DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Technical Reference Documentation

External Grid
ElmXnet
 DIgSILENT GmbH

Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9
72810 - Gomaringen
Germany

T: +49 7072 9168 0

F: +49 7072 9168 88

http://www.digsilent.de
info@digsilent.de
Version: 15.2
Edition: 1

Copyright 2014, DIgSILENT GmbH. Copyright of this document belongs to DIgSILENT GmbH.
No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted in any form, by any means
electronic or mechanical, without the prior written permission of DIgSILENT GmbH.

External Grid (ElmXnet) 1

Contents

Contents

1 General Description 3

2 Load Flow Model 3

2.1 PQ Bus Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.2 PV Bus Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.3 SL Bus Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.4 Primary Frequency Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.5 Secondary Frequency Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 Short-Circuit Models 4

3.1 Short-Circuit Positive Sequence Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3.2 VDE/IEC Short-Circuit Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.3 ANSI Short-Circuit Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.4 Complete Short-Circuit Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.5 Short-Circuit Zero Sequence Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.6 Short-Circuit Negative Sequence Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4 Harmonics Model 7

4.1 Calculation of Network Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4.1.1 Calculation of Positive Sequence Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4.1.2 Calculation of Negative Sequence Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.1.3 Calculation of Zero Sequence Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.1.4 Calculation of Zero Sequence Voltage Considering Neutral . . . . . . . . 11

4.2 Harmonic Voltages and Background Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4.3 Frequency Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

A Parameter Definitions 13

List of Figures 18

List of Tables 19

External Grid (ElmXnet) 2

2 Load Flow Model

1 General Description

The PowerFactory External Grid Element ElmXnet is used to represent external networks. The
element is modelled as a voltage source with an internal impedance and the mechanical equa-
tions are as for synchronous machine.

2 Load Flow Model

The model used for the load flow calculation depends upon the selected bus type. These bus
types are described in Sections 2.1 2.5.

2.1 PQ Bus Type

The external grid is modelled as a constant P (active power) and constant Q (reactive power)
infeed. A positive value for P is considered to be a generated active power and a negative value
is considered to be a consumed active power. Optionally, the input values for P and Q may be
entered as: P, cos(phi); S, cos(phi); S, Q; or S, P.

2.2 PV Bus Type

The external grid infeeds a constant active power (for P > 0) and by default controls the voltage
of the busbar to which it is connected. Alternatively, the user may select a reference busbar for
voltage control. The voltage setpoint is defined in p.u. of the busbar voltage. Only one external
grid may control the voltage at any given busbar. It is not possible to execute calculations with
two external grid elements (both using option PV ) connected to the same busbar.

2.3 SL Bus Type

By default, the external grid controls the voltage, the angle and the frequency of the busbar
to which it is connected. If a reference busbar is selected, the voltage and the angle of this
reference busbar are controlled. In such cases, the user must define the voltage set point (in
p.u.) and the reference angle (in degrees).

2.4 Primary Frequency Bias

If a primary controlled load flow is calculated and the dispatched power of the generators and
external grids is too low, PowerFactory calculates a frequency deviation and splits the missing
active power depending on the primary frequency bias of the external grid and synchronous
machines. The primary frequency bias parameter is only available for bus types PQ and PV.
The variable Kpf is the frequency bias factor in MW/Hz of the external grid.

External Grid (ElmXnet) 3

3 Short-Circuit Models

Figure 2.1: Example Primary Controlled Load Flow using Primary Frequency Bias Factor

2.5 Secondary Frequency Bias

3 Short-Circuit Models

3.1 Short-Circuit Positive Sequence Model

The short-circuit positive sequence model is depicted in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1: Short-Circuit Positive Sequence Model

cf actor U2 cf actor 2
Unom
X1 = q nom
00 =q 00
(1)
1 + (X R 2
) Sk 1 + (X R 2
) 3 Ik Unom

External Grid (ElmXnet) 4

3 Short-Circuit Models

and
R
R1 = X1 (2)
X
where Unom is the nominal voltage of the busbar to which the external grid is connected.

