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CHARACTERISTICS OF VENEZUELA

official name: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de Venezuela).


Name adopted with the Constitution of 1999 in honor of Simn Bolvar.
Federal presidential republic 23 states plus Capital District (which includes Caracas) and
others federal dependencies (offshore islands)
Municipalities are regulated by a specific law called Ley Organica.
Five branches of government (executive, judicial and legislative plus citizen branch Poder
Ciudadano - and the electoral branch Poder electoral)
legislature is called National Assembly. It's unicameral
Citizen branch consists of the Republican Moral Council, decisions of which are
implemented by Office of the People's Attorney (Defensoria del Pueblo), the Fiscal Office
(Ministerio Publico) and General controller of the Republic (Controloria General de la
Republica).
President: Nicols Maduro
(a little bit of) HISTORY
1973 election of Carlos Andrs Prez coincided with the 1973 oil crisis, in which
Venezuela's income exploded as oil prices soared; oil industries were nationalized in 1976.
This led to massive increases in public spending, but also increases in external debts, which
continued into the 1980s when the collapse of oil prices during the 1980s crippled the
Venezuelan economy. As the government started to devalue the currency in February 1983
to face its financial obligations, Venezuelans' real standards of living fell dramatically. A
number of failed economic policies and increasing corruption in government led to rising
poverty and crime, worsening social indicators, and increased political instability.
(wikipedia)
1999 Presidency of Hugo Chavez. With many Venezuelans tired of politics in the country,
the 1998 elections had the lowest voter turnout in Venezuelan history, with Chvez winning
the presidency on 6 December 1998 with 56.4% of the popular vote. He took the
presidential oath of office on 2 February 1999, the principal points of his mandate were to
reform the constitution, break up what his supporters perceived as an entrenched oligarchy,
reverse Venezuela's economic decline, strengthen the role of the state in the economy, and
redistribute wealth to the poor. In April 1999, a national referendum was held, the question
being whether to create an elected assembly to draw up a new Constitution of Venezuela.
The result of the referendum was 71.8% in favour. Consequently, in July 1999, elections
were held to choose delegates to the assembly. In these elections, Chvez's slate of
candidates received 52% of the vote but won 95% of the seats, 125 of the 131 seats.
2013 Nicols Maduro has been the President of Venezuela since April 14 2013, after
winning the second presidential election after Chvez's death, with 50.61% of the votes
against the opposition's candidate Henrique Capriles Radonski who had 49.12% of the
votes. Beginning in February 2014, hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans have protested
over high levels of criminal violence, corruption, hyperinflation, and chronic scarcity of
basic goods due to policies of the federal government.
2017 Constitutional crisis.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_constitutional_crisis

PUBLIC SECTOR

Integrated System of MNGM and Control of the Public Finances SIGECOF. 1995. with the
help of the World Bank they started to design a different budget system based on accounting
practices. Need to promote changes in laws.
Budgeting process. Legislative, citizen and executive branches participate in it. It starts at
the Office of Central Budget (oficina central de presupuesto). This office established some
rules to be used by the different agencies in proposing their specific budgets. In developing
this budgeting rules the Office of Central Budget follows the general policies established by
the president and managed by the Central Office of Coordination and Planning (Oficina
central de Coordinacion y Planificacion). Each agency develops a budget proposal that is
revised and integrated by the Office of Central Budget. The integrated proposal needs to be
passed by the National Assembly which can modify it. Once approved by the National
Assembly, the executive branch develops a set of rules about how to manage and actually
expend the budget.

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