Journalof

Materials
Processing
Technology
ELSEVIER Journal of Materials Processing Technology 61 (1996) 231-237

Developing New Trends of Cutting Tool Geometry

I. A. Kattan and K. R. Currie
College of Engineering, Tennessee Technological University
Cookeville, Tennessee 38505, USA, E-mall ia5833@tntech.edu

Abstract

The objective of this research is to use an analytical and experimental approach to develop new trends of cutting tool geometry with
negative Side Cutting Edge Angle (SCEA). The first task of this research is to conduct experimental tests for different SCEAs, cutting
speeds, feed rates and depths of cut. This is accomplished as follows. One set of these experimental results will be used as a feedback
to develop new empirical formulae required to predict cutting forces and other machining parameters. A second set of experimental tests
will be conducted in this study to ensure the validity of the empirical relationships associated with the mathematical model. The second
task is to develop a mathematical model to predict cutting forces for the three dimensional oblique cutting operation. New cutting tools
will be proposed by using the results of the expanded mathematical model.

Keywords: metal cutting, cutting tool geometry, oblique cutting operation

1. Introduction forces [1-5]. One of the most important parameters in tool

The work of Taylor in 1906 [1,3, 8] set a milestone in the
practical development of machining with his now famous tool life
equation (V7~ = C) and his contribution to the development of
high speed tools. Since the pioneering work by Taylor, research
in metal cutting has expanded in scope and complexity. Metal
cutting has, by its nature, more dynamic variables than any other
manufacturing operation. Over the past decades, researchers have
found that the analysis of the oblique cutting process is difficult
to model [1-6]. Notable contributors in the field of metal cutting
include Merchant in 1944 [8, 12], Finnier in 1956 [1, 2, 13],
Zorev in 1962 [6], Armarego and Brown in 1964 [1], Kronenberg
in 1966 [7] and Shaw in 1984 [3]. Piispanen and Merchant [8,
12] carried out independent research which completely analyzed
the process in terms of the geometry and stress strain conditions.
In a series of three articles, Usi et al. [15, 16, 17], used Shaw's
energy model to develop a three.-dimensional curing model for
single-point tools. Many other techniques such as dynamic
modeling [21], kinematic equivalence [22], neural networks [23],
and simulation [24,25] have been conducted to embrace a wide
range of orthogonal and oblique cutting for a specific area of
metal cutting and only for positive SCEAs. In this study, some
of the thoughts presented in these papers have been taken into
account, but the novelty of this model is the use of negative
SCEAs and the consideration of primary shear in addition to
secondary shear zone.
In metal cutting operations a cutting tool is driven
through a workpiece material to remove chips from the machined
part. The kind of surface roughness produced by the turning
operation depends on the cutting tool geometry and the path it
traverses throughout the workpiece material. The geometry of the
cutting tool plays an important role in the projection of all cutting
geometry is the Side Cutting Edge Angle (SCEA). With the
advent of numericaUy controlled machines, the problem of facing
and turning with the same tool may be solved by the use of
negative SCEAs. The development of an 80 ° diamond-shaped
inserts has made them more versatile not only for use with -5 ° but
also with 0 ° and +15" SCEAs and the corresponding three End
Cutting Edge Angles (ECEAs), 5 °, 10 °, 5 °, respectively.
Chattering and vibration in metal cutting may be controlled by
providing appropriate SCEAs and ECEAs in the tool geometry
design. The value of SCEAs and ECEAs can directly affect the
quahty of surface finish, dimensional accuracy, and tool fife.
Although considerable research has been done to investigate the
effect of positive SCEAs, the effect of negative SCEAs has not
been discussed in any leading journals or textbooks [1-9].
However, some tool manufacturing industries have designed tools
with negative SCEAs, and, despite their success, their
performance has not been discussed in the open literature. The
following are some hypotheses why negative SCEAs have not
been investigated [26]:
1. The trend of the main cutting force and feed force are
increased as the SCEA angle approaches 0 °. Even with a SCEA
of-5 ° the same increasing trend was observed in both cutting and
feed force. The radial force, as expected, was observed to
decrease, as shown in Figure 1. However, the reduction in the
radial force could not be justified in terms of the increasing values
of both cutting force and feed force. The experimental results of
this research will show that all cutting forces were decreased as
the negative SCEA drops below -5 °, as shown in Figure 2.
2. A positive SCEA helps to increase the diamond angle. The
larger the diamond angle, the stronger the area surrounding the
tool tip. However, the advancement of cutting tool materials has
enhanced the tool's strength and allowed for decreasing diamond