3.2 VDE/IEC Short-Circuit Model

The method used to calculate the internal resistance and reactance is dependent upon the
00
short-circuit model used. For maximum short-circuits, the parameters Smax and cf actor = cmax
00
are used. For minimum short-circuits, the parameters Smin and cf actor = cmin are used. The
voltage factor, cf actor , depends on the voltage level of the busbar to which the external grid is
connected. The internal voltage, U0 , is set according to one of the following equations:

U0 = Unom cmax (3)

for maximum short-circuits, or:

U0 = Unom cmin (4)

for minimum short-circuits.

For the internal voltage, the VDE/IEC calculation always uses the nominal voltage of the busbar
multiplied by the corresponding voltage factor, cmax (or cmin ). This voltage factor for the internal
voltage depends on the voltage level at the short-circuit location.

3.3 ANSI Short-Circuit Model

The ANSI short-circuit method defines Sk 00 and cf actor using the corresponding input param-
eters depending on whether the option min. Values or max. Values has been selected.
The internal voltage is set to the nominal voltage of the busbar to which the external grid is
connected.

U0 = Unom (5)

The method does not use any voltage for the internal voltage.

3.4 Complete Short-Circuit Model

The Complete short-circuit method defines Sk 00 and cf actor using the corresponding input pa-
rameters depending on whether the option min. Values or max. Values has been selected.
The pre-fault positive sequence model is depicted in Figure 3.2.

The internal voltage depends on the load flow result and the pre-fault voltage and current, and
is calculated according to:

U0 = U1 pref + I1 pref (R1 + jX1) (6)

U1 pref = U 1ldf (7)
I1 pref = I1ldf (8)

where U 1ldf is the positive sequence voltage and I1ldf is the positive sequence current after a
load flow calculation.

External Grid (ElmXnet) 5

3 Short-Circuit Models

Figure 3.2: Short-Circuit Pre-Fault Positive Sequence Model

3.5 Short-Circuit Zero Sequence Model

The short-circuit zero sequence model is depicted in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3: Short-Circuit Zero Sequence Model

The zero sequence resistance and reactance are calculated according to following equations:

X0
X0 = X1 (9)
X1

R0
R0 = X0 (10)
X0

External Grid (ElmXnet) 6

4 Harmonics Model

For ungrounded external grids, the grounding resistance (Re) and reactance (Xe) are neglected
(infinitive). Additionally, it is possible to connect a neutral conductor to the star point (see op-
Z2
tion: External Star Point). Assuming that Z1 = Z2 where ( Z1 = 1), it is possible to calculate
00
the X0/X1 ratio if the short-circuit current Ik (3p) for a three-phase fault and the short-circuit
current Ik 00 (sp) for a single-phase to ground fault are given. This ratio is calculated according to
the following equation:
00
X0 3 Ik3p
= 00
2 (11)
X1 Iksp

3.6 Short-Circuit Negative Sequence Model

The short-circuit negative sequence model is depicted in Figure 3.4.

Figure 3.4: Short-Circuit Negative Sequence Model

The negative sequence resistance, R2, and reactance, X2, are calculated according to following
equations:
Z2
R2 = R1 (12)
Z1

Z2
X2 = X1 (13)
Z1

4 Harmonics Model

4.1 Calculation of Network Impedance

The impedance of the external grid, which is taken into account for power quality assessment,
is calculated internally based on one of: the short-circuit power, Sk, at normal operation; the
maximum short-circuit power, Skmax for faulted operation; or the minimum short-circuit power
Skmin for faulted operation, depending on the users selection.

External Grid (ElmXnet) 7

4 Harmonics Model

If the user has selected the network impedance to be based on the short-circuit power, Sk, and
impedance angle, psik, data for input fields SkV, psikV, z2tz1kV, x0tx1kV, and r0tx0kV can first
be calculated from a detailed network model using the Harmonic Load Flow command option
Calculate Sk at Fundamental Frequency, performed, for example, by the network operator. A
third party, (i.e. a wind farm planner) could get this information for the point of common coupling
(PCC for the planned wind farm) from the network operator. The planner can then enter the
data into the external grid element, which is a simplified representation of the network as seen
from the PCC.

