Definition of Gear Ratios

€ They express
The e press the
mathematical relationship
of one gear to another
another.
€ They express the amount
of torque multiplication
between gears.
€ Theyy tell how manyy times
one gear turns in relation
to the other.

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Calculating Transmission Gear
Ratios
Step 1 -
St
Calculate the ratio of the first set of gears by
di idi th
dividing the d
driven
i ((output)
t t) gear b by th
the d
drive
i
(input) gear.

Example:
If the drive g
gear has 20 teeth and the driven
gear has 40 teeth, the gearset ratio would be
2 to 1 or 2:1

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Calculating Transmission Gear
Ratios
Step 2 –
Calculate the ratio of the second set of gears
by dividing the driven (output) gear
by the drive (input) gear.
Example:
If the drive gear has 20 teeth and the
di
driven gear hhas 60 tteeth,
th th
the gearsett ratio
ti
would be 3 to 1 or 3:1

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Calculating Transmission Gear
Ratios
Step 3 -
St
Multiply the answer from the first calculation
with
ith the
th answer from
f the
th second d calculation.
l l ti

Example:
Gearset 1 × Gearset 2 = Total gear ratio
2 (2 to 1) × 3 (3 to 1) = 6 (6 to 1)

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Transmission and Transaxle Design

€ Synchromesh transmissions
y Gears are constant mesh and collar shifted.
y Collars are equipped with synchronizers.
y Synchronizers eliminate the need to equalize
gear speeds before engagement.
engagement
y They are used on all current models of cars.

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Synchronizer Components
€ Hub
€ Sleeve
€ Blocking ring
€ Inserts or spring-and-ball detent devices

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A Synchronizer Assembly

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Synchronizer Operation

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Transmission Power Flow

€ Neutral
y The input
p shaft drives the counter shaft.
y All of the gears on the main shaft rotate.
y The synchronizers are not engaged with any gear.
y No power is transferred to the output shaft.

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Transmission Power Flow
€ Forward Gears
y The power enters transmission through the input
shaft
shaft.
y The synchronizer sleeve is engaged with the dog
teeth of the selected gear.
y The power is transferred from the input shaft,
through the counter shaft, and up to the selected
gear.
gear
y The gear drives the output shaft.

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Transmission Power Flow
€ Re erse
Reverse
y The power enters transmission through the input
shaft.
y The reverse gear synchronizer sleeve is engaged
with the reverse gear dog teeth.
y The power is transferred from the input shaft,
through the counter shaft, through the reverse idler
gear and up to the reverse gear
gear, gear.
y The reverse gear drives the output shaft in
reverse.

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Transmission Power Flow

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Transaxle Power Flow

€ Neutral
y The input shaft is being turned by the engine.
y The synchronizer collars are centered
between their gear positions.
y The drive gears are not locked to the output
shaft.
y No power is applied to the differential
differential.

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Transaxle Power Flow

€ Forward Gears
y The gears on the input shaft are in constant mesh
with
ith th
those on th
the output
t t shaft.
h ft
y The synchronizer hub is splined to the output
shaft.
y When a gear is selected, the synchronizer collar
engages the hub.
y The power flows from the gear on the input shaft
through the selected gear on the output shaft.

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Transaxle Power Flow
€ Reverse
y Most transaxles use a sliding reverse gear.
y The shift fork moves the sliding gear in
mesh with a gear on the input shaft and one
on the output shaft.
y The additional gear causes the output shaft
to turn in the direction opposite to the input
gear.
gear

continued…
Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
Transaxle Power Flow

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Transaxle Operation

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Gearshift Linkage
€ I t
Internal-type
lt
- May be located at the top or side of the
transmission.
transmission
- The shift fork and
rails may be
located in the
transmission cover.

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Gearshift Linkage
• Uses a shift rail and detents to select and
maintain gear selection.

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Gearshift Linkage
€ External-type
External type
- Uses levers and rods that are connected to
the outside of the
transmission.

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Summary
€ A transmission or transaxle uses
meshed gears of various sizes to give
the engine
g a mechanical advantage g over
its driving wheels.
€ Transaxles contain the gear train plus
the differential gearing needed to
produce the final drive g
p gear ratios.

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Summary
€ Transmissions
T i i are normally
ll used d on rear-
wheel drive vehicles.
€ Gears
G in
i the
th transmission/transaxle
t i i /t l
transmit power and motion from an input
shaft to an output shaft
shaft.
€ When a small gear drives a larger gear,
o tp t speed decreases b
output butt torq
torquee (po
(power)
er)
increases.

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.

Summary
€ Synchronizers bring parts rotating at
different speeds to the same speed for
smooth clash-free shifting.
€ Gear ratios indicate the number of times
the input drive gear rotates for every
turn of the output driven gear
gear.
€ Idler gears are used to reverse the
rotational direction of the output
p shaft for
operating the vehicle in reverse.

Copyright © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.