MAT E 256

Materials Engineering II
Final Examination
Tuesday April 26, 2005 Prof. R. L. Eadie
CME 568 and 574, 14:00 - 16:00 hrs
See attached formula sheet - No other aids permitted. Only non-programmable calculators.
Note: Point form is acceptable and recommended.
Marks PART A. THEORY (38 Marks)
A1. (11 marks) a) Explain how electron band structure arise in solids from the quantum mechanics of
the outer electrons. b) Use the band structure to explain why we have conductors, semiconductors and
insulators. c) Using band gap theory, explain the conductivity of a p-type extrinsic semiconductor near
room temperature. d) Show how the conductivity of this semiconductor would vary over a
temperature range from 0 to 600K and name and explain the different regions of behaviour.
A2 (4 marks). Describe the powder technique in X-ray diffraction as used in the diffractometer
method. How do we run the experiment (sample, x-rays, output etc.) and what information do we
obtain from the experiment and how is it determined?
A3. (6 marks) a) Sketch what is observed when a cylindrical single crystal of zinc is loaded in tension
so that slip occurs? b) Describe the crystallographic relationships and the stress levels observed. c)
Explain why dislocation theory is necessary to account for the observations.
A4. (4 marks) What are coherent twin boundaries and why are these boundaries so straight?

A5. (6 marks) Griffiths found that glass got stronger than the bulk properties of glass as he drew fibers
down to smaller and smaller diameter fibers. A) How did he explain this and to what theoretical value
would the strength go at infinitely small fibers. B) Why did he resort to thermodynamics to explain the
fracture behaviour? Explain the thermodynamic energies involved in his argument and how they
varied with crack length. Also, show how the total energy varies with crack length.

A6. (7 marks) a) Explain why there should be an equilibrium number of vacancies in a solid crystal
that varies with temperature. b) Explain how equilibrium is achieved when the temperature is
changed. c) Give the two most common situations where you would expect to find a non-equilibrium
number of vacancies in a metal and explain what effect this would have on diffusion.

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PART B. PROBLEMS. (31 Marks)
B1 (4 marks) Consider a first order reflection from {110} in BCC.
A) Show by means of a sketch that all the atoms are accounted for and the interplanar spacing is
a/2
B) With a similar sketch show that all the atoms are not accounted for in the same set of planes in
FCC
C) What set of planes parallel to (110) would account for all the atoms in FCC and what are their
spacing?

B2. (6 marks) The total line length of the dislocations visible in a 50 mm by 40 mm TEM photograph
of a metal foil taken at a magnification of 22,000 X is measured as 3,300 mm. The foil specimen
imaged by this picture had an average thickness of 23 nm.
a) Determine the dislocation density in the specimen based on this picture.
b) If the elastic energy per unit length of dislocation is given as Gb2 where G is the shear modulus and
b is the slip or Burgers vector how much energy (J/m3) is stored in the elastic fields of these
dislocations for 1 m3 of aluminium if G = 26.5 GPa and b is the nearest neighbour distance. (a = 0.405
nm).

B3. (5 marks) An extrinsic p-type silicon material is desired having a room temperature conductivity
of 150 mho/m. Specify an acceptor impurity type that may be used as well as its concentration in atom
percent.. The atomic weight of Si is 28.1 and its density is 2,300 kg/m3.

B4. (5 marks) For the dislocation loop shown below in plan view
a) Determine the nature of the dislocation at A, B, C and D if the positive direction is
counterclockwise.
b) For a shear couple from B to D above the plane and from D to B below the plane will the loop
expand or contract? Explain your reasoning.

B5. (5 marks) A metal powder gives a diffraction pattern with Cu K (=1.5405X10-10 m) with the
first 3 Bragg angles (in order of theta) being 20.25, 29.3, and 36.83. It is known to be a cubic metal.
a) Find out if it is bcc or fcc and
b) Determine the lattice parameter, a, of its crystal lattice?
B6. (6 marks) A steel cable 100 m long and 25 mm in diameter is used to support a scoreboard from
the roof of a domed stadium. If the scoreboard weighs 100,000 kg, what will be the margin of safety
using a maraging steel with yield strength of 350 ksi to support the scoreboard? If it could support the
scoreboard, how much energy in joules would be stored in the cable?
69 total

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 Equation and Data List
MATE 256 April 2005

R (the universal gas constant) = 8.314 J/K.mol, E for Steel is 210 GPa, No=6.02X1023
h1 h2 + k1 k 2 + l1l 2
cos = , g=9.81 m/s2, 39.37 in. = 1 m, 1 MPa=145 psi
(h1 + k1 + l1 ).(h2 + k 2 + l 2 )
2 2 2 2 2 2

h = 6.626 X 10-34 J.s, c = 3.00 X 108 m/s, charge on electron = 1.602 X 10-19 coulombs

2 NA 1 . 78 1 . 53
NA = sin RP = n A = 2 N 1 d = =
nL nA
d= a
swl = 12400
h +k2 +l2
2 V = c , E = h , = 2d sin B, = h/p
1. For simple cells all reflections (hkl) are present.
2. For body centered cells the sum h + k + l must be even for a reflection to be present.
3. For face centered cells h, k and l are all odd or all even.

n* = exp -Hv
PES = CRT spot size/magn, D = 2*PES/tan , S = k ln W , N kT ,
S = - R [XA ln XA + (1-XA) ln (1-XA)], = cos cos
12 13 23
=b = = g b = 2 s v cos
, d, sin 12 sin 13 sin 23 , 2
cos (A+B) = cos A.cosB-sinA.sinB and cos (A-B) = cosA.cosB+sinA.sinB

a a W 2f f f 2f
K t = max Kt = 1+ 2 , K t = 1 + 2 , a = K IC = EG c =E = =
nom b V 2 2 2E
= ni e ( e + h ) , = n e e , = p e h
L 1
V=IR, R = , = , J = , v d = e E , total = t + i + d , t = o + T , i = AC i (1 C i ) , ,
A