ACIDS

What is acid?
An acid is a chemical substance, which ionizes in water to produce hydrogen ions, H+

When acids dissolved in water, the hydrogen atoms in acids are released as hydrogen ions, H+.

The hydrogen ion combined with water molecule, H2O to form a hydroxonium ion, H3O+. However,
this ion can be written as H+.

We can classify an acid as a monoprotic acid or a diprotic acid based on basicity.

Basicity of an acid is the number of mole of H+ ion that can be produced by one mole of acid when
it dissolves in water.

Monoprotic acid Ionisation

Hydrochloric acid, HCl HCl H+ + Cl-
Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO-

Diprotic acid Ionisation

Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 H2SO4 2H+ + SO42+

Very important this one ah..!

BASES
What is base?
A base is a chemical substance that can neutralize an acid to produce a salt and water.

Examples of bases are;

i. metal hydroxides
ii. metal oxide

Most bases are not soluble in water. Bases that are soluble in water are known as alkalis.

Bases: all metal oxides or metal hydroxides

Alkalis: only bases that soluble in water

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 Bases that are insoluble in water Bases that are soluble in water
Zinc oxide, ZnO Sodium oxide, Na2O
Zinc hydroxide, Zn(OH)2 Sodium hydroxide, NaOH
Copper(II) oxide, CuO2 Potassium oxide, K2O
Copper(II) hydroxide, Cu(OH)2 Potassium hydroxide, KOH
Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
Ammonia, NH3

In water, an alkali dissociates to hydroxide ions, OH- and cations.

Memorise this one ah..!

Role of water and the properties of acids

Light
Switch Light Switch
bulb bulb

Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon

Glacial Aqueous
Ethanoic Ethanoic
acid acid

Results
Acid Condition Observation Inference
- No colour change in
Glacial Does not show any acidic
the litmus paper
(dry) properties
Ethanoic acid - Light bulb is not lighted up
(molecule) - Blue litmus paper is
Aqueous changed to red Shows acidic properties
- Light bulb is lighted up
Hydrogen - No colour change in
Dissolved in Does not show any acidic
chloride the litmus paper
methylbenzene properties
(molecule) - Light bulb is not lighted up

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 - Blue litmus paper is
Aqueous changed to red Shows acidic properties
- Light bulb is lighted up

Discussion

Remember.!

The hydrogen ions, H+ are responsible for acids to show their properties

1. Glacial/dry ethanoic acid does not show acidic properties because without water, ethanoic acid
remains or exists as molecules and there are no hydrogen ions present.
2. Aqueous ethanoic acid shows acidic properties because in water, ethanoic acid ionises to form
hydrogen ions, H+.
4. Hydrogen chloride gas in methylbenzene does not show acidic properties and does not conduct
electricity, because it exists as covalent molecules.
5. Hydrogen chloride gas in water shows acidic properties and conduct electricity. This is because
hydrogen chloride ionises in water to form hydrogen ions, H+ thus hydrochloric acid is formed.
6. Aqueous ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid can conduct electricity because in the solutions the
ions can move freely.

Ionisation equation for hydrochloric acid;

+ H2O
HCl (g) H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
Hydrogen chloride gas hydrogen ion chloride ion

Ionisation equation for ethanoic acid;

+ H2O
CH3COOH (l) H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)
Ethanoic acid hydrogen ion ethanoat ion

Conclusion

An acid only shows its acidic properties when dissolved in water.

Understand uhh.?

Chemicals Properties of Acid

a. Acids react with bases to form salts and water.
Examples;
i. H2SO4 + ZnO ZnSO4 + H2O

ii. 2HCl + CuO CuCl2 + H2O

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b. Acids react with alkalis to form salts and water.
Examples;
i. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

ii. H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 + 2H2O

c. Acids react with reactive metal to produce salts and hydrogen gas.
Examples;
i. 2HCl + Mg MgCl2 + H2

ii. H2SO4 + Zn ZnSO4 + H2

Reactive metals: Mg, Al, Zn (use this metals only)

d. Acids react with carbonate compound to produce salts, water and carbon
dioxide.
Examples;
i. 2HCl + PbCO3 PbCl2 + CO2 + H2O

ii. H2SO4 + CuCO3 CuSO4 + CO2 + H2O

Role of water and the properties of alkalis

Light
Switch Light Switch
bulb bulb

Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon

Ammonia Ammonia
in tetrachloromethane in water

Results

Acid Condition Observation Inference

- No colour change in
Ammonia In tetra Does not show any alkalis
the litmus paper
(molecule) chloromethane properties
- Light bulb is not lighted up

