PEMODELAN STATIS

INTRODUCTION TO STATIC
RESERVOIR MODELING

TRAINING SCHEDULE
Time Event
09.00-10.30 Introduction
10.30-10.45 Break
10.45-12.00 Geological Control
12.00-13.00 Break
24-Mei-2014
13.00-14.00 Well Correlation
14.00-14.15 Break
14.15-16.00 Seismic Interpretation
16.00-16.15 Homework

09.00-09.30 Review
09.30-10.30 Geostatistic
10.30-10.45 Break
25-Mei-2014 10.45-12.00 Geometry Modeling
12.00-13.00 Break
13.00-15.00 Facies & Property Modeling
15.15-16.00 Volumetric & Uncertainty

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

OIL & GAS UPSTREAM BUSSINES PROCESS

OIL & GAS UPSTREAM BUSSINES PROCESS

PREPARATION EXPLORATION DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION MARKETING

Acquiring Resources Reserves Product Finding

Contract Area Reserves Production Optimization Market

SKKMIGAS, 2013

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GEOLOGICAL MODELING

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Suppose you are required to prospect a very large area for gold. You
have all the necessary tools for drilling to mine a spot for gold.
However, due to costs and technical difficulty you do not have the
luxury to mine physically the whole area (with extensive drilling) in
order to find out the locations where gold is deposited in high
amounts. Another problem that complicates your objective is that there
is no precedence of gold mining in your area (i.e., no body really
knows the geology or any historical fact to guide you to choosing
drilling locations that may have a high probability of having gold
deposits.)

So what do you do?

(the founder of geostatistics Dr. Krige in South Africa was faced with the
same problem some 80 years ago)

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GEOSTATISTICS
Geostatistics defined as the branch of statistical sciences that studied
spatial/temporal phenomena and capitalizes on spatial relationship to
model possible value(s) at unobserved, unsample location. (Caers,
2005)

Geostatistics concept:
Quantify Spatial Relationship (i.e. by using Variogram)
The non-randomness of geological phenomena entails that value
measured close to each other are more alike than value measure
farther apart.

Modeling Spatial Relationship

Estimation: Kriging
Simulation: Conditional Simulation (SGS/SIS/TGS)

GEOLOGICAL MODELING
Geomodeling consists of the set of all the mathematical methods
allowing to model in an unified way the topology, the geometry and the
physical properties of geological objects while taking into account any
type of data related to these objects. (Mallet, 2002)

A Geomodel is the numerical equivalent of a three-dimensional

geological map complemented by a description of physical quantities
in the domain of interest. (Mallet, 2008)

Geologic modeling or Geomodeling is the applied science of creating

computerized representations of portions of the Earth's crust based
on geophysical and geological observations made on and below the
Earth surface. (Wikipedia)

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

WHY DO WE NEED GEOMODEL?

3D models help us visualize the ground beneath our feet without the need for
training in complex geological techniques.

Modelling the Earth's subsurface can help us understand the relationship

between geology and our environment.

Our traditional printed, 2D geological maps show the distribution of geological

units at the surface, but 3D models of the same geology shows us the depth of
features such as faults, changes in thickness, tilted units and subsurface
contacts.

3D models can:
allow non IT specialists to easily access geological information
answer specific questions about the subsurface
produce a range of outputs
display 360 views

DEVELOPMENT OF GEOMODEL

In the 70's, geomodelling mainly consisted of automatic 2D

cartographic techniques such as contouring, implemented as
FORTRAN routines communicating directly with plotting hardware.

The advent of workstations with 3D graphics capabilities during the

80's gave birth to a new generation of geomodelling software with
graphical user interface which became mature during the 90's

Since its inception, geomodelling has been mainly motivated and

supported by oil and gas industry.

