AM
GM For any sequence {a n } where ai ≥ 0, ∀i

n n
1
n i =1
ai ≥ n ∏a i =1
i “=” ⇔ ai = a j ,∀i, j

Cauchy Schwarz Inequality

ai a j
( ab ) ≤
2
( a2 )( b2 ) “=” ⇔ =
bi b j
,∀i, j

Find absolute Min. or Max. by differentiation

Generalization From Answer to Question
Mathematical Induction

n n
(1 + x) n = C rn x r = C rn x n − r
r =0 r =0

Substitution of suitable x value

Differentiate both sides
Integrate both sides

{an } is increasing and bounded above lim a n exist

n →∞

{bn }is decreasing and bounded below lim bn exist

n →∞

Telescopic property Upper to bigger, Lower to smaller

n
(a r − a r −1 ) = a n − a0
r =1
n
ar a
∏r =1 a r −1
= n
a0
Sequence is increasing ⇔ a n − a n −1 ≥ 0, ∀n ∈ N
Sequence is decreasing ⇔ a n −1 − a n ≥ 0, ∀n ∈ N

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 Operation of determinant

A = 0 ⇔ A has no inverse A ≠ 0 ⇔ A has inverse

AB = A B = B A A = A −1 AB ≠ BA AA −1 = I

Geometric transformation matrix

cos θ sin θ x′ x
Tθ = = Tθ
- sin θ cos θ y′ y

Tθ Tφ = Tθ +φ (Tθ )−1 = (Tθ )T = T−θ T2π = I

Addition and Multiplication of matrix

−1 1
a b d −b
Find inverse of a matrix = a b
c d −c a
c d

a b c x j
d e f y = k
g h i z l

a b c
d e f ≠0⇔ Unique solution, then
g h i

j b c a j c a b j
k e f d k f d e k
l h i g l i g h l
x= y= z=
a b c a b c a b c
d e f d e f d e f
g h i g h i g h i

a b c
d e f =0⇔ either No solution or Infinite many solution
g h i

Row-Operation

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 f ( x) = a n x n + a n −1 x n −1 + ... + a1 x + a 0

Equation of degree n has exactly n roots

f ( x) = a n ( x − α 1 )( x − α 2 ).....( x − α n )

If ∀ai ∈ R ,then f ( z ) = 0 f ( z) = 0

Factor theorem
f (α ) = 0 f ( x) = ( x − α )Q( x)

Remainder theorem
f (β ) = R f ( x) = ( x − β )Q( x) + R Remainder = R

f ( x) = 0 has k-multiple root

1) ⇔ f ( x) = Q( x)( x − α ) k
2) ⇔ f (α ) = f ′(α ) = ... = f ( k −1) (α ) = 0 and f ( k ) (α ) ≠ 0
3) f ′( x) = 0 has (k-1)-multiple root

deg( f + g ) ≤ Max(deg f , deg g )

deg( fg ) = deg f + deg g

k (LCM )(HCF ) = f ( x) g ( x), ∃k ∈ R

d is common factor of f , g uf + vg = d For some polynomial u,v

Relation between roots and coefficients

a a a
α i = (−1) n −1 , α iα j =(−1) 2 n − 2 ,...., ∏ α i = (−1) n 0
an an an

Synthetic Division     

Euclidean Algorithm 
  

Transformation of equation

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 z = a + bi = r cis θ cis θ = cos θ + i sin θ

Re( z ) = a Im( z ) = b z =r Arg (z ) = θ

Operation of Complex Number

z1 + z 2 = (a1 + a 2 ) + i(b1 + b2 )

z1 − z 2 = (a1 − a 2 ) + i (b1 − b2 )

z1 z 2 = r1 r2 cis(θ1 + θ 2 )

z1 r1
= cis(θ1 − θ 2 )
z2 r2

Geometric meaning of complex number

Locus problems

Conjugate z = a − bi = r cis(− θ )

z + z = 2 Re( z ) 2
zz = z
z − z = 2i Im( z )