0924-0136/96/$15.00 © 1996 Elsevier Science S A All rights reserved

PII 0924-0136(96)02492-2
232 I.A. Kattan, K.R. Currie/Journal of Materials Processing Technology 61 (1996) 231-237
angles, while maintaining a strong tool tip. As shown through the
experiments, the 8 0 ° diamond-shaped CVD triphase coated
carbides are a good example.
3. Past studies on metal cutting tools have focused on increased
material removal rate. With Positive SCEAs a larger depth of cut
could be used, resulting in higher productivity. The results of this
research will demonstrate that negative SCEAs require a relatively
lower depth of cut, but produces a better quality of surface finish,
and more precise geometric toleraneing.
This research is two fold; first experimental, the second
analytical. The foUowing procedures have been considered to
conduct the research:
1. Two sets of experiments will be conducted, with each set
producing measurements for various cutting conditions such as
forces, machining parameters, surface finish, and tool wear. The
first set of experiments will use SCEAs of -5 °, 0 °, 15 ° and
cutting speeds of 140, 170, and 220 m/rain. The results wiU be
used as feedback to derive the empirical relationships used in the
model. The second set of experiments will be conducted using
tool geometry with SCEA of -17.50, _10 o, _5° ' -3", 0 °, 15 ° and
45 ° for validation of the mathematical model.
2. The development of the empirical equations as a function of
SCEAs and cutting speed to predict the value of cutting force
components. The main parameters required for prediction of
cutting force components are chip flow angle, ~ , chip thickness
ratio, r~, normal shear angle, ~,., and normal friction angle, ft,.
2. Experimental Procedure
In thisresearch severalmetal cuttingexperiments for turned
parts were carried out on the Leblond C N C lathe machine. For
the firstset of experiments an 80" diamond-shaped insertwas
used and clamped on three tool holders creatingthree SCEAs of-
5°,0°,+15 °, corresponding three ECEAs, 5", 10 °, 5 °,
respectively. For the second set of experiments a 55" diamond-
shaped insertwas clamped on two tool holders with SCEAs of-
17.5° and -3°, and E C E A s at 17.5 ° and 32 °, respectively. All
inserts selected in this research are Chemical Vapor Deposition
(CVD) type because they are the most commonly used coated
insertsin metal cuttingtoday. The C V D triphasecoated carbides,
K C grade 850 (TiCfricNfriN), of C N M G - 4 3 2 and D N M G - 4 3 2
category of Kennametal, for 80" and 55 ° diamond-shaped insert,
respectively. CVD coated carbides were used as these type of
inserts are recommended for 1018 steels by the automotive steel
company. The three cutting forces (the feed force, the radial
force, and the tangential force) were measured using a
dynamometer for the first set of experiments with three SCEAs of
-5",0",+15", at speeds of 140, 170, and 220 m/rain, at a feed
rate of 0.0254 mpr, and a depth of cut of 0.254 m. ALso, the
three cutting forces were measured for the second set of
experiments with two SCEAs of-17.5 ° and -3", at speeds of 140,
170, and 220 m/rain, at a feed rate of 0.0254 mpr and a depth of
cut of 0.254 m. For each cutting condition several readings were
conducted. In addition to these cutting conditions, other
experiments were conducted using the same toolholder and insert
by rotating the base on which the cutting tool and dynamometer
were placed and adjusted for different SCEAs -17.5°, _10 o, -5° _
3", 0 °, +15" and 45 °. The average of each cutting condition
was recorded and plotted in Figure 3. A solid bar workpiece
material and tube were used to conduct all cutting conditions.
A Mechanical Quick Stop Device (MQSD) was used to
remove material from the tube with a thickness of 0.254 meters
corresponding to the depth of cut for a solidbar. A M Q S D was
used on the tube to produce in-process chips. The term, in-
process chips, is used as the chips were obtained in real-time
machining conditions. The post-process chips produced without
using a MQSD were obtained from the solid bar. Each of the
experiments was repeated several times. Chips for solid, chips
for tube, and chip roots for tube were mounted, polished, and
etched. Micrographs for chips and chip roots were developed.
Mierographs of in-process chips for the first set of the experiment
are shown in Figure 4, where the thickness of the secondary shear
zone of each cutting condition is indicated in micrometers. It is
clear from these micrographs that the flow lines of the material
near the tool tip was seized by the tool, as shown in Figure 5,
These experiments were conducted for aLlcutting conditions using
a solid bar for post-process and a tube for in-process machining.
Figure 3 shows that, the values for tangential force, the feed
force are increasing as the SCEA decreases to -5 °. New
interesting results were obtained, that these forces start to
decrease as the SCEA decreases below -5 °. The value of the
radial force is decreasing as the SCEA decreases to 00. The
radial force decreases sharply and changes its direction (became
a negative value) as soon as the SCEA became negative, and
continue to decrease as SCEA decreases. A large amount of
positive or negative radial force is undesirable. A large positive
radial force causes the workpiece to deflect, while a large
negative radial force causes chattering by dcllecting the tool.
Cutting forces, chip thickness, normal shear angle, surface
roughness, roundness, and tool wear were measured. These
measurements were used to calculate the remaining machining
parameters.
3. The Development Process of the Empirical Equations
One of the most irnpottantfactorsnecessary for investigation
of the effectof side cuttingedge angles on machining parameters
is the relationshipof cutting force components as a function of
SCEAs and theirvalues. The cutting force components could be
found either by direct measurement using a dynamometer for
differentSCEAs, or by predictingthe cutting forces analytically.
Calculating the values of cutting forces in oblique cutting
analytically is extremely difficultdue to the complexity of the
metal cuttingprocess. Therefore, empirical equations have to be
utilized as a function of S C E A s to predict the value of cutting
force components. The main parameters required for prediction
of cutting force components are chip flow angle, ~ , chip
thickness ratio, r c, normal shear angle, ~,, and normal friction
angle, ft.. Figure 6 illustrates these angles and SCEAs in
Merchant's circle diagram [8, 12]. Jiang [10] has developed an
empirical formula to predict chip flow angle th as a function of
side cutting edge angle. For the first time the following empirical
equations have been developed, for oblique cutting operations as
a function of side cutting edge angles in this research.
chip thickness ratio,r, normal shear angle, ~,
normal frictionangle, r. main cutting force Fp
feed force Ff,,d radial force F ~
Several differentapproaches have been considered in developing
 I.A. Kattan, K.R. Currie/Journal of Materials Processing Technology 61 (1996) 231-237 233