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

APPLICATION
Geomodeling
Application

Mining Petroleum Geothermal Hydrology

Basin Reservoir

Unconvention
Conventional
al

Shale Coal Bed

Silisiclastics Carbonate Basement Tight Sand
Hydrocarbon Methane

BASIN & RESERVOIR MODELING

Reservoir Modeling
Basin Modeling Looks into finer aspects of the reservoir
Looks into larger aspects like existence of Static Static model
a petroleum system in the area Presents the current geologic setup
Aim is to predict Presents the current state of tectonic
Reservoir development, Source rock deformation
maturation, Presents the current state of
Migration history, Thermal history, stratigraphy
Pressure development etc. Models current distribution of rock
properties

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CONVENTIONAL & UNCONVENTIONAL

Unconventional
Conventional Trapping not hydrodynamic
Hydrodynamic emplacement and Controlled by regional stratigraphy
trapping Poorly defined limits
Controlled by local structure and Continuous or Dispersed
stratigraphy Accumulations
Well defined limits (e.g. seal and Requires stimulation / de-watering
fluid contact)
Discrete fields
Un-stimulated Production

SOURCE OF DATA
Source of data are reservoir modeling:
Geological Data any data related to the style of geological
deposition:
Core data porosity, permeability, and relative permeability per
facies
Well log data any suite of logs that indicate lithology,
petrophysics, and fluid types near the wellbore
Sedimentological and stratigraphic interpretation
Outcrop analog data

Geophysical Data any data originating from seismic surveys:

Surface and fault interpreted on 3D seismic
Seismic Attribute
Rock physics data

Reservoir Engineering Data any data related to the testing and

production of the reservoir:
Pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) data.
Well-test data
Production data

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ROLE OF GEOMODELER
Data QC and data harmonization (structural, sedimentological, petrophysical,
geophysical and geomechanical analysis)
Elaboration of conceptual model as an integrated process that involves experts from
various fields
Structural modeling: Incorporate relevant structural elements and delineate
different fault blocks
Gridding of target area
Facies Modeling (Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS), Truncated Gaussian
Simulation (TGS), object based modeling or Multi Point Statistics (MPS))
Petrophysical Modeling: Geostatistical data analysis and simulation (Sequential
Gaussian Simulation (SGS) and co-simulation)
Water saturation modeling (J-function analysis)
Static Model upscaling
Uncertainty Analysis: Visualize dependencies between the input parameters
(seismic, structure, facies, petrophysics) and quantification and visualization of the
spatial location and variability of the uncertainty
Discrete Fractured Network modeling (DFN)

GEOLOGICAL CONTROL

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SILISICLASTICS

CARBONATES

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FRACTURED BASEMENT

SHALE HYDROCARBON

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COAL BED METHANE

End of Slide Show

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End of Slide Show

WELL CORRELATION

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Scope of discussion

Sequence Stratigraphy Concepts

Electrofacies
Regional Geology of Jambi Sub-Basin
Core Description
Sequence Stratigraphy Correlation

Sequence Stratigraphy Concepts

Sediment patterns in siliciclastic non-marine and shelf deposits are controlled by two
fundamental parameters :
1. The rate of sediment influx (Sedimentation rate)
2. Changes in the potental space available for sedimentation (Space accomodation)

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Sequence Stratigraphy Concepts

Sequence Stratigraphy Concepts

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

Sequence Stratigraphy Concepts

Boyd & Diesel, 1994

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Electrofacies

Serra. O, 1985

Electrofacies

Fluvial Environment

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Electrofacies

Incised Valley and Estuarine Environment

Electrofacies

Delta Environment

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Electrofacies

Deepwater Submarine and Turbidite Environment

Electrofacies

Deepwater Submarine and Turbidite Environment

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Core Description

Sequence Statigraphic Analysis of Well Log

Previous Study

Interval: 1219.00 - 1229.43 M

top

bottom

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FERG-2

Interval: 1219.00 - 1229.43 m / 3999.344 - 4033.563 ft

Transgresisi
ve
retrogradati
onal

Upper Pendopo
Lowstand
aggradation

Highstand
progradatio
nal
Transgresisi
ve
Lower Pendopo

retrogradati
onal

Lowstand
B
aggradation
interval
Core

End of Slide Show

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

Sedimentology and Stratigraphy

Review for Static Modeling

Scope of discussion

Important of sedimentology and stratigraphy in static modeling

Definition review
Aim of sedimentology and stratigraphy in static modeling
Scale of observation
Reservoir Geometry

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

Important of sedimentology and stratigraphy in static

modeling
(Examples)

Almost on
Sedimentary Rocks

Definition review Geological understanding need

Outline of our discussion :

Geological Factor

Introduction
Sedimentology and

Geology control
Stratigraphy

Factor

Silisiclastic
Correlation and Seismic Picking
Geostatistic
Geometrical modelling
Property Modelling
Volumetric

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Definition review

Sedimentology of the scientific study of sediments (unconsolidated) and

sedimentary rocks (consolidated) in terms of their description,
classification, origin and diagenesis (Shanmugam, 2006).

