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Pioneering work on reinforced concrete high-rise towers in Riyadh, the capital, has necessitated the rapid assimilat ion of new knowledge and construction methods by the local contractors. The first of the high-rise developments to be completed was the Al Faisalia h Centre, designed by Foster and Partners. The tower includes a signature 267 m-high office tower, a 224-bedroom five-star hotel, banqueting and conference fa cilities
Pioneering work on reinforced concrete high-rise towers in Riyadh, the capital, has necessitated the rapid assimilat ion of new knowledge and construction methods by the local contractors. The first of the high-rise developments to be completed was the Al Faisalia h Centre, designed by Foster and Partners. The tower includes a signature 267 m-high office tower, a 224-bedroom five-star hotel, banqueting and conference fa cilities
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Pioneering work on reinforced concrete high-rise towers in Riyadh, the capital, has necessitated the rapid assimilat ion of new knowledge and construction methods by the local contractors. The first of the high-rise developments to be completed was the Al Faisalia h Centre, designed by Foster and Partners. The tower includes a signature 267 m-high office tower, a 224-bedroom five-star hotel, banqueting and conference fa cilities
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construction material in Saudi Arabia. Generally, its use is confined to structu
res with a maximum of 15 floors. The recent pioneering work on reinforced concre te high-rise towers in Riyadh, the capital, has necessitated the rapid assimilat ion of new knowledge and construction methods by the local Saudi contractors. Th e first of the Riyadh high-rise developments to be completed was the Al Faisalia h Centre, designed by Foster & Partners and Buro Happold Consulting Engineers. Design and engineering This landmark development of the King Faisal Foundation includes a signature 267 m-high office tower, a 224-bedroom five-star hotel, banqueting and conference fa cilities, a residential apartment building, and a retail mall, all around an urb an public plaza. The office tower is 47 x 47m in plan at its base, soaring to a tapering point in a smooth giant arc. The floor area decreases from 1500m^sup 2^ at the base to 500m^sup 2^ at the top, providing a total floor area of 56,600m^ sup 2^. The lower two-thirds of the tower is of reinforced concrete, clad with s ilver-anodised aluminium and glass. The top 90m is made from partially clad open structural steelwork intended to carry telecommunications dishes. At the transi tion of the two is a 24m diameter glass-clad geodesic sphere in structural alumi nium. This encloses three floors of exclusive dining above an external observati on platform. With little local experience of structural steelwork fabrication and constructio n and structural steelwork expensive to import, Buro Happold selected concrete a s the most cost-effective structural material for the tower. A `high-tech' concr ete solution was developed, embodying state-of-the-art prestressing techniques. These contributed considerably to the visual appearance and success of the devel opment. To minimise the depth and weight, floors are constructed as post-tensioned ribbe d slabs spanning between a central core and the perimeter elevation. The central core provides virtually all the horizontal wind stability and carries 65% of th e vertical load. It also houses the lifts and escape stairs. Foster & Partners w as keen to maximise the visual transparency of the elevations. To achieve this, the tower is arranged as three buildings of nine-, ten- and eleven-storeys place d above each other and separated by K-braced technical floors. The K-braces tran sfer the vertical loads from the perimeter columns of the block above to the mas sive corner columns. In this way, the perimeter columns are kept exceptionally l ight for a tower of this height, at 450 to 600mm diameter. The horizontal thrust s induced by the K-brace compressions are resisted by large tension forces (25,0 00kN) within the tie beams that girdle the tower at the base of the K-braces. Th ese tension forces are provided by prestressing bars, stressed in stages as the block above is constructed. One problem that had to be overcome was the differential axial shortening of the corner and perimeter columns relative to the central core. The combined effect of elastic shortening and time-dependent shrinkage and creep for the highly stre ssed slim perimeter and corner columns had to be estimated and compared with tha t of the moderately stressed, relatively stiff central core walls. The largest v ertical deflection due to these factors was estimated as 135mm in the corner col umns during the life of the building. The largest core deflection was estimated at only 85mm. Physical height compensations were then made during construction. For example, the floor slabs at each level would be approximately horizontal bot h immediately after completion of construction and remain within an acceptable l imit until demolition of the structure. The design of the top of the tower was changed during construction, as a 24m dia meter sphere was introduced at the base of the top steelwork section. The centra l concrete core was transformed into a reduced circular section that extended ve rtically through the sphere to provide horizontal stability. It also operates as the vertical support for the three levels of cantilevered concrete floors withi n, while the core acts as a vertical support to the central steelwork mast above . The spherical structure thus derives horizontal restraint from the concrete co re at both its top and base and is reduced to a light aluminium geodesic structu re giving maximum visibility over the city below. The hotel, shopping mall and a partment building are of conventional reinforced concrete construction. They hav e prestressed elements, both for larger spans and to create the transfer structu res and cantilever canopies. IMAGE PHOTOGRAPH 11 Figure 1: IMAGE PHOTOGRAPH 12 Figure 2: Banqueting hall Beneath the public plaza in front of the tower lies a spectacular banqueting hal l. Designed to accommodate 2000 diners under a clear spanning concrete arch-supp orted roof, the