Anda di halaman 1dari 4

STATISTICS

Statistics

Measures of central Measures of variability


tendency or dispersion

Measures of central tendency

Numerical descriptive measures which indicate or locate the center of a distribution or a data set

Mean Median Mode


Definition Set of values or Middle value of a given set Value which occurs
measurements as the sum of measurements provided most frequently in a
of all the measurements that the values of set of measurement
divided by the number of measurements are or values.
measurements in the set arranged in an array
(arrangement of values in
increasing or decreasing)

How to compute Sample mean Odd arrays List frequency in the


= sum of all measures / - One median is the data set
number of measures middlemost value
Value appearing the
most is the mode
Weighted average mean Even arrays
= sum of the product of - Get the median
each value and its weight / scores in the array
sum of all weights - Get the mean of
the middlemost
scores
Key feature Arithmetical average; Middle location; used Most frequent; least
most appropriate when the middle value is reliable
desired
Lies between the Always Always Not always
highest and
lowest?

Only one value of Yes Yes No (unimodal,


the measure? bimodal, multimodal)

Influenced by Yes Yes No


extreme values?
Measures of variability or dispersion

Measures of the average distance of each observation from the center of the distribution; measures
homogeneity/heterogeneity of a group.

A small measure of variability would indicate that the data are:

1. Clustered closely around the mean


2. More homogeneous
3. Less variable
4. More consistent
5. More uniformly distributed

Consider: the following set of grades in Mathematics of two groups of 5 students each

Male Group Female Group


Juan: 70 Juana: 82
Mario: 95 Maria: 80
Antonio: 60 Antonia: 83
Pedro:80 Petra: 81
Jesus: 100 Jesusa: 79
MEAN: 81 MEAN: 81

Range:

- Difference between the highest and lowest values


- Simplest but most unreliable measure of variability since it uses only two values in the set

Variance and standard deviation:

VARIANCE STANDARD DEVIATION


Average of the squared deviation from the mean Square root of the average deviation from the
mean (square root of the variance)
(Population) (Population)
( )2
2 = ( )2
=

(Sample) (Sample)
2
( )
2 = ( )2
1 =
1

Monthly incomes of 8 sample families living in Block 18 of ABC Subdivision in PhP

28,000 35,000 40,000 50,000


33,000 39,000 41,000 48,000
Variance: 54,214,285.71 | Standard deviation: 7,363.04
Coefficient of variation: ratio of the standard deviation to the mean; used to compare the variability of
two or more sets of data even when they are expressed in different unit of measurements. (cv =
sd/mean)

Assists - Points - Square Square


Assists Points mean mean assists points
1 8 18 -1.2 3.6 1.44 12.96
2 10 20 -3.2 1.6 10.24 2.56
3 9 22 -2.2 -0.4 4.84 0.16
4 12 16 -5.2 5.6 27.04 31.36
5 5 35 1.8 -13.4 3.24 179.56
6 1 12 5.8 9.6 33.64 92.16
7 4 23 2.8 -1.4 7.84 1.96
8 7 25 -0.2 -3.4 0.04 11.56
9 9 30 -2.2 -8.4 4.84 70.56
10 3 15 3.8 6.6 14.44 43.56
10 6.8 21.6 107.6 446.4 Sum
11.96 49.60 Variance
3.46 7.04 Std. dev
Coeff. Of
0.51 0.33 variation

PROBABILITY
Core principle of probability: measure of certainty or uncertainty that the event will happen.

1. If E is an even, then the probability that E will happen is denoted by P(E).


2. If E is sure to happen, the probability is denoted by P(E)=1.
3. If E is impossible to happen, P(E)=0.
4. Thus, the probability value of an event could only be from 0 to 1.

General equation:
ratio of the number of favorable outcomes over the number of possible outcomes.

Counting techniques:

A. Factorial notation: the factorial of a positive integer n, denoted by n!, is the product of all the
integers from 1 to n. (TIP: to be used if you see the phrase without separation)
B. Fundamental principle of counting (TIP: to be used when you see the phrase (in) how many
ways

Example: The following table shows the number of male and female students in the third and fourth
year classes of a certain school.
Year Level Male Female Total
3rd year 200 250 450
4th year 150 400 5500
Total 350 650 1000

If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the student is:

a. a male? (7/20)
b. in fourth year? (11/20)
c. a third year male? (1/5)
d. a fourth year male? (2/5)

COMBINATIONS VS. PERMUTATIONS

Permutation: (used at a time) Combination:

(n!/(n-r)!) (n!/(n-r)r!)

Ordered arrangement of objects (5 books in a Arrangement of objects without regard to order


shelf selection of the first to fifth is important)

Anda mungkin juga menyukai