a range

PE trial = (1 + x)PE From BTTP - 65

PE service = 1.2 PE trial Based upon 20%

Plot trial and

20% sea margin

Assumed vessel particulars from previous example:

Chose maximum permissible propeller diameter with

Determine the optimum engine speeds corresponding to

Select an appropriate engine

Using the equations provided in the handout determine the

The required diameter behind the hull is given as

As the behind condition allows a smaller propeller

Corresponding open water diameter

Select Bp diagram on basis of blade number and blade

For this exercise the B4.55 diagram is to be used

Remember D is not known as

Assume an initial D = 0.7

Flow through the propeller disc

Enter the BP delta values onto the diagram provided

For each RPM calculate the open water efficiency from

Plot the results

For a range of values of N calculate Bp

More data is now available to update the initial

To test convergence the difference from the original

0.707 - 0.7 = 0.007

use the new value of and re-calculate the delivered power

Continue until convergence to get

For this exercise the previous calculation is assumed

Once the propulsive efficiency is known the power

From this Break Power required to satisfy the trial

This value can now be used to calculate the required

Finally modify the propeller diameter using the

Re- calculate (as in example 1 of the numerical example

Plot Bp on the diagram and read the

Calculate the delivered power at the trial condition

Calculate the delivered power at the trial condition

Enter the final values onto the diagram

Calculated optimum rpm = 100

Calculate the power per cylinder and use suitable engine

85% MCR trial power

1. Assume a number of Cylinders

Suitable engines could be RTA68 and RTA62 at 4 cyl.

The final stage is to find the new ship service speed

i.e with the engines developing 85% of their Brake Power

PD = 5123.7 0.98 = 5021.23 kW

For the trial condition the propeller was designed to absorb

In the service condition the propeller design is fixed :

At this new condition there will be a new wake fraction to

This is defined as:

The propulsive efficiency will change for this new

This iteration of D follows a different method than

Assume an initial value of D

PE service = 5021.23 0.7 = 3514.86 kW

Use the plots of trial and service power to read off

Re-calculate the advance velocity based on this power

As before use a range of shaft rotations and calculate the