o 0 IO
. . 20 . 30 . 40 o 0-20 -~0 0 I0 20 30 40 O

,• § - ; ~ " ' ~ " ~ ............. ; ......... i ..................

! i o
: .......... 7 °
,o ....... ............................................
..., ..............
..-__._.j_~
!
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~oi ...........
o ,
m ~
.o Ij_ I
o .... ,. . . . . . . . . . ~EC,E"IO . . F°
. . . . . . . . .

•' 7tonq |
o i 7~anai :o ,.~ .
~
o . - ' ° ' " '." " . . . . . . . . . FF,~e~ . .....' / L
o ..... ,~, ..... r ............................. = ~ ........... o - ...... F-ac
o ! .... ~o~ Io
r k.p

0 I0 20 ]0 40 1-2o 40 ~b :o :'o ;o '

SCFA K DEGREE SCEA K DEGREE

FIGURE THE TREND O F C U T T I N G FORCES VS SCEA'~ F I G U R E 2 /~AEASURED C U T T I N G FORCFS VS SCEA'~

V • L~O V .170 y .220

FORCE MEASUREMENTS , . ,

~. / . . . . . . . :',,.. ~ . , . . . . . . . . . :.-~

24.52 l.'m 3Z.31 pm ?,8.41 um

, --.

i
K.15 ~

? . . . . . _ . ?