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 - Blue litmus paper is
Aqueous changed to red Shows alkalis properties
- Light bulb is lighted up

Discussion
Remember.!

The hydroxide ions, OH- are responsible for alkalis to show their properties

1. Ammonia liquid in tetrachloromethane does not show alkalis properties because it exists as
molecules.
2. Aqueous ammonia acid shows acidic properties because in water, ethanoic acid ionises to form
hydroxide ions, OH-.

Ionisation equation for ammonia;

+ H2O (l)
NH3 (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH (aq)
Ammonia ammonium ion hydroxide ion

3. Hydroxide ion, OH- in ammonia solution / solution hydroxide cause solution shows alkalis
properties.
4. Ammonia gas in methylbenzene does not show alkalis properties and does not conduct electricity
because it exits as a molecules.
5. Ammonia gas in water shows alkalis properties and conduct electricity because in the solutions the
ions can move freely.

Conclusion
Bases and alkalis only show its alkalis properties when dissolved in water.

Chemicals Properties of Alkalis

a. Alkalis react with acids to form salts and water.
Examples;
i. NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

ii. Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2H2O

b. When a mixture of an alkali and an ammonium salt is heated, ammonia

gas is, NH3 is liberated.
Examples;
i. NaOH + NH4Cl NaCl + H2O + NH3

ii. Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3

The Strength of Acids and Alkalis

1. The pH scale us used to indicate the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solutions.

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 Neutral
Increasingly acidic Increasingly alkaline

pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Please check the colour for each box

pH value less than 7 indicates an acidic solution
pH value equals 7 indicates a neutral solution
pH value greater than 7 indicates an alkaline solution
Strong and Weak Acids/Alkalis
1. The strength of an acid or alkali depends on the degree of ionisation or dissociation of the acid or
alkali in water.

2. Strong Acid: An acid which ionises completely in water.

Example; HCl H+ + Cl- (monoprotic acid)

H2SO4 2H+ + SO42- (diprotic acid)

3. Weak Acid: An acid which ionises partially in water.

Example; CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO-

4. Strong Alkali: An alkali which ionises completely in water.

Example; NaOH Na+ + OH-

5. Weak Alkali: An alkali which ionises partially in water.

Example; NH3 + H2O NH4 + + OH-

Ca(OH)2 Ca2+ + 2OH-

Concentrations of Acids and Alkalis

1. Concentration of solution can be expressed in gdm-3 or mol dm-3.

Number of mole of solute (mol)

Concentration
(mol /dm-3) =
Volume of solution (dm3)

Mass of solute/substance (g)

Concentration
(g /dm-3) =
Volume of solution (dm3)

2. Molarity or molar concentration is the number of moles of solute that are

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 present in 1 dm3 of solution.

Example. 1:
A student dissolves 50.0 g of anhydrous copper(II) sulphate in water to make a 250 cm3 of solution.
What is the concentration of the solution in g dm3?

Solution: Mass of anhydrous copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 = 50.0 g

250
Volume of solution = = 0.25 dm3
1000
50.0 g
Concentration of CuSO4 solution = 3
= 200.0 g dm3
0.25 dm

200 gdm-3 = 200 mol dm-3

64 + 32 + 4x16 molar mass

Example 2:
28.0 g of potassium hydroxide is dissolved in water to make 200 cm3 of solution.
Calculate the molarity of potassium hydroxide solution obtained.
(Ar: H, 1; O, 16; K, 39)

28.0
Solution: Number of moles of potassium hydroxide, KOH = = 0.5 mol
(39 16 1)
200
Volume of solution = = 0.2 dm3
1000
0.5 mol
Molarity of KOH solution = = 2.5 mol dm3
0.2 dm 3

Question 1
Find (a) the concentration of a sodium in grams per dm3 when 36.5 g of hydrogen chloride, HCl is
dissolved in water to make up 500 cm3 of solution.