4.1.1 Calculation of Positive Sequence Voltage

The positive sequence voltage, uini1 , is depicted in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1: Harmonics Positive Sequence Model

The positive sequence voltage is calculated as follows:

uini1 = u1 + i1 z1 (14)
where z1 = R1 + jX1 and is calculated using values which are dependent upon the setting of
option Used for calculation (cusedhrm):

1. If option Max. Values has been selected:

p
X1 = cmax /snss/ 1 + rntxn2 (15)
R1 = rntxn X1 (16)

2. If option Min. Values has been selected:

q
X1 = cmin /snssmin / 1 + rntxn2min (17)
R1 = rntxnmin X1 (18)

3. If option Sk has been selected:

1
X1 = sin(psikV ) (19)
SkV 180
1
R1 = cos(psikV ) (20)
SkV 180

Following the internal conversion of the calculated impedance values into units of Ohms, any
user-defined characteristics for R1 and L1 are applied to z1 (see the Frequency Dependencies
tab on the Harmonics/Power Quality page of the external grid element).

External Grid (ElmXnet) 8

4 Harmonics Model

4.1.2 Calculation of Negative Sequence Voltage

The negative sequence voltage, uini2 , is depicted in Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2: Harmonics Negative Sequence Model

The negative sequence voltage is calculated as follows:

uini2 = u2 + i2 z2 (21)

where z2 = R2 + jX2 and is calculated using values which are dependent upon the setting of
option Used for calculation (cusedhrm):

1. If option Max. Values has been selected:

X2 = z2tz1 X1 (22)
R2 = z2tz1 R1 (23)

2. If option Min. Values has been selected:

X2 = z2tz1min X1 (24)
R2 = z2tz1min R1 (25)

3. If option Sk has been selected:

X2 = z2tz1kV X1 (26)
R2 = z2tz1kV R1 (27)

where X1 and R1 are as defined in Section 4.1.1. Following the internal conversion of the
calculated impedance values into units of Ohms, any user-defined characteristics for R2 and
L2 are applied to z2 (see the Frequency Dependencies tab on the Harmonics/Power Quality
page of the external grid element).

External Grid (ElmXnet) 9

4 Harmonics Model

4.1.3 Calculation of Zero Sequence Voltage

The zero sequence voltage, uini0 , is depicted in Figure 4.3.

Figure 4.3: Harmonics Zero Sequence Model

The zero sequence voltage is calculated as follows:

uini0 = u0 + i0 (z0 + 3ze ) (28)

where z0 = R0 + jX0 and is calculated using values which are dependent upon the setting of
option Used for calculation (cusedhrm):

1. If option Max. Values has been selected:

X0 = x0tx1 X1 (29)
R0 = r0tx0 X0 (30)

2. If option Min. Values has been selected:

X0 = x0tx1min X1 (31)
R0 = r0tx0min X0 (32)

3. If option Sk has been selected:

X0 = x0tx1kV X1 (33)
R0 = r0tx0kV X0 (34)

where X1 is as defined in Section 4.1.1. Following the internal conversion of the calculated
impedance values into units of Ohms, any user-defined characteristics for R0 and L0 are applied
to z0 (see the Frequency Dependencies tab on the Harmonics/Power Quality page of the
external grid element).

External Grid (ElmXnet) 10

4 Harmonics Model

Figure 4.4: Harmonics Zero Sequence Model Considering Neutral

4.1.4 Calculation of Zero Sequence Voltage Considering Neutral

The zero sequence voltage, uini0 , for an external grid with neutral, is depicted in Figure 4.4.

The zero sequence voltage, for an external grid with neutral, is calculated as follows:

uini0 = un (i0 z0 ) u0 (35)

where z0 is as defined in Section 4.1.3. Following the internal conversion of the calculated
impedance values into units of Ohms, any user-defined characteristics for R0 and L0 are applied
to z0 (see the Frequency Dependencies tab on the Harmonics/Power Quality page of the
external grid element).

