CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The aims of this research are to describe the background of this research,
formulation of this research, objective of this research, limitation of this research,
significant of this research, and definition of key term will be used in this
research.
A. Background of the Research

Language is used to deliver the message or information from the speaker to

the listener. According to yule (1991: 48) stated that by using language people

can produce some utterances related acts. The related act is a teaching,

promoting, motivating, requesting, inviting, ordering, Etc. This way, language

is essential in order to build a good communication. Therefore as a main part of

communication, language is unavoidable.

Communication is a process to express human idea and feeling in the same

background of knowledge. And the process of communication are participant

and process, the participants are the speaker and listener, and the process are

speaking and listening. In other ways, communication is the process of

transferring messages from the speaker to the listener through speech. There

are types of communication include verbal, non-verbal, and written. The verbal

communication is speaking, non-verbal communication is gesture,

bodymovements, and written communication is like a letter. In this research the

researcher focuses on verbal communication. Speaking is the type of verbal

communication, in the speaking human puts ideas into words, talking about

perceptions, feelings, and intentions the speaker wants to the listener grasp

(clark and clark, 1997: 3). In the speaking communication the speaker says the

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idea to the listener with implicit meaning. To study the meaning of the speaker

in communication is called pragmatics.

Pragmatics awarness helps the students through speaking English and guide

to an understanding of the target language of learning process and that of

proficient language users. There are some points of view on pragmatics,

according to Yule (199:3) Pragmatics is the study of utterances as

communicated by a speaker and interpreted by hearer and in the yules theory

study of contextual meaning. In addition, Leech (1983:6) states that pragmatics

is the study of meanng which is releted to the speech situation. Meanwhile,

Mey (1993:42) states pragmatics as the study of human uses condition, which

has a close relationship with the context of society. Similarly, Lenvinson

(1983:5) states that pragmatics is the study of the use language in

communication.

From the point of view on pragmatics above, it is showing that Yules

theory has better to use in this research, because the researcher want to analysis

the meaning from what the speakers said. It is support by Yule (1998: 3) states

pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a

speaker and interpreted by a listener. And sometimes the speaker makes an

assumption that absolute information is already known by the listener although

the information does not show directly. Because for the listener it is not easy to

understand the meaning of the speaker speaking, the listener must guess what

the speaker means. They get the right interpretation in speaker meaning by

using assumption. Sometimes the speaker says the assumption confusing and
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implicit, it makes the listener cant identify the true information from the

speaker.

The listener uses assumption by making conclusion. As a phenomenon

used in the utterance : Fanos car is black . From this utterance the listener

assumes that Fano has a black car . In fact, there is something the

assumption to be true in a sentence which defines other information. This is

called Presupposition.

Presupposition has two types as semantics presuppposition and pragmatics

presupposition. Keenan (in Lavinson 2983 : 177) stated

the pragmatics presupposition had better be used in nature

language instead of semantic one. The semantics field of
linguistics deals with the meaning of language; it is primarily
concerned with the linguistic code. Semantics deals with the
literal definition of words remains stable despite the context as
the physical and social environment in which the utterance takes
place.
Conversely, pragmatics is concern with the literal meanings of words and

more concern with the context, intentions behind utterances and the way they

are interpret. Pragmatics has nothing to do with linguistics code but deals with

the world and peoples knowledge and assumptions of the real world (Rachel

Patel,2017: 1-2). So, the better presupposition is to understand what the human

meaning is pragmatics presupposition.

Presupposition is a part of pragmatics field. According to Caffi (1993, cited

in May, 1993: 203) stated that pragmatic presuppositions is not only concern

knowledge, whether true or false; they concern expectations, desires, interests,

claims, attitudes towards the world, fears, Etc which are supposed to be

shared between the speaker and listener.

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According to Yules (1996: 27). Presupposition is something the speaker

assumes to be the case prior to make an utterance. Not all of sentences has a

presupposition. A presupposition must be mutually known or assume by the

speaker for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context of speaking. It

is generally remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is place in

the form of an assertion, denial, or question, and can be associate with a

specific lexical item or grammatical feature in the utterance. Presupposition

can assist hearer to attain the implicit meaning from the speaker, it is important

meaning to contexture information. It will be delivered by the speaker to the

listener.

The phenomena of presupposition can also be found in the word of

education. It includes learning and teaching process, especially for foreign

language. Process of learning and teaching is a complex negotiate activity. The

teachers task is more one of helping students to find a sense of personal

meaningfulness in the learning process in a context which is often shaped by

perceptions, goals, and priorities of a variety of other participants (Tudor

2001: 207). Because it is impossible to understand what the meaning without

any assumption in the teaching and learning process in speaking

communication.

According to Burns & Joyce (1997) and Luoma (2004: 2) speaking is an

interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing, receiving

and processing information. The processing of transfering information by

speaker to the listener is contains of presupposition. The goal of this research is

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finding presupposition in the speaking communication of the teacher and

students at English teaching and learning senior high school.

English teaching in senior high school has stronger existance of English

learning and teaching process than the junior high school. According to Spraat

(2005: 53) the characteristics of senior high school is students can keep for

longer period, it can concentrate for longer periods. Learning in more abstract

ways is usually can control and plan their own behavior, not so willing to make

mistakes or take risks, aware of themselves and or their actions, paying

attention to form and meaning in language, and hsxave experience of life.