(b) the molarity of a solution which is prepared by dissolving 0.30 mol of sodium hydroxide,
NaOH in distilled water to make up 250 cm3 of solution.

Solution:
(a) Volume of solution = 500 dm3 = 0.5 dm-3
1000

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 Concentration of HCl = 36.5 g = 73.0 g dm-3
0.5 dm3

(b) Volume of solution = 250 dm3 = 0.25 dm3

1000

Molarity of NaOH = 0.30 mol = 1.20 mol dm-3

0.25 dm3

Question 2
The molarity of a bottle of nitric acid, HNO3 solution is 2.0 mol dm-3. What is the concentration of
sodium in g dm-3
[Relative atomic masses: H, 1; N, 14; O, 16]

Solution;
Molar mass of nitric acid, HNO3 = [1 + 14 + 3(16)] g mol-1 = 63 g mol-1

Concentration of nitric acid = 2.0 mol dm-3 x 63 g mol-1 = 126 g dm-3

Question 3
Calculate the molarity of a sodium sulphate, Na2SO4 solution with a concentration of 28.4 g dm-3.
[Relative atomic masses: O, 16; Na, 23; S, 32]

Solution;
Molar mass of Na2SO4 = [2(23) + 32 + 4(16)] g mol-1 = 142 g mol-1

Molarity of the Na2SO4 = 28.4 g dm-3 = 0.2 mol dm-3

142 g mol-1

Question 4
A student pipettes 25.0 mol dm3 of sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution into a conical flask. The
concentration of the alkali was 1.5 mol dm-3. Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide,
NaOH in the flask.

Solution;
Volume of solution = 25.0 dm3 = 0.025 cm3
1000

Number of moles of NaOH = 1.5 mol dm-3 x 0.025 dm-3 = 0.0375 mol

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Preparation of Standard Solutions by Dilution Method

Standard solution is a solution in which its concentration is accurately known.

Use this formula ok..

M1 V1 = M2 V2

M1 = molarity of the solution before water is added

V1 = volume of the solution before water is added
M2 = molarity of the solution after water is added
V2 = volume of the solution after water is added

a) Preparation of standard solution

- prepared by using a volumetric flask

Calibration mark

b) Preparation of a solution by dilution method

- adding distilled water to a concentrated solution

- changes the concentration of the solution
- does not change the amount of solute

Example 1:
Find the volume of 2.0 mol dm3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 needed to prepare 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid, H2SO4.

Solution;

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 M1 V1 = M2 V2

2.0 mol dm-3 V1 = 1.0 mol dm-3 100 cm3

V1 = 1.0 mol dm-3 100 cm3 = 50 cm3

2.0 mol dm-3

How do you prepare this solution? [Read from a book]

Example 2:
Volume of 2.0 mol dm3 nitric acid needed to be diluted with distilled water to make 250 cm3 of
0.5 mol dm3 nitric acid?

Solution: M1V1 = M2V2

(2.0)V1 = 0.5(250)
0.5(250)
V1 = = 62.5 cm3
2.0

Example 3:
50 cm3 of water is added to 200 cm3 of a 2 mol dm3 solution of sodium hydroxide.
Determine the molarity of the diluted solution.

Solution: M1V1 = M2V2

2(200) = M2(200 + 50)
2(2 00)
M2 = = 1.6 mol dm3
250

Neutralization
Definition: The reaction between an acid and a base to produce a salt and water only.

Example : i. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

ii. H2SO4 + CuO CuSO4 + H2O

The ionic equation for neutralization;

H+ + OH- H2O

Neutralisation in Daily Life

Neutralisation is used in various fields such as agriculture, industries and health.