interior measures 57 x 92m with no internal columns. The banquet hall is a multifunctional space and can be divided into numerous configurations by movable walls. When configured as a single conference space, it can seat 450 0 delegates. The concrete slab roof is carried by eight pairs of inclined arches , whose feet are tied together by multi-strand prestressing tendons within the f loor slab and resisting lateral thrusts. Construction Construction of the Al Faisaliah Centre started in April 1997 when the Saudi Bin ladin Group (SBG) took over the completion of the bulk site excavation from the demolition, site clearance and enabling works contractor. The central core and c orner columns of the tower are supported on a contiguous raft foundation. The ce ntral portion under the core is 4m deep and 31m^sup 2^ in area and under each co rner column 3m deep and 10m^sup 2^. The raft foundation for the tower is believe d to be the largest continuous concrete pour to have been placed in Saudi Arabia . Over 6000m^sup 3^ of concrete were placed in 17 hours. Care was taken so the temperature build-up - due to hydration heat from the larg e volume of concrete did not generate temperature differentials within the raft that would compromise the concrete strength. Following studies carried out on si milar pours at such developments as Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur, a target maxi mum temperature differential of 30degC between the core of the raft and base or surface was considered acceptable. IMAGE PHOTOGRAPH 24 Figure 3: IMAGE PHOTOGRAPH 25 Figure 4: The 28-day cube strength for the raft was specified at 40N/mm^sup 2^, with a min imum cement content of 370kg/m^sup 3^ of sulfate-resisting cement and a maximum water/cement ratio of 0.45. Local limestone coarse (maximum 20mm) and fine aggre gates were used, together with a water-- reducing/retarding admixture and superp lasticiser. To minimise the temperature of the fresh concrete, SBG stipulated th at the ready-mix suppliers should use cement that had been stored for at least 3 0 days to dissipate its heat of manufacture. The usual precautions of using crus hed ice in the mix water and evaporative cooling of the aggregate stockpile were also taken. With the daily ambient shade temperature 30-40degC, the temperature of the concrete, as delivered to site, varied between 31deg and 27degC during t he night. Nine sets of three thermocouples were cast into the raft to monitor co ncrete temperatures in the base, centre and top layer. The concrete at the centr e of the raft peaked at 79degC after seven days and remained above 70degC for ov er 15 days. Curing was achieved using a curing compound and a polythene sheet. T he temperature of the top surface was further controlled by covering the surface and any exposed sides with 50mm thick insulation boards during the cool nights. These were removed during the day to allow heat to escape without exceeding the permitted temperature differentials. After 25 days, the centre was still at 62d egC and cooling at a rate of about 1degC per day. The maximum recorded temperatu re differential was 21degC between the centre and the base of the raft. Another first for Saudi Arabia was the use of self-climbing formwork for the cen tral core and corner columns. The core was cast in lifts 4m high and was advance d three levels ahead of the typical floor, with corner columns proceeding one le vel ahead of the typical floor. Table formwork was used for the 350mmthick post- tensioned floor slab. SBG worked on four levels at a time, the upper level being prepared for pouring while the level below was curing and the two levels below that being used for propping. A casting cycle of four to five days per level was achieved. Post-tensioning was by strands in the form of sheathed cable anchored with a dead anchor in the slab adjacent to the core wall and stressed from the perimeter spandrel beam. K-braces were constructed from reinforced concrete at the lowest level and from welded-plate steel box sections in the upper two levels. These were connected to the lower tie beams by fabricated steelwork thrust blocks. Bearing plates were welded to the apex of the struts and cast into the concrete transfer beams above . Tie beams were stressed by high-tensile steel bars to counter the thrust from the K-braces. SBG used a combination of mobile and static concrete pumps, workin g in tandem, to deliver the concrete to a maximum height of 200m above street le vel. A traditional concrete skip suspended from a tower crane was also deployed on occasions, and was available as an emergency backup. Construction of the concrete arches for the banquet hall presented interesting c hallenges. To keep the level of the finished plaza slab at a reasonably accessib le height above existing street level, banquet hall arches had to be shallow. Th is resulted in particularly concentrated reinforcement, requiring SOmm mechanica lly coupled splices in many locations. The cross-sections of the leaning arches varied from 750 x 1500mm in depth at the centre point to a combined section of 1 300mm^sup 2^ at the springing points. The upper and lower curves of the arch fol low slightly differing radii. The two sides of the arch also follow different cu rves, providing a rectangular section that smoothly varies, both in height and b readth, while maintaining a cross-sectional area of about 1.25 m^sup 2^. The mai n arch sections were constructed from 45N/mm^sup 2^ concrete, with 60N/mm^sup 2^ concrete for the buttress sections. Superplasticising admixture minimised shrin kage in the arches and resulted in concrete that was virtually self-compacting a nd could be placed through the dense reinforcement. Concrete was also used as the main cladding material for the lowrise buildings. The hotel, apartment building and shopping mall are all clad in Riyadh stone-col oured acid-- etched precast panels. To achieve the required fine surface flatnes s tolerance, SBG cast the panels on a form faced with float glass. Construction was supervised by a Buro Happold/Foster & Partners site team of eng ineers, architects and inspectors directed by the author. The result is a standa rd of construction that would be commended anywhere in the world. IMAGE PHOTOGRAPH 37 Figure 5: IMAGE PHOTOGRAPH 38 Figure 6: AUTHOR_AFFILIATION Eddie Pugh, Buro Happold