-2o -,o o SC-A'K OEG~E= :o ,o z3.~ ~, 31.,7 ~ ~6:9Z

Figure4 Post-processchip roots t'or nine conditions (k=-5, 0 and + I5~
~md at tbt¢,- diffP.rc~t JIpccds V = 140, tTO'~nd 220 mJmin)
the insP.r~is CN'MG 432 KC$50 ~nd the m a ~ i A[SI-ASE I015
FIGURE 3 FORC--S VS SCSA A T V=220 m/rain ~ v'aJ~ 0 f SSZ i'~ indicated un~e.~ ~ chip too{, magnifi,'~don (22,..~')
,234 LA. Kattan, K.R. Currie/Journal of Materials Processing Technology 61 (1996) 231 237
the empirical equations in this work. However, because of the
limited amount of experimental data due to the small variety of
the tool inserts on the market, a combination of curve fitting,
trend analysis, interpolation, and iteration of the computer
program using the theoretical equations of similar conditions have
been considered to develop empirical equations using the
following steps:
1. The existing equations for geometrical relationship of
oRhogonal cutting were used as the basis for developing the
empirical equations for geometrical parameters.
2. The theoretical equations developed by Armarcgo [1] for
cutting forces were used as basis equations to derive empirical
equations for the cutting forces. However, these equations, arc
function of chip flow angle Vc, normal friction angle ~,, and
normal shear angle ~bn,which have been empirically developed as
functions of side cutting edge angles. These empirical equations
arc vital in the mathematical model to predict the cutting forces.
Having the predicted values of these forces, then, it is possible to
predict all other machining parameters.
3. The first estimate of SCEA was introduced as an independent
variable in the basis equations. The program was run to begin an
iterative operation in which the results of each run were compared
with the associated plotted curve. An acceptable deviation
(_T10%) was set by iterativc operations.
4. The second independent variable (cutting speed V) was
introduced into the empirical equations in the same manner. The
program was run to obtain an acceptable deviation (_T_10%) using
both independent variables (SCEA and cutting speed) in each
equation.
In oblique cutting the cutting speed V, forms an angle with
the plane normal to the cutting edge called the inclination angle
(i). The main cutting edge forms side cutting edge angle ~, and
the secondary edge forms the end cutting edge as shown in Figure
7 [1-6]. A mathematical model was designed to use the input
parameters of tool geometry, tool material and work-piece
material, cutting condition and machine specifications. The modal
has included mathematical relationships and empirical formulae
developed for oblique cutting to calculate the main output
parameters of metal cutting such as; three cutting forces (feed,
tangential and radial), coefficient of friction, shear force, shear
energy, friction force, and friction energy. The model is designed
to run a wide range of input data to test the effect of side cutting
edge angle on the performance of cutting, quality of surface finish
and cutting condition parameters. A computer program has bccn
written for this model, tested and verified. A sample of the
output of the mathematical model is illustrated in Figures 8. For
more details of the mathematical model the reader should refer to
Kattan [27].
4. The Proposed New Cutting Tools
A new scheme of tool geometry with negative SCEA has
been proposed. The following diamond-shaped inseRs with
diamond angles of 85 °, 75 °, 70 °, 65 ° and 60 ° have been
designed. Each tool insert may be installed in different tool
holders to produce different SCEAs and ECEAs. Figure 9,
shows the geometry of proposed inserts with respect to the
workpicce material in the cutting operations. Table 1 illustrates
the proposed new tool geometry for different diamond-shaped
insert clamped on tool holders to produce different SCEAs and
ECEAs. The proposed scheme of new inserts and tool holders
has the same dimensions and properties similar to the CNGM -
432 insert used in the research. ALso, the proposed scheme has
very good flexibility as each proposed insert could be used for
seven operations similar to the 80 degree diamond-shaped insert
which has been used in the experiments. End Cutting Edge Angle
(ECEA) should not be less than 2.5 degree due to dynamic
condition of metal cutting, as additional criteria imposed in the
designing process. The tool insert may be installed in different
toolholders with different SCEA's and ECEA's. The CNMG -432
insert and DCLNR, DCGNR, and DCRNR toolholders developed
by Kennametal have been used in this rcsearoh.
In metal cutting, the occurrence of chattering and vibration
may be controlled by providing appropriate End Cutting Edge
Angle (ECEA) in the tool geometry design. The value of ECEA
can directly affect surface finish, dimensional accuracy, and tool
life. The ECEA is provided in tool design to prevent the
auxiliary cutting edge from cutting, scratching or rubbing,
thereby reducing the friction of the auxiliary flank on the
machined surface of work-piece. In the case of negative $CEA
with -5 ° the diamond angle has to be reduced. The smaller the
diamond angle is, the weaker the area surrounding the finishing
point of the insert. The experimental tests at large negative
SCEA should be avoided due to a wedging action on the cutting
edge that often causes severe edge breakage. The diamond angle
may be increased by decreasing ECEA; however, the size of
ECEA should not be less than 3" due to the dynamic condition of
metal cutting. As ECEA is increased, the maximum roughness
height R,,~ increases which means the quality of surface is
expected to deteriorate. However, a reduction in ECEA increases
the radial force because the auxiliary cutting edge becomes more
active and may cause chattering and vibration. An ECEA angle
of 5 ° to 15 ° has been found satisfactory in most tool design cases
[1].
5. Conclusions and Remarks
Direct experimental evidence shows that the values of all
three curing forces (the main cutting or tangential, the feed and
the radial forces) wen: decreased as negative $CEA decreases
below -5 °. The measurements of cutting forces for tool geometry
with SCEA of -17.5 ° indicated lower values than tool geometry
with SCEA of 0 ° and -5". The color of the chip root with SCEA
of-17.5 ° was light brown compared to the color of the chip with
SCEA of 4..15" was a dark blue, which indicate lower cutting
temperature with SCEA of -17.5". However, the color of the
chip with $CEA of 4..45" was light blue and brown, which
indicates lower cutting temperature with SCEA of 4-45 °
compared to the tool with $CEA of 4-15 °. The radial force has
increased for SCEA at 4..45° over the radial force at SCEA 4-15"
but the magnitude of both the tangential and the feed forces were
decreased sharply. These results arc consistent with all color of
the chips corresponding to the tool geometry with negative SCEA.
The thickness of Secondary Shear Zone (SSZ) with cutting tool
with SCEA of-5" was less than the thickness of SSZ with cutting
tool has $CEA 0 °, another indicator for cutting temperature. The
temperature in the $SZ depends on the heat evolved and the heat
dissipated. The specific heat evolved in the $SZ is proportional
 1.A, Kattan, K,R. Currie/Journal of Materials Processing Technology 61 (1996) 231-237 235