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Agriculture

Acidic soil is treated with powdered lime, CaO, limestone, CaCO3 or ashes of burnt wood.
Basic soil is treated with compost. The acidic gas from the decomposition of compost neutralises the
alkalis in basic soils.
Lime, CaO is used to control the acidity in aqua farming.

Industries

Acidic effluent from factories is treated with lime, CaO before being discharged.
Acidic gas such as sulphur dioxide, SO2 emitted by power stations and industries is neutralised with
lime, CaO before the gas is discharged into the air.
Ammonia, NH3 prevents the coagulation of latex by neutralising the acid produced by bacteria in the
latex.

Health

Anti-acids contain bases such as aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3 and magnesium hydroxide,
Mg(OH)2 to neutralise the excess acid in the stomach.
Vinegar is used to cure wasp stings that are alkaline in nature.
Baking powder is used to cure bee stings and ant bites that are acidic in nature.
Toothpaste contains bases that neutralise the acid produced by bacteria in our mouth.

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Acid-Base Titration

Titration is a quantitative analysis that involves the gradual addition of chemical solution from a
burette to another chemical solution of known quatity in a conical flask.

In an acid-base titration, the volume of an alkali is measured using a pipette and transferred
into a conical flask. The acid solution from a burette is then added slowly into the alkali in the
conical flask until neutralisation occurs.

The end-point of neutralisation is achieved when all the OH- ions combine with all the H+ ions
in the solution to form water which is neutral.

Since both the reactants (acids and alkali) and the products formed (salt and water) are all
colourless, the end-point of neutralisation is determined by three methods as follow:

- The use of acid-base indicators such as methyl orange, phenolphthalein and litmus.
- Measurement of the pH values of the solution on computer interface during titration.
- Measurement of the electrical conductivity of the solution during titration.

Burett
e

Retort Hydrochloric acid,

stand HCl

Conical flask
25 cm3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH + phenolphthalein

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 Indicator Colour in alkalis Colour in neutral Colour in acids
Methyl orange Yellow Orange Red
Phenolphthalein Pink Colourless Colourless
Litmus Blue Purple Red

How do you carry out a titration process?

[read from a book, must read eh.dont lazy2]

Calculation involving neutralization using balanced equations.

MA V A MB VB
=
a b

MA = Molarity of alkali MB = Molarity of base

VA = Volume of alkali VB = Volume of base

a = number of mole of acid from balanced chemical equation

b = number of mole of base from balanced chemical equation

Question 1:
A student pipettes 25.0 mol dm-3 of sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution into a conical flask and filled a
burette with 0.10 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl to carry out titration. He obtained an average volume
of 22.0 cm3 hydrochloric acid, HCl. What was the molarity of the sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution?

Solution:
Chemical equation: HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

MA = 0.10 mol dm-3 HCl MB = unknown [Molarity NaOH]

VA = 22.0 cm3 HCl VB = 25.0 mol dm-3 NaOH
a = 1 [no. of mole of HCl FBCE] b =1 [no. of mole of NaOH FBCE]

MA V A MB VB
=
a b

0.1 22.0 MB 25.0

=
1 1
MB = 0.1 22.0 1 = 0.088 mol dm-3
1 25.0

Molarity of NaOH = 0.088 mol dm-3

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Question 2:
What is the volume of 0.5 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 needed to neutralize 25.0 cm3 of 0.8 mol dm-3
ammmonia, NH3 solution?

Solution:
Chemical equation: H2SO4 + 2NH3 (NH4)2SO4
or H2SO4 + 2NH4OH (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O

MA V A MB VB
=
a b

MA = 0.5 mol dm-3 H2SO4 MB = 0.8 mol dm-3 NH3

VA = unknown volume of H2SO4 VB = 25.0 mol dm-3 NH3
a = 1 (mole of H2SO4 FBCE) b = 2 ( mole of NaOH FBCE)

0.5 VA 0.8 25.0

=
1 2
VA = 0.8 25.0 1 = 5.0 cm3
2 0.5

Volume of H2SO4 = 20.0 cm3

Question 3:
A sample of copper(II) oxide, CuO was found to completely neutralize