4.2 Harmonic Voltages and Background Harmonics

Harmonic voltages may be entered according to one of the following two options:

Phase Correct (where harmonic voltage magnitudes and angles may be entered for inte-
ger and non-integer harmonic orders)
IEC 61000 (where harmonic voltage magnitudes may be entered for integer and non-
integer harmonic orders)

Background harmonics can be modelled using either the external grid element or the AC volt-
age source element, on their respective Harmonics/Power Quality pages. If only the harmonic
voltage amplitude is known (and not the angle), the IEC 61000 option can be selected.

The consideration of sequence component for the harmonic orders defined in the external grid
is detailed in Table 4.1.

External Grid (ElmXnet) 11

4 Harmonics Model

Table 4.1: Consideration of Sequence Components of Harmonic Injections for External Grid

Harmonic Load ElmXnet Setting Sequence Components of Harmonic Injec-

Flow Command tions
Setting
Balanced
Phase Correct
Positive (i.e. 4, 7, 10, ...), negative (i.e. 2,
5, 8, ...);

Non-integer harmonic orders (i.e. 5.5, 6.2,

8.35, ...) are considered in the positive se-
quence.
Zero sequence orders are ignored (with
warning).

IEC 61000
Positive, negative;

Zero sequence orders (i.e. 3, 6, 9, ...) and

non-integer harmonics are in the positive
sequence.

Unbalanced
Phase Correct
Positive, negative, zero;

Non-integer harmonics are considered.

IEC 61000
As for balanced harmonic load flow.

4.3 Frequency Dependencies

Frequency dependent characteristics can be defined for the external grid. The definition of such
characteristics is described in the Users Manual chapter Harmonic Analysis, section Frequency
Dependent Parameters, and Chapter Parameter Characteristics.

External Grid (ElmXnet) 12

A Parameter Definitions

A Parameter Definitions

Table A.1: Input parameters for external grid (ElmXnet)

Parameter Unit Default Description Range Symbol

Value
loc name Name
bus1 Terminal (StaCubic)
bus1 bar Terminal
cpZone Zone
cpArea Area
outserv 0 Out of Service x0 and
x1
iintgnd 0 External Star Point x=0 or x=1
cgnd Connected Internal Grounding Connected:-
Impedance: Star Point Not con-
nected
cpeter 0 Internal Grounding x=0 or x=1
Impedance: Petersen
Coil
Re 0, Internal Grounding
Impedance: Resistance,
Re
Xe 0, Internal Grounding
Impedance: Reactance,
Xe
cpGrid Grid
cpOwner Owner
cpOperator Operator
cpBranch Branch
cpSubstat Substation
cpSite Site
cpMeteostat Meteo Station
cpHeadFold Head Folder
fold id In Folder ()
ciOutaged 0 Planned Outage
ciEnergized 0 Energized
ciEarthed 0 Earthed
cDisplayName External Display Name
Grid
cpSupplyTrans- Supplying Transformer
former
cpSupplyTrfSta- Supplying Secondary
tion Substation
cpSupplySubs- Supplying Substation
tation
bustp PV Bus Type PQ:PV:SL
mode inp DEF Input Mode
uset mode local Setpoint local:bus tar-
get voltage
pgini MW 0, Operation Point: Active
Power
qgini Mvar 0, Operation Point: Reactive
Power
sgini MVA 0, Operation Point: Appar- x0
ent Power