Reading (1986) suggested four steps for reconstructing ancient

environments: (1) description of the rocks; (2) interpretation of
processes; (3) establishment of vertical and lateral facies relationships;
and (4) use of modern analogs.

Good News!!

Sedimentology field activities

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Definition Review

Stratigraphy is a branch of geology which studies rock layers (strata) and

layering (stratification)(Wikipedia.org).

Some stratigraphic subfields :

Lithologic stratigraphy
Biologic stratigraphy
Chronostratigraphic
Magnetostratigraphic
Archeological stratigraphy

Definition Review

Sequence stratigraphy is a methodology that provides a

framework for the elements of any depositional setting,
facilitating paleogeographic reconstruction and the prediction of
facies and lithologies away from control point
(Catuneanu, 2011)

This framework ties changes in stratal stacking patterns to the

responses to varying accomodation and sediment suplly through
time.

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Aim of sedimentology and stratigraphy in static modeling

Data should be talking about geological processes and feature,

not only statistic and useful for hydrocarbon exploration and
production.

What geological processes and feature means :

Geometry of sand body would be filled by hydrocarbon.
Depositional environment and paleogeography.

Scale of observation

Stage I : Geological Assesment

provides a description of the sand-
body dimensions, geometry, and
connectivity.
Stage II : Petrophysical Evaluation
focuses on the rock and fluid
systems at a much smaller scale,
i.e. the pore scale.
Stage III : Formation Evaluation
pore-scale descriptions from Stage
II are upscaled and integrated into
continuous profiles of porosity,
permeability, water saturation,
and hydraulic rock types at the
wellbore
Stage IV : Reservoir Modeling
: Sedimentology and stratigraphy applied

: Sedimentology and stratigraphy model applied

Gunter et al (1997)

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Scale of observation

Mini-scale
Core description include lithology, sedimentary structure and
textural atribute.

Scale of observation

Meso-scale
Upscaled interpretation of the vertical distribution of the depositional
rock type and identification of the processes influencing their vertical
distribution.

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Scale of observation

Mega-scale
The associated geologic processes and the depositional rock types are interpreted in terms of
depositional environments that further provide insights into the initial reservoir dimensions,
geometry, position, and connectivity.

Reservoir Geometry
Mini-Scale Meso-Scale

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Reservoir Geometry
Mega Scale

End of Slide Show

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GEOSTATISTICS IN RESERVOIR
MODELING

OUTLINE

Introduction
Some basic definition
Spatial Statistics
Deterministic Modeling
Stochastic Modeling

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INTRODUCTION

What is Geostatistics?

Geostatistics: study of phenomena that vary in space and/or time (Deutsch, 2002)

Geostatistics can be regarded as a collection of numerical techniques that deal with the
characterization of spatial attributes, employing primarily random models in a manner similar
to the way in which time series analysis characterizes temporal data. (Olea, 1999)

Geostatistics offers a way of describing the spatial continuity of natural phenomena and
provides adaptations of classical regression techniques to take advantage of this continuity.
(Isaaks and Srivastava, 1989)

Statistical technique that accounts for spatial relationships of variables in estimating values of
the variables at unsampled locations. (Kelkar and Perez, 19??)

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Application of Geostatistics

Interpolation and Extrapolation

Spatial Distribution Analysis
Risk Analysis/Uncertainty Estimates
Use of Intercorrelated Attributes

Limitations of Geostatistics
Geostatistics Does Not Create Data or Eliminate the Value of
Obtaining Additional Good Data
Geostatistics Does Not Replace Sound Qualitative Understanding and
Expert Judgment
Geostatistics Does Not Necessarily Save Time, At Least in the Short
Term.
Geostatistics Does Not Work Well as a Black Box

Porosity at X is 13.7%

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Reservoir Modeling
Some basic definition

BASIC DEFINITION

STATIC RESERVOIR MODEL

Parameters which does not change in time
ie: Facies, Reservoir Rock Type (RRT), Phi, Initial Sw, etc.