Worksuriac~

MacldnedsudacQ
~Sh oaring
vc--'-Flow Ilnos
C~,~p
~,

~T/'/122~;'/7~12Z~'/tti4/llliilillii//

/ Depthol '
cut (d)
MAIN CUTTING
EDGE
X4
~ FIEFEREIqCE
/~/CUTTING
PLANE
/I TO MAIN
EDGE
Fx
xy

FIGURE 7 S H O W S T H E GBOL4EFRY OP OBLIQUE CLrFI3NG

FIGURE 5 THE FLOW LINES OF MJCROSTRUCTURE SCEA K - -25.00 SPEED V- 140.0 m/min
OF A CH~-ROOT AND T ~ TOOL TIP
THY.SE V A L U E S A R E C A L C U L A T E D BY THE MODEL
AND COMPARED WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

TRUE BACK RAKE ANGLE ,L A M D A T O R I = -6.63166

TRUE SIDE RAKE ANGLE , GAMAT -2.42312
NORMAL SIDE RAKE ANGLE , ALPHAN -2.4069229459236
CHIP FLOW ANGLE , ETAC = 6.0433659667053
CHIP THICKNESS RATIO rc = 0.24554145496930
CAL. DEFORMED CHIP THICKNESS, tc = 4.07263E-02
NORMAL SHEAR ANGLE, phin = 13.6485
FRICTION ANGLE ON THE TOOL, betan - 45.5736
MERCHANT MACHINABILITY ANGLE , C = 72.0000
SHEAR FLOW ANGLE , e~as - 7.8398499863644
NORMAL COMPRESSIVE STRESS , Sn = 1190.083999 []~Pa]
YEILD STRENGTH , sO - 478.223328 [KPa]
SHEAR STRESS INPUT VALUE ssm = 697.40902 [KPa]
Max SHEAR STRESS (ORTHOGONAL) = 1073.341619 [l~Pa]

THESE ARE THE VALUES FOR FORCES AND STRESS

MAIN CUTTING FORCE Fp = 469.3785122 [N]

RADIAL FORCE Frad - -612.872996 IN 3

FEED FORCE Freed = 508.095645 IN]

FRICTION FORCE Ff = 1717.049682 [N]

NORMAL FORCE N m 1932.640591 IN]

COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION Mu - 0.88844901323318

SHEAR FORCE Fs - 1541.0032706 [N]

SHF.ARAREA As = 2.752562195 [mm^2]

V b SHF~%R S T R E S S (OBLIQUE) Ss - 808.983165162 [KPa]

NORMAL STRESS {OBLIQUE) Sn - I089.69935312 [KPa]

FIGURE 6 MERCHANT'S cn%CLB DIAGRAM FIGURE 8 AN OUTPUT OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL

236 I.A. Kattan, K.R. Currie/Journal of Materials Processing Technology 61 (1996) 231-237

K--15 K2-+15 K--12.5 K2-+12.5 K--15 K2-+10

I 15.0" 12.5" - 110.0"

15.0" ~O ~ ` ~ ~ 12.5.~ ~ 15.0.~
~
K--15 K2=+5 K--12.5 K2-7.5 K-- 10 K2=-,-10
5 O"
I 10.0"

12.5"~_~ 10.0"

K--IO K2-+5 K--7.5 K2=+7.5 K--2.5 K2=+2.5

10.0"
t 2 .5"

Figure 9 The proposed new tool geometry.

Table 1 The Proposed New Cutting Tool Geometry

I

Diam. SCEA ECEA Imert Installation on

No. A.g/c (Deg) (Deg) the Toolholder Rcmar~

1 85 -2.50 2.5 Symmetrical Small ECEA may cause rubbing

2 75 -7.50 7.5 Symmetrical Good at high feed rate
3 75 -10.0 5.0 AsymmeU-ical General purpose
4 75 -5.0 10.0 Syrmne~'ical General purpos©
5 70 -5.0 15.0 AsymmeU-ical (Heavy Roughing)
6 70 -10.0 10.0 Symmetrical Gencral purpose, low DOC
7 70 -7.5 12.5 AsyrnmeU-ical High feed rate, low DOC
8 70 -12.5 7.5 A~ymmelrical High feed rate, low DOC
9 65 -12.5 12.5 Symm~dcal High fee~ rate, low DOC
10 60 -10.0 20.0 Asymmetrical very low DOC, High fred rate
 I.A. Kattan, K.R. Currw/Journalof Mater/alsProcessingTechnology61 (1996)231~37
to the shear deformation and the tangential force. The heat
dissipation conditions are basically determined by the curing
speed, the depth of cut, the thermal conductivity of the workpiece
material and the cooling system. The temperature of the moving
surface of the chip depends on the heat generated along the lower
surface of the chip, the dissipation conditions and the heating of
the chip during plastic deformation in the chip formation zone.
The rate of the tool wear is generally observed to increase with
higher cutting temperature.
The measurements of quality of surface finish show that the
highest quality of surface roughness, surface roundness, and
waviness is obtained with a tool geometry having an SCEA angle
of-5 degrees. A relatively poor surface finish was obtained at an
SCEA of + 15 degrees. This is due to the effect of high radial
force at + 15 degrees which made the tool work system less rigid
with more vibration and chattering. To verify the results on the
quality of surface finish, large samples with 210 readings for
twelve cutting conditions, at SCEA -5, 0.0, +15 degrees and
cutting speeds 62, 94, 144 and 225 m/min, have been conducted
as a special case study to determine the quality of surface finish
using Process Capability Indices. The objective of this research
is to better understand of oblique cutting process and the role of
new tool on the quality of surface finish and productivity of tool
life. The other objectives of this study are to investigate the
effect of negative SCEAs on machining parameters in the oblique
cutting process. This is a novel research and a new awareness of
designing tools with negative SCEAs and the influence of the new
geometry on other machining parameters.
References
[1] Armarego, E.J.A., and Brown, R.H., The Machining of
Metals, Prentice Hall 1969.
[2] Bhattaeharyya, A., and Ham, I., Design of Cutting Tools,
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[3] Shaw, M.C., Metal Cutting Principles, Oxford Science
Publication, New York, 1989.
[4] Donaldson, C., LeCain, G.H., and Goold, V.C., Tool
Design, TaUt McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1982.
[5] St. Clair, L.J., Design and Use of Cutting Tools, Dunod,
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[7] Kronenberg, M., Machining Science and Application:
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[12] Merchant, M.E., "Mechanics of the Metal Cutting Process.
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[14] Stabler, G. N., "The Fundamental Geometry of Cutting
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[15] Usui, E., Hirota, A. and Masuko, M. "Analytical
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[16] Usui, I., and Hirota, A. "Analytical Predication of Three
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[17] Usui, E., Shirakashi, T., and Kitagawa, T., "Analytical
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ASME, 1978, pp. 236-243.
[18] Venu Vinod, P.K., Waishing Lau, and Barrow, G., "On a
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[19] Albcrcht, P., "New Developments in the Theory of the
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