APPENDIX

For capacity of grape pulp (rind and seeds) 10 tons. 6 tons of rind and 4 tons of seeds
within 10 tons.

1 kg seeds 3225 mg/kg polyphenol 1 kg rind 1859 mg/kg polyphenol

4 tons seeds 12.9 kg polyphenol 6 tons rind 11.154 kg polyphenol

12.9 kg + 11.154 kg = 24.054 kg polyphenol / 10 tons pulp

24.054 kg polyphenol
100 = 0.24 % polyphenol in feed
1000

Continuous Extraction System Calculations

Figure ? :Continuous, countercurrent, ideal-stage leaching and washing system.

Feed contains 0.24 % polyphenol

10 000 kg (0.0024) = 24 kg polyphenol in feed (F)

10 000 24 = 9976 kg insoluble substances in feed (F)

Recovery of polyphenol in process : 70%

24 kg (0.70) = 16.8 kg polyphenol in extract (VL)

24 16.8 = 7.2 kg polyphenol in Extracted solids (Ln)

10 polyphenol
Extract contains 10% polyphenols (yL = 0.10) ( 100 solvent
) according to;

(0.90)
(16.8 kg) (0.10) = 151.2 solvent in extract (VL)

Insoluble part in Extracted solids (Ln) contains solvent (ethanol+water) of 17% .

(9976 kg) (0.17) = 1695.92 kg solvent in Extracted solids (Ln)

 Extract
Fresh solvent VL=168 kg
Vn+1= 1863.92 kg S = . kg polyphenol

VN V1=1863.92 kg

N N-1 1 L
LN-1 L1

Extracted solids Feed

S = 7.2 kg polyphenol F = 10 tons
W= . kg S = 24 kg polyphenols
solvent I = 9976 kg

Figure ?. Extraction of polyphenols from grape pulp continuous leaching diagram

Mass Balances for solvent and solute

Overall mass balance on solvent (ethanol + water) balance

VN+1 = VL + (1695.92 kg)

VN+1 = (168 kg) + (1695.92 kg)

VN+1 = 1863.92 kg

Mass balance on solvent balance around leaching stage

V1 = VL + (1695.92 kg)

V1= (168 kg) + (1695.92 kg)

V1 = 1863.92 kg

Polyphenol balance on leaching stage

(V1 y1) + 24 kg = ( yL VL )+ (xL 1695.2 kg)

10 polyphenol
xL = yL and y1 = = 0,10
100 solvent

(1863.92 kg y1) + 24 = ( 0.10168 kg) + ( 0.1529400)

y1= 0.8
7.2 kg of polyphenol
xN can be found for nth stage 1695.92 kg of solvent
= 0.0042

yn+1 0
 The end points of the two ends of the washing cascade are now established ;

xL = 0,10 and y1 = 0,087 (0.10 , 0.087)

xN = 0,0042 and yN+1 =0.0005 (0.0042,0.0005)

The mass ratio of water in the underflow to water in the overflow :

L 1 +1 (0.087 0.005)
= = = 0.85
V (0.1 0.0042)
The operating line for McCABE-Thiele plot will be with the two end points and a slope of
0.85 so the operating line is ;

y=0.85x + 0.002

0.12
0.11
McCabe-Thiele diagram
tons polyphenol/tons solvent in flow

0.1
y = 0.85x + 0.002
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
tons polyphenol/tons solvent in underflow

Figure ?. McCabe-Thiele diagram

Stage number can be found 12, by the help of McCabe-Thiele graph.

Calculation of Stage Number with McCabe-Smith Method

0.00420.0005
log( +1 ) log( )
1 0.10 0,087
N= 1 +1 N= 0,0870.005 = 12.3 12 stages needed
log( ) log( )
0.10 0.0042
Batch Extraction System Calculations

The time required for the same recovery percentage of the polyphenol used in the
continuous solid-liquid extraction is;
cAS cA
= Fa
cAS cA0

cAS = 0
cA0 = 24 kg
cA = 7.2 kg

cAS cA 0 7.2
= = 0.3
cAS cA0 0 24

=
2

DAB = 105.49 1014 m2 /s (diffusion coefficient) (slayttaki tablo)

a = 0.5 mm (particle size) (slayttaki tablo)
= 0.07 is read figure 1.7 (mass kitab)
(105.491014 )
0.07=
(0.5103 )2

t = 16560 s 4.6 hr