DYNAMIC RESERVOIR MODEL

Parameters that change in time
ie: Fluid flow, Pressure, etc.

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HOMOGENY Vs. ISOTROPY

Homogeny & Heterogenic Vs. Isotropy & Anisotropy

Anisotopy:
a) 1
b) 0.8
a) b) c) 0.5
d) 0.2

c) d)

The direction
of Maximum continuity

high Heterogeneity Low Heterogeneity

The direction
of Minimum continuity

STATIONARY

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Mean Value
Arithmetic

Geometric

Harmonic

Deterministic Vs Stochastic

Deterministic If One Knows Enough About the Process Responsible for

the Distribution
Stochastic If the Underlying Process Is Not Well Understood
Deterministic Models Depend
on Outside Information Not
Contained in the Data Values
(i.e. Quantitative Process
Description) and the Context of
the Data
Deterministic Model Examples:
Distance a Ball Will Travel
When Thrown
Information Needed
Equation
Velocity and Angle Ball Is
Thrown
Gravitational Constant
(g)
Stochastic Models
Stochastic Models Are Useful
When the Process Responsible
for the Distribution of Values is
Not Well Understood
A Stochastic Model is a Random
Model Controlled by a Spatial
Correlation Model
Stochastic Models are a Useful
Reservoir Characterization Tool
Because a Reservoir is the End
Product of Many Poorly
Understood Processes

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Estimation Vs Simulation
Estimation is Process of Obtaining the
Single Best Value of a Reservoir
Property at an Unsampled Location.
Local Accuracy Takes Precedence Over
Global Spatial Variability. Estimation
Methods, Therefore, Tend to Produce
Smooth Property Distributions.
Many Traditional Methods
Block Averages
Inverse Distance Weighted
Interpolation
Triangulation
Many Geostatistical Methods
Ordinary Kriging
Collocated Cokriging
Simulation is Process of Obtaining
One or More Good Values of a
Reservoir Property at an Unsampled
Location. The Simulated
Distributions Honor Global Features
and Statistics Instead of Local
Accuracy. Simulation Methods Tend
to Produce More Realistic Property
Distributions.
Variety of Methods Available,
Including:
Gaussian Sequential Simulation
(GSS)
Sequential Indicator Simulation
(SIS)
Simulated Annealing
Boolean (Marked-Point, Object
Based)

Estimation Vs Simulation
Estimation Simulation

Note Smooth Contours

On Estimation Map
Compared to Simulation
(Stochastic) Map.

Note that Areas of

Greatest Difference
Between the Two Maps
Are In Areas of Little
or No Well Control.

Effective Porosity

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

SPATIAL STATISTICS

Spatial Analysis

Characteristics of Geoscience Data Sets : Exhibit Spatial

Relationships
neighboring values are related to each other
The relationship gets stronger as the distance between two
neighbors becomes smaller
In most instances, beyond certain distance the neighboring
values becomes uncorrelated
Statistical methods to quantify spatial relationship:
Covariance
Variogram

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

Covariance

Variogram

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Covariance Vs. Variogram

Covariance measures similarities whereas variogram measures the difference

Relationship under most situations

In geostatistics, we use variogram instead of covariance to describe spatial

relationship

Covariance Variogram

Variogram

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DETERMINISTIC MODELING
Estimation Process - Kriging

ESTIMATION

Estimation means the process to estimate the value at

interwell locations.
Common method : Linear Interpolation.
Linear Interpolation in Geostatistics is done using Kriging
Kriging is named after it founder Danny Krige, a gold miner
scientist from South Africa (1948)
Kriging is a deterministic method.
The main difference between kriging and conventional
linear interpolation is the use of spatial relationship (i.e.,
variogram), instead of based on pre-defined formula.