External Grid (ElmXnet) 13

A Parameter Definitions

cosgini 0, Operation Point: Power x-1 and

Factor x1
pf recap ind. Operation Point: Power ind.:cap.
Factor
p direc P0 Operation Point: Power P0:P<0
Direction
phiini deg 0, Operation Point: Angle x-180 and
x180
usetp p.u. 1, Operation Point: Voltage x0
Setpoint
p uctrl Operation Point:
Reference Busbar
(ElmTerm*,StaBar*,ElmLdfctrl*)
cpCtrlNode Operation Point: Target
Node
Kpf MW/Hz 0, Operation Point: Primary
Frequency Bias
K MW/Hz 0, Operation Point: Sec- x0
ondary Frequency Bias
cpFeed Feeder
ciDist 0 Distance from infeed in
number of buses
ciLater 0 Lateral Index
ciDistRoot 0 Distance from first infeed
in number of buses
ciDistAll 0 Distance from infeed in
number of buses includ-
ing switches
ciDistAllRoot 0 Distance from first infeed
in number of buses in-
cluding switches
cused 0 Use for calculation x=0 or x=1
snss MVA 10000, Max. Values: Short- x>0 snss
Circuit Power Skmax
ikss kA 0, Max. Values: Short- x>0
Circuit Current Ikmax
rntxn 0,1 Max. Values: R/X Ratio x0 rntxn
(max.)
xntrn 10, Max. Values: X/R Ratio x0 xntrn
(max.)
curpreld kA 0, Max. Values Preload x0
Conditions: Current
cospreld 1, Max. Values Preload x>0 and
Conditions: Power Factor x1
curpreldmin kA 0, Min. Values Preload Con- x0
ditions: Current
cospreldmin 1, Min. Values Preload Con- x>0 and
ditions: Power Factor x1
cmax 1,1 Max. Values: c-Factor x>0 cmax
(max.)
z2tz1 1, Max. Values Impedance x0 z2tz1
Ratio: Z2/Z1 max.
x0tx1 1, Max. Values Impedance x0 x0tx1
Ratio: X0/X1 max.
r0tx0 0,1 Max. Values Impedance x0 r0tx0
Ratio: R0/X0 max.

External Grid (ElmXnet) 14

A Parameter Definitions

snssmin MVA 8000, Min. Values: Short- x>0 snssmin

Circuit Power Skmin
ikssmin kA 0, Min. Values: Short- x>0
Circuit Current Ikmin
cmin 1, Min. Values: c-Factor x>0 cmin
(min.)
rntxnmin 0,1 Min. Values: R/X Ratio x0 rntxnmin
(min.)
xntrnmin 10, Min. Values: X/R Ratio x0 xntrnmin
(min.)
z2tz1min 1, Min. Values Impedance x0 z2tz1min
Ratio: Z2/Z1 min.
x0tx1min 1, Min. Values Impedance x0 x0tx1min
Ratio: X0/X1 min.
r0tx0min 0,1 Min. Values Impedance x0 r0tx0min
Ratio: R0/X0 min.
tag s 99, Acceleration Time Con- x>0
stant
K MW/Hz 0, Operation Point: Sec- x0
ondary Frequency Bias
MaxS MW 100000, Constraints: Max. Power x0
Pctrl 1 Active power control: Ac- fixed:-
tive power steps continuous:-
1:2:3:4:5:6:-
7:8:9:10
i prty 0 Active power control: Pri- x0
ority
ictpg 0 Controls: Active Power x=0 or x=1
ictqg 0 Controls: Reactive Power x=0 or x=1
iOPFCPmin 0 Constraints Active Power x=0 or x=1
Limits: Min.
iOPFCPmax 0 Constraints Active Power x=0 or x=1
Limits: Max.
iOPFCQmin 0 Constraints Reactive x=0 or x=1
Power Limits: Min.
iOPFCQmax 0 Constraints Reactive x=0 or x=1
Power Limits: Max.
Pmin uc MW 0, Constraints: Minimum
Power
MaxS MW 100000, Constraints: Max. Power x0
q min Mvar 0, Constraints: Min.
q max Mvar 100, Constraints: Max.
cmonth $/M 0, No load costs (monthly)
cpower MW 0, From
ccost $/MWh 0, Costs
round % 5, Smoothing of Cost Func- x0.0 and
tion x100.0
avgCosts $/MWh 0, Average Costs
SkV MVA 300, Short-Circuit Power x>0 SkV
at Normal Operation:
Short-Circuit Power, Sk
psikV deg 75, Short-Circuit Power x0 psikV
at Normal Operation:
Impedance Angle, psik
z2tz1kV 1, Short-Circuit Power at x0 z2tz1kV
Normal Operation: Z2/Z1

