We use the wh- question words to form questions when we want to get information about
someone or something. The questions beginning with wh- words are called open questions
because usually there are many possible answers to these questions.
(6) What (the information about somebody or something among limited options)
e.g. (i) What sort of lesson does Nancy have on Fridays?
She has a piano lesson.
(ii) What will your brother do after graduation?
He will become a doctor.
(7) Which
e.g. (i) Which book do you want to borrow?
I want to borrow the blue one. It is more interesting.
(ii) Which subject of your curriculum do you like?
I like Mathematics. It is interesting.
Note that we use which when we have a general idea of what the answer will be. We use
what when we expect any possible answers.
e.g. Which club did you join, the Chess Club or the Art Club?
What club did you join?
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
1. Positive degree
Positive Degree is compares two things that are equal.
The pattern:
Subject + to be + as + adjective + as +object
Subject + verb + as + adverb + as + object
Examples:
a. My book is as interesting as yours
b. His car runs as fastest race car
c. Their house is as big as that one
2. Comparative degree
Comparative Degree is to compare two things not equal.
a. The Pattern for one syllable:
Sub + to be + adjective + er + than + object
Sub + verb + adverb + er + than + object
Examples:
1) Today is hotter than yesterday.
2) Bill runs faster than Bob.
3) This exercise is easier than the last one.
4) Babul works harder than his brother.
The difference between active and passive voice is the difference between Robert is
writing the paper and the paper is being written by Robert. The active voice emphasizes
one performing an action; the passive voice emphasizes the receiver. In other words, a
sentence written in active voice places the performer as the subject, while a sentence in
passive voice places the receiver as subject. Generally, it is good to avoid the passive voice
since the additional helping verb can make a sentence unnecessarily complex. Using active
voice is one way to tighten syntax (grammatical arrangement) in order to form a clearer, more
direct, concise sentence.
Note the difference between these examples of active and passive voice:
In both of these sentences, there are two nouns: rabbits and garden. The first
example emphasizes the garden, while the second example emphasizes the rabbits. In the
second example, note that the syntax of the sentence has actually been reversed in order to
accommodate an active voicerabbits now appears at the beginning, and garden appears
at the end. Take a look at the following examples in past, present, and future tense.
Past Tense
Present Tense
Finding instances of passive voice in your own writing can be tricky, but it helps to look for
unnecessary past participles with some form of to be (words like am, is, are, was, were, has
been, have been, had been). If you find your real subject is being acted upon rather than
doing the acting, it is likely that you have found an instance of passive voice.
Microsoft Word 2007 will automatically underline all instances of passive voice in
green, a feature both helpful and misleading. While it is usually best to avoid passive voice,
there are times when it is appropriate. Passive voice may sometimes work in creative
writing, journalism, some academic disciplines (especially the sciences) and any instance
where there is no one performing an action (no subject). If a sentence simply reads The
house will be demolished, the passive voice cannot be avoided. Knowing when to use and
not to use the passive voice makes all the difference.
ASKING FOR AND GIVING DIRECTIONS
Under this topic title, we will learn how to ask for directions and how to give directions to
someone who asked us.
Starting to conversation kindly is very good way. So, when we start talking, we can use the
following forms:
Examples:
Asking directions:
Sometimes we or someone need to find a place. And we need to ask someone else for
help. When were asking for directions to someone, we use some phrases. These are given
below;
Examples:
I am sorry.
I dont know.
I am stranger here myself.
Turn right.
Turn left.
Turn left past the bank. ( pass the bank and then turn left )
Turn back. ( go back)
Turn left after the bridge.
Turn right at the second turning ( turn left when you reach the turning )
Turn right from the first alley.
Turn left on to Daniel Street.
Turn left at the end of the corridor.
Turn right / left at the traffic lights / roundabout, etc.
Turn right on after you pass the market on the right also.
Turn left after you pass the bakery.
Turn left past the phone shop.
When you see a school on your right hand side, turn left in to European Street.
Turn left after you pass the bakery.
Go right / left at the end of the road.
Take the first right.
Take the first / second / third street on the left / right.
Take the first left when you enter Steven Road.
You need to take a left / a right at the next traffic lights.
Take a right / left at the junction.
Take the second exit at the T- junction and then turn right at the traffic rights.
When you get to Paris Street, take your next right.
After you pass the restaurant on your left, take a right at the next crossroad.
If you take the road on the left, youll come to the post office.
Take a left when you come to the main street.
Round the corner from the post office.
It is
on the left.
on left.
on the right.
on right side.
on the straight ahead.
on left after the gas station.
straight ahead on the right.
straight ahead of you.
straight ahead on the left next to the book shop.
opposite.
opposite the bank.
on opposite side of the Street.
across the road.
near my office.
next to Mall.
behind the hospital.
in front of the bus station.
between the our office and the supermarket.
on the right in between the pet shop and the grocery store.
at the end of Paris Street.
on/at the corner of Daniel Road.
over there, near the police station.
just right / left around the corner.