Especially in the ESL classroom the students pay attention to form and

meaning in language. And the presupposition will be find in the ESL classroom

in the senior high school.

The field research of this thesis to observe Eleventh grade of MAN

Mojosari. MAN Mojosari is one of senior high school in Mojokerto. Its

located at Jl. Hasanudin No. 38 Mojosari. It has 3 steps class include ten,

eleven, twelve grade. The course at MAN Mojosari are Science, Society,

Language, Religion, and acceleration. From all of senior high school at

Mojokerto only MAN Mojosari has a Language Course. English class in the

Language course has many times between other course and the Language

course teaching method in the eleventh grade and twelfth grade using ESL

classroom, for tenth grade using teaching method EFL classroom. This way

English classroom at Eleventh grade of MAN Mojosari is support to

observation of presupposition. Not only that, many students of MAN Mojosari

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get many awards as many olympiad in the regency, province, and Country. It is

a good award in Senior High School at Mojokerto to participant olympiad in

other country and become the winner. The students of MAN Mojosari bring the

good name of Indonesia to other country. Many students who has graduated

from this school accepted in the good University of Indonesia. Moreover,

MAN Mojosari has ever had a foreign student to practice teaching in 2012.

The researcher focuses at pragmatics presupposition by George Yules

(1996: 27 30) because Yules theory is the study of contextual meaning from

the speaker said, it is support to analysis speaking communication at Eleventh

grade students of MAN Mojosari. Presupposition in the Yules theory has six

types of the presupposition. Those are the structural presupposition, the

counterfactual presupposition, the non-factive presupposition, the lexical

presupposition, the existential presupposition, and the factive presupposition.

Based on the previous explanation, this research is aim at finding out the

types of presupposition in Eleven grade at MAN Mojosari. Moreover, it is

conducted in order to find out the functions of presupposition itself.

B. Formulation of the research

Based on the background above, the researcher gets the problems to be

analyzed in the forms of the following questions below :

1. What are the types of the presupposition used at eleven grade of MAN

Mojosari?

2. What are the implied meaning of presuppositions applied at eleven

grade of MAN Mojosari?

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C. Objective of the research

The objectives of the research are assertion statement of the problem with

general objectives desired outcome of the research process. In this research,

objectives are formulate as follows :

1. To know the types of the presupposition at eleven grade of MAN

Mojosari

2. To know the implied meaning of presupposition applied at eleven

grade of MAN Mojosari

D. Limitation of the Research

The researcher analyze each sentence and utterances is used by speaker in

the Eleven grade at MAN Mojosari based on types and meaning of

presupposition. In this lesson, the researcher employed Yules framework

(1996 : 27-30) to analyzed the utterances in the students and teachers

speaking communication as the data. The researcher has a limitation of the

research as follows:

1. the structural presupposition

2. the counterfactual presupposition

3. the non-factive presupposition

4. the lexical presupposition

5. the existential presupposition

6. the factive presupposition

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E. Significances of the Research

This significance of the research will discuss the importance of the

proposed research and its relevance to analysis. The investigation might be

relevant for theory , practice and future research. The researcher will explain

why it is important for the research to be undertaken and indicated the

likelihood of its contribution to the speaking of English Class. The results of

the research are explained by the researcher as follows below:

a. Theoretical

1. Adding more wealth knowledge to understanding the meaning with

presupposition theory

2. Expand understanding the meaning of speaking of English class in

Eleven grade at MAN Mojosari to get the message from the

speaker mean

3. Presupposition is great contribution for the students in University

especially pragmatics class

4. It gives functions of presupposition in the speaking communication

5. Presupposition is great contribution for the students and teachers as

senior high school to understand the meaning of the speaker, for a

success teaching and learning process.

b. Practically

1. it is also expected to be useful for future researchers who want to

conduct further research about presupposition.

2. It gives easiness to research about presupposition

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3. Make the students understand what the teacher means in the

process of the research English

4. Make the teacher know the students get the point of the research or

doesnt get the point, because from students speaking , the teacher

knows what students assume.

5. Help the teacher to teach clearly without make students assume

from the teachers speaking, so it will get the purpose of the

research.

6. Help the students to understand what the speaker means.

7. Help the students to speak without implicit meaning.

F. Definition of Key Terms

In this thesis, there are various key terms uses to guide the reader to

understanding this research :

Presupposition : According George Yules (1996: 27),

Presupposition is something that the speaker assumes to be the case prior to

making an utterance. The speaker, not sentences, have a presupposition.

Presupposition is research of interpret of the speaker utterance, to grab the truth

message in the utterance. So, it avoids misunderstanding in the communication.

Speaking Communication : According Burns & Joyce ( 1997: 7), Speaking is

defined as an Interactive process of constructing that involves producing,

reciving, and processing, information. It forms and the meaning are dependet

on the context in which is occures, the participants, and the purpose of

speaking.
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Senior High School : Types of education is to organize the general

education in the secondary education as a continuation of junior high school.

According Spratt (2005: 53) states the characteristics of senior high school

students: able to keep still for longer periods, able concentrate for longer

periods, learn in more abstract ways, usually able to control and plan their own

behavior, not so willing to make mistakes or take risks, aware of themselves

and/or their actions, paying attention to form and meaning in language, and

have experience of life.