External Grid (ElmXnet) 15

A Parameter Definitions

x0tx1kV 1, Short-Circuit Power at x0 x0tx1kV

Normal Operation: X0/X1
r0tx0kV 0,1 Short-Circuit Power at x0 r0tx0kV
Normal Operation: R0/X0
iHmcType 0 Type of Harmonic Volt- x=0 or x=1
ages
cfreqs Hz 50, Frequency
ifreqs 1, Harm. Order
u1 mag p.u. 0, u1, Mag.
u1 phase deg 0, u1, Ang.
u0 mag p.u. 0, u0, Mag.
u0 phase deg 0, u0, Ang.
u2 mag p.u. 0, u2, Mag.
u2 phase deg 0, u2, Ang.
umag iec1 p.u. 0, Uh
ifreqs iec2 0, Harm. Order
umag iec2 p.u. 0, Uh
fcharR1 Frequency Depen-
dencies: R1(f)
(ChaPol,ChaVec,ChaMat)
fcharL1 Frequency De-
pendencies: L1(f)
(ChaPol,ChaVec,ChaMat)
fcharR0 Frequency Depen-
dencies: R0(f)
(ChaPol,ChaVec,ChaMat)
fcharL0 Frequency De-
pendencies: L0(f)
(ChaPol,ChaVec,ChaMat)
fcharR2 Frequency Depen-
dencies: R2(f)
(ChaPol,ChaVec,ChaMat)
fcharL2 Frequency De-
pendencies: L2(f)
(ChaPol,ChaVec,ChaMat)
R1 0, Frequency Dependen- R1
cies: Resistance, R1
L1 mH 0, Frequency Dependen- L1
cies: Inductance, L1
R0 0, Frequency Dependen- R0
cies: Resistance, R0
L0 mH 0, Frequency Dependen- L0
cies: Inductance, L0
R2 0, Frequency Dependen- R2
cies: Resistance, R2
L2 mH 0, Frequency Dependen- L2
cies: Inductance, L2
gnrl modif 01.01.1970 Object modified
01:00:00
gnrl modby Object modified by
sernum Serial Number
manuf Manufacturer
constr 0 Year of Construction
iComDate 01.01.1970 Commissioning Date
01:00:00
chr name Characteristic Name

External Grid (ElmXnet) 16

A Parameter Definitions

dat src MAN Data source

for name Foreign Key
doc id Additional Data ()
pOwner Owner (ElmOwner)
pOperator Operator (ElmOperator)
desc Description
appr status Not Approval Information:
Approved Status
appr modif 01.01.1970 Approval Information:
01:00:00 Modified
appr modby Approval Information:
Modified by
ecost $/kWh 0,05 Energy Cost x>0
sOpComment Operator Comment
cimRdfId RDF ID
dpl1 0, dpl1
dpl2 0, dpl2
dpl3 0, dpl3
dpl4 0, dpl4
dpl5 0, dpl5

External Grid (ElmXnet) 17

List of Figures

List of Figures

2.1 Example Primary Controlled Load Flow using Primary Frequency Bias Factor . . 4

3.1 Short-Circuit Positive Sequence Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3.2 Short-Circuit Pre-Fault Positive Sequence Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.3 Short-Circuit Zero Sequence Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.4 Short-Circuit Negative Sequence Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4.1 Harmonics Positive Sequence Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4.2 Harmonics Negative Sequence Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.3 Harmonics Zero Sequence Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.4 Harmonics Zero Sequence Model Considering Neutral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

External Grid (ElmXnet) 18

List of Tables

List of Tables

4.1 Consideration of Sequence Components of Harmonic Injections for External Grid 12

A.1 Input parameters for external grid (ElmXnet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

External Grid (ElmXnet) 19