(just) around the corner.
just around the corner on the left / right side.
left around the corner next to the market.
left around the corner from the subway.
further down the road on the left.
the biggest / smallest building on the left.
in the centre of the town.
the first turning on the right after the bank.
Landmarks:
When giving directions we will often use landmarks help the other person understand where to
find it.
These are listed below; traffic lights, crossroads, junction, level crossing, signpost, T-junction,
dead end, underpass, roundabout, flyover, motorway, bridge, railway bridge, railway line, dual
carriageway, pedestrian crossing, zebra crossing, stop sign, hospital, police station, shopping
centre, garage, petrol station, Airport, bus stop,station, Bookshop, Building and etc
Asking for repetation:
Finishing Conversation:
apple
apricot
avocado - the plural is avocados though you may see avocadoes (less frequently).
banana
blackberry
blackcurrant
blueberry
boysenberry - is a cross between a raspberry and a blackberry
cherry
coconut
fig
grape
grapefruit
kiwifruit - sometimes written as two words kiwi fruit. It has the same form in singular
and plural kiwifruit.
lemon
lime
lychee - sometimes called litchi in US English
mandarin
mango - the plural of mango can be either mangos or mangoes.
melon - the generic name for most types of melon
nectarine - the same a peach but without fur on its skin
orange
papaya - In some countries it is called pawpaw.
passion fruit - In United States it is written as two words while in some countries it is
written as one word: passionfruit. The plural of passion fruit is either passion fruit or
passion fruits. See our notes about the plural of fruit above.
peach - same as a nectarine but with a slight fur on its skin
pear
pineapple
plum
pomegranate
quince
raspberry
strawberry
watermelon
List of Vegetables in English
artichoke [C]
asparagus [U]
aubergine [C] and [U] - (called eggplant in United States)
beet [C] - (called beetroot in British English)
beetroot [C] and [U] - (called beet in United States)
bell pepper * [C] - (Just called pepper in British English or with its color beforehand
just as red pepper or green pepper. In Australia and New Zealand it is known as
capsicum)
broccoli [U] - (broccoli is an uncountable noun so there is no plural of broccoli)
Brussels sprout [C]
cabbage [C] and [U]
carrot [C]
cauliflower [C] and [U]
celery [U]
corn ** [U]
courgette * [C] - (called zucchini in United States)
cucumber * [C] and [U]
eggplant * [C] and [U] - (called aubergine in British English)
green bean * [C] - (sometimes called French bean in the UK)
green onion [C] - (called spring onion in the British English)
leek [C]
lettuce [C] and [U]
mushroom *** [C]
onion [C] and [U]
pea [C]
pepper [C] - (called bell pepper in British English. In Australia and New Zealand it is
known as capsicum)
potato [C] and [U] - (the plural of potato is potatoes - potato is sometimes
uncountable as in mashed potato)
pumpkin * [C] and [U]
radish [C] - (the plural of radish is radishes)
spring onion [C] - (called green onion or scallion in United States)
squash * [C] and [U]
sweet potato [C] - (kumara in New Zealand)
tomato * [C] - (the plural of tomato is tomatoes)
zucchini * [C] - (called courgette in British English)
Transport Vocabulary
submarine(s) /
tanker(s) taxi(s) train(s) tram(s)
sub(s)
tube train(s) /
underground van(s) yacht(s)
train(s)
1. motorbike
small motorcycle with a low frame and small wheels and elevated handlebars
2. bus
3. train
4. tram
5. taxi
a car driven by a person whose job is to take passengers where they want to go in
exchange for money
6. cab
7. plane
8. car
9. ship
10. scooter
a wheeled vehicle with small wheels and a low-powered gasoline engine geared to the
rear wheel
11. ferry
13. underground
an electric railway operating below the surface of the ground (usually in a city)
14. subway
an electric railway operating below the surface of the ground (usually in a city)
15. wait
16. passenger
the times at the beginning and end of the working day when many people are traveling
to or from work
18. pedestrian
19. crowded
20. fast
21. slowly
without speed
22. traffic
24. left
being or located on or directed toward the side of the body to the west when facing
north
25. right
26. drive
27. ride
sit and travel on the back of animal, usually while controlling its motions
29. get on
30. journey
31. take
32. queue
33. transit
34. check in
a card (usually plastic) that assures a seller that the person using it has a satisfactory
credit rating and that the issuer will see to it that the seller receives payment for the
merchandise delivered
37. walk
38. departure
39. arrival
40. arrive
reach a destination
41. single
42. return
go or come back to place, condition, or activity where one has been before
43. ticket
a commercial document showing that the holder is entitled to something (as to ride on
public transportation or to enter a public entertainment)
44. luggage
45. baggage
a document issued by a country to a citizen allowing that person to travel abroad and
re-enter the home country
47. security
48. flight
49. gate
51. boarding
52. delayed
53. aisle
55. airport
an airfield equipped with control tower and hangars as well as accommodations for
passengers and cargo
56. station
a place on a bus route where buses stop to discharge and take on passengers