De Moivre’s Theorem

cos(nθ ) + i sin (nθ ) = (cos θ + i sin θ )

n

1) Use Binomial Theorem to expend it

2) Compare real or imaginary parts of both sides

Roots of unity
2kπ 2kπ
+ θ1
n
x n = z1 x = z1 cis = r1 cis
n n
k = 0,1,…, (n - 1)

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 Surjective For any y, there is at least one x
For ∀y , f ( x) = y, ∃x ∈ R
Injective Every f(x) has only one x
a≠b f (a) ≠ f (b)
f (a) = f (b) a=b
Find the inverse of a function
Find the domain of a function

Special limits
n
1 sin θ 1 1 1
lim 1 + =e
lim− =1 lim + + ... + = +∞
n →∞ n θ →0 θ n→∞ 1 2 n

Sandwich theorem
f ( x) ≥ g ( x) ≥ h( x) and lim f ( x) = G = lim h( x)
lim g ( x) = G
La’ hospital rule
Operation of limits
If lim f ( x) = F and lim g ( x) = G
lim[ f ( x) + g ( x)] = F + G lim[ f ( x) − g ( x)] = F − G
f ( x) F
lim[ f ( x) g ( x)] = FG lim =
g ( x) G

Continue ⇔ lim− f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = f (a)

x→a x →a

f ( x) − f (a )
Differentiable ⇔ lim exist
x →a x−a
Differentiable Continue
IVT (Intermediate Value Theorem)
f (x) continue in [a, b] and f (a) > 0 > f (b) f (ξ ) = 0, ∃ξ ∈ (a, b)

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 "
b n
f ( x)dx = lim f (ξ k )∆x
a n→∞
k =1

b−a
∆x = x k = a + k∆x ξ k ∈ ( x k −1 , x k )
n
b b
f ( x) > g ( x), ∀x ∈ (a, b) f ( x)dx > g ( x)dx
a a

MVT
Mean Value Theoremfor Integration

b
1st f ( x)dx = f (ξ )(b − a ), ∃ξ ∈ (a, b)
a

b b
2nd f ( x) g ( x)dx = f (ξ ) g ( x)dx g ( x) ≥ 0
a a

Cauchy Schwarz Inequality for Integration

2
b b b u
uvdx ≤ u 2 dx v 2 dx “=” ⇔ =C
a a a v

Reduction formula
Partial fraction
Trigonometry substitution

x 2 − 1 → x = sec θ 1 + x 2 → x = tan θ 1 − x 2 → x = sin θ

T-formula
θ 2t
t = tan sin θ =
2 1+ t2 2t
tan θ =
2dt 1− t2 1− t2
dθ = cos θ =
1+ t2 1+ t2
Integration by parts
b b b
udv = uv a − vdu or udv = uv − vdu
a a

b b b
uvdx = u v − u vdx or uvdx = u v − u vdx
a a a

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 Rolle’s Theorem
If f (a) = f (b) = 0 , then f ′(ξ ) = 0, ∃ξ ∈ (a, b)
MVT
Mean Value Theoremfor Differentiation
f (b) − f (a )
f ′(ξ ) = , ∃ξ ∈ (a, b)
b−a
Leibniz theorem
n
(uv )( n ) = C rn u ( r ) v ( n − r )
r =0

d
f ′( x) = f ( x) ln f ( x)
dx

# $" $ y = f ( x)

Find f ′( x) and f ′′( x)

Find the sign of f ′( x) and f ′′( x) (Draw table)
Inflexion point ⇔ change sign of f ′′( x)
Vertical asymptote Denominator = 0

Horizontal asymptote y = lim f ( x)

x →∞

Oblique asymptote y = mx + c
f ( x)
m = lim and c = lim[ f ( x) − mx]
x →∞ x x →∞

Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

2CD − BE 2 AE − BD
Center ,
B 2 − 4 AC B 2 − 4 AC
Tangent at point (x1 , y1 ) on the curve

x 2 → x1 x y 2 → y1 y
x y + y1 x
xy → 1
x + x1 2 y + y1
x→ y→
2 2
If (x1 , y1 ) is an external point, above transformation is for chord of contact

2A B D
The equation is a pair of straight lines ⇔ B 2C E =0
D E 2F

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