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

LOCAL ESTIMATION
Point Estimation Methods
Geological Experience and/or Artistic License
Traditional Algorithms That Use Weights Based on Euclidean (Geometric)
Distance
Polygon Method (Nearest Neighbor)
Triangulation
Local Sample Mean
Inverse Distance
Geostatistical Algorithms That Use Weights Based on Structural (or
Statistical) Distance
Simple Kriging
Ordinary Kriging
Universal Kriging
Kriging with Trend
Collocated Cokriging

ESTIMATION PROCESS - KRIGING

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Stochastic modeling

SEQUENTIAL SIMULATION

The most popular technique in reservoir description

Uses grid based method
Can generate multiple realizations of various reservoir
attributes
The two common most methods are: Sequential Indicator
Simulation (SIS) and Sequential Gaussian Simulation (SGS)
TGS :
Combination of SGS and SIS
Provide smoother distributin of discrete variable
To honor local relationships among various attributes, co-
simulation method is used

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SEQUENTIAL SIMULATION

PROCEDURE:
Transform
Variogram Analysis
Random Path Determination
Kriging
Uncertainty Quantification
Back Transform

Transform
Gaussian Transform:
Transform the data (may be originally as continuous or discrete
variable) to become Continuous variable
In most cases, SGS is used for continuous variable but, it may also
be used for discrete variable (e.g., TGS)

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Sequential Gaussian Simulation based on Simple Kriging

4 realizations

Sequential Gaussian Simulation based on Simple Cokriging

4 realizations

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Example Sequential Gaussian Cosimulation (1)

4 realizations

Example Sequential Gaussian Cosimulation (2)

4 realizations

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

End of Slide Show

STATIC MODELING

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STATIC MODELING

PENDAHULUAN
WORKFLOW
DATA YANG DIBUTUHKAN
MODEL GRID
MODEL FACIES
MODEL PETROFISIKA
PERHITUNGAN VOLUMETRIK
ANALISIS SENSITIVITAS DAN KETIDAKPASTIAN
UPSCALE

PENDAHULUAN

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

DEFINISI UMUM

STATIC RESERVOIR MODEL

Parameters which do not change in time

ie: Facies, Reservoir Rock Type (RRT), Phi, etc.

Permeability ?
Water Saturation ?

DYNAMIC RESERVOIR MODEL

Parameters that change in time

ie: Fluid flow, Pressure, etc.

WORKFLOW

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

WORKFLOW
Petrophysical Geological Geophysical
Intepretation Intepretation Intepretation

Static Model
(base case)

Well Test Bubble Map

Dynamic Data
Validation Material Balance
DST/MDT/RFT

Uncertainty Analysis

Scale Up

Overall Workflow

WORKFLOW
Model Perhitungan
Input Data Model Grid Model Facies UPSCALING
Petrofisika Volumetrik

Intepretasi Scale Up Well Scale Up Well

Model Patahan OOIP/OGIP Design
Petrofisika Log Log

Intepretasi Analisis Analisis Analisis Structural

Areal Gridding
Geofisika Geostatistik Geostatistik Sensitivitas Upscale

Interpretasi Distribusi Analisis Properties

Model Horison Trend Modeling Phi,K,Sw,NtG
Geologi Ketidakpastian Upscale
mengacu
terhadap Facies
/ Rocktype

Analisis Teknik Distribusi

Zonasi
Reservoir Facies
Validasi dengan
Data Dynamic

Pembuatan Integrasi
Lapisan Konsep Geologi

Grid Quality
Control

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KEBUTUHAN DATA

KEBUTUHAN DATA

Intepretasi Intepretasi Intepretasi Analisis Teknik

Geofisika Geologi Petrofisika Reservoir

Korelasi Sumur Porositas Bubble Map

Interpretasi Seismik Saturasi Air Analisis Uji Sumur

Atribut Seismik Fasies Geologi Boi & Bg

Konseptual Sebaran Fasies (Peta 2D) Permeabilitas

Rock Type
Kontak Fluida

Persamaan Saturasi Diatas Kontak

* Tipikal data pada reservoir konvensional, dapat berbeda pada kasus reservoir unconventional

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

MODEL GRID

Objektif
Workflow
Model Patahan
Areal Gridding
Model Horison dan Zone
Model Lapisan
Scale up Well Log
Grid Quality Control
Studi Kasus 1 (Lapangan Bravo)
Studi Kasus 2 (Lapangan KE)

OBJEKTIF

Membangun arsitektur dari reservoir dengan membaginya menjadi grid

block dengan ukuran yang konsisten terhadap resolusi data statik

Menggabungkan patahan dan horison hasil interpretasi seismik

Membagi zona berdasarkan kombinasi data seismik dan sumur

Membagi perlapisan pada tiap zona berdasarkan kondisi geologi

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

WORKFLOW

Areal Model Horison Model Zona

Model Patahan Gridding

Quality Control Model Lapisan

WORKFLOW

Bahar, 2012

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MODEL PATAHAN

MODEL PATAHAN
TUJUAN:
Memasukkan hasil Patahan interpretasi seimik kedalam
Model Grid

HAL YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:

Patahan yang dimodelkan sebaiknya HANYA patahan
yang berkontribusi terhadap geometri dan properti
reservoir
Geometri Patahan: Vertikal, Miring, Listrik
Hubungan antar patahan (Memotong secara
lateral/Vertikal*)
Smoothing dan editing sebaiknya melihat kembali data
seismik (lakukan terlebih dahulu pada domain time)
karena akan mempengaruhi volume reservoir
Kaidah geologi struktur

* Patahan yang memotong secara vertikal akan mempengaruhi

bentuk grid, biasanya memerlukan perhatian khusus. Lebih baik
dihindari

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

MODEL PATAHAN

HAL YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:

Patahan yang dimodelkan sebaiknya HANYA patahan yang
berkontribusi terhadap geometri dan properti reservoir

Dimodelkan atau tidak?

Man in Charge:
Geologist dan Reservoir Engineer

MODEL PATAHAN

Fault memotong secara lateral Fault memotong secara vertikal

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

MODEL PATAHAN

Common Practice:

- Kumpulkan semua patahan hasil interpretasi, diskusikan bersama geologist dan reservoir enggineer
patahan mana saja yang akan dimodelkan.
- Tentukan bentuk dari masing masing patahan. Untuk model skala reservoir biasanya pilar linear
dengan 2 atau 3 poin sudah cukup untuk memodelkan patahan.
- Pastikan apakah terdapat patahan yang berpotongan secara vertikal, jika ada diskusikan kembali
dengan geologi dan geofisika apakah kedua patahan tersebut penting, jika ia maka diperlukan
perhatian khusus.
- Transfer patahan hasil interpretasi ke dalam model grid.
- Lakukan editing dan smoothing dengan melihat kembali data Seismik.
- Diskusikan apakah hasil model patahan sudah baik dari sisi geologi, geofisika dan reservoir.

AREAL GRIDDING

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

AREAL GRIDDING

TUJUAN:
Membuat grid secara lateral yang meggambarkan heterogenitas
secara areal.

HAL YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:

Usahakan berbentuk rectangular (segi empat)
Ukuran minimum: Resolusi seismik
Ukuran maksimum: Sediakan minimum 2 atau 3 grid blok diatara
sumur
Usahakan tidak ada 2 atau lebih sumur dalam satu grid, kecuali
twin well atau beroperasi pada waktu yang berbeda
Jangan berencana untuk melakukan areal upscale

AREAL GRIDDING

Contoh 1: Patahan tidak diberi arah Contoh 2: Patahan diberi arah, grid berbentuk
mengakibatkan banyak grid tidak berbentuk segi empat
segi empat

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

AREAL GRIDDING

Contoh 3: Patahan kompleks tanpa diberi arah Contoh 4: Patahan kompleks setelah diberi arah

AREAL GRIDDING

Ukuran grid =200 * 200 Ukuran grid =100 * 100 Ukuran grid =50 * 50
Total Grid = 1,964,025 Total Grid = 3,928,050 Total Grid = 15,712,200
2 sumur pada 1 grid Total grid terlalu besar

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

AREAL GRID

Common Practice:

- Tentukan area yang ingin dimodelkan.

- Buat batasan model berupa poligon, usahakan searah dengan patahan utama.
- Berikan arah pada setiap patahan yang berarah sama, manfaatkan fitur
Automatic direction assignment pada perangkat lunak pemodelan
- Tentukan besaran grid yang paling sesuai pada model yang akan dibangun
- Periksa hasil grid, apakah terdapat grid yang masih bisa dioptimasi

MODEL HORISON DAN ZONE

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

MODEL HORIZONE

TUJUAN:
Integrasi hasil korelasi sumur dan intepretasi seismik (fault
dan horison) kedalam model pilar yang telah dibuat.

HAL YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:

Horison yang dimodelkan sebaiknya berasal dari hasil
intepretasi seismik
Residual marker dan horison telah diminimalisir agar
hasil model tidak terdapat bull eyes
Jarak pengaruh dari masing masing patahan
Jarak displacement maksimum dan minimum patahan

MODEL HORISON

Input horison Hasil model Jarak pengaruh patahan

Input data yang terkena pengaruh patahan akan dihilangkan, kemudian

interpolasi dari data yang berada diluar pengaruh patahan

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MODEL ZONE

TUJUAN:
Membagi lapisan didalam horison yang tidak
dapat didapatkan melalui intepretasi seismik.

HAL YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:

Zonasi dibagi berdasarkan konsep geologi
(Chrono / Lito)

MODEL LAPISAN

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

MODEL LAPISAN

PHI SW NTG
TUJUAN:
Membagi setiap lapisan reservoir menjadi
lapisan tipis sesuai dengan resolusi data
(fine layer)

HAL YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:

Ukuran lapisan harus dapat
mencapture tingkat heterogenitas
vertikal reservoir
Tipe Layering
Jumlah total grid cell

MODEL LAPISAN

Yerus dan Chambers, 2006

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SCALE UP WELL LOG

SCALE UP WELL LOG

TUJUAN:
Memasukkan nilai
sumuran kedalam grid
block

HAL YANG HARUS

DIPERHATIKAN:
Metode scale up

Data log sumur Hasil Upscale

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

GRID QUALITY CONTROL

GRID QUALITY CONTROL

Evaluasi histogram data log sumur dan hasil scale up. Jika perbedaan cukup

signifikan, perbanyak jumlah layer pada zona yang bermasalah

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

GRID QUALITY CONTROL

Periksa nilai volume

dari tiap grid. Nilai
minus menunjukkan
bahwa ada grid yang
terlipat, periksa
tahapan areal grid.

FACIES MODELING

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

TOPICS

What is Facies, Rock Type, and Facies Modeling ?

Why do we need to do Facies Modeling ?

How do we do Facies Modeling ?

Facies at Well Location

3D Facies Distribution

Case Study Example of Facies Modeling.

GEOLOGICAL FACIES
Definition :

Facies are a body of rock with specified characteristics.

Ideally, a facies is a distinctive rock unit that forms under certain conditions of sedimentation,

reflecting a particular process or environment

Facies are distinguished by what type of the rock is being studied (e.g., Lithofacies (based on

petrological) , Biofacies (based on fossil),

Lithofacies classifications are a purely geological grouping of reservoir rocks, which have similar

texture, grain size, sorting etc.

Each lithofacies indicates a certain depositional environment with a distribution trend and dimension.

Knowledge in Facies is important as it provides information on how the rock is ditributed in the

reservoir

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

RESERVOIR ROCK TYPE

Definition :

RRT is grouping of geological rock based on both geological facies and

petrophysical grouping (porosity, permeability, capillary pressure and

saturation).

The objective of generating RRT is to link property with geology

Facies distribution may be interpreted by geological knowledge but

not necessarily the property due to diagenesis

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

FACIES MODELING TECHNIQUES

FACIES MODELING

TGS SIS
Gaussian Simulation

Well log

Trend Property

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

ROCK TYPE MODELING

Well log TGS

Gaussian Simulation

Constraint to
Facies model

Facies Modelling

Reflection strength attribute Facies model Rocktype Model

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

KEY ISSUE IN FACIES MODELING

Conceptual Geological Model is needed in order to QC the result

and/or used as the trend.
Integration with other information, other than well data, in the form
of 2D or 3D distribution is critical in order to obtain reliable result.
Possible trend for Facies Modeling :
Seismic Data
Probability Map of Facies Distribution
Diagenesis Model

PETROPHYSICAL MODELING

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

WHY DO WE DO PETROPHYSICAL MODELING?

To obtain 3D distribution of porosity consistent with its geological (facies) distribution.

It is one of the most important component for quantifying the volumetric of the reservoir.

Primary Data :
Attribute at Well Locations, obtained from :
Petrophysical Analysis / Well Log Interpretation (PHIE). The
analysis should consider core-log correlation.
Secondary Data :
3D Facies Model
2D or 3D Seismic Attributes (e.g., AI, Amplitude)
Spatial Information
Calculated from well data (at least vertical variogram), if sufficient
well data exists, or
Inferred from Seismic Attributes (Correlation Length and direction)

PROPERTIES MODEL

Constraint To Constraint To Constraint To Constrain to

Vsh

Permeability
Porosity

Water Saturation

Rocktype Rocktype Rocktype Rocktype

Guided by Guided by Linear Saturation
Seismic Attribute Seismic Attribute relationships / height function
SIS SIS Simulation i.e. J-Function

Key Issues:
Good 3D Facies Model and/or good correlation with Seismic Attribute (e.g.,
Acoustic Impedance) is essential for the success of Porosity Modeling

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

VOLUMETRIC CALCULATION

VOULUMETRIC CALCULATION

Each cells have its own values

STOIIP = Bv * NtG * Porosity * (1-Sw) *(1/Boi)

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

UNCERTAINTY IN THE MODELING

Its is better to have uncertainty

rather than illusion of reality
Andre G. Journel

More is the hard data we have , less is the uncertainty in the model

Calculating the uncertainty in the model, tells us how realistic is the

Model made with the available data

Uncertainty in the Modeling

What adds to uncertainty in the model

Errors/uncertainty in seismic interpretation
Errors/Uncertainty in Velocity Modeling if time to depth
conversion was involved
Errors/uncertainty in the log data processing
Errors/uncertainty in data analysis
Errors/Uncertainty in 3D interpolation

Uncertainty in the Model is a Cumulative Result of all the above

mentioned factors

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

SENSITIVITY AND UNCERTAINTY

SENSITIVITY AND UNCERTAINTY

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

SENSITIVITY AND UNCERTAINTY

Contact

Variogram

Permeability

Sw

Cutoff
Boi

SENSITIVITY AND UNCERTAINTY

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 PEMODELAN STATIS

SENSITIVITY AND UNCERTAINTY

End of Slide Show

74
History What we do

Start in 2012 this Study of oil and gas

research group area related to
dedicated to educate Formation Evaluation
young researcher to research field, Join
develop the country Discussion Group,
especially in energy Training, Seminar, and
resources. Project.

Experience

SOP Petrophysical Multimin Dual Water Saturation Shally Sand and Dual Porosity Carbonate. UTC
Pertamina. October 2012 April 2013.
G&G Study MAC and MDK Field. Husky-Cnooc Madura Ltd. April June 2013.
Petrophysical analysis of MMC Parigi. ETTI Pertamina EP. July Augustus 2013.
G&G Basic Training. Pusat Survey Geologi. Augustus September 2013.
G&G Study of Kenali Asam Dangkal Field. EOR Pertamina. October December 2013.
Provision of Basin Study and Petroleum System of West Galagah kambuna Block, North Sumatra Basin.
Petronas Carigali (West Galagah kambuna) Ltd. December 2013 May 2014.
GGRPFE Study of South jambi B Field. Pertamina Hulu Energy. Maret Oktober 2014.
SOP Rock Typing and Static Model Carbonate and Silisiclastic. UTC Pertamina. January October 2014.
Studi Karakterisasi Reservoir Gas Metana Batubara (CBM) Cekungan Sumatra
Selatan, Barito, dan Kutai. Pertamina Hulu Energy. On Going.
G& G Betun Selo Field . PT Petroenim Betun Selo, February 2012
Petrophysical Training , PT. Tropic Energy, 2013
Resertifikasi Cadangan Struktur Donggi, matindok, Maleoraja, dan Minahaki, Sulawesi tengah, MGDP
Pertamina EP
GGR Study of Badik Structure , PHE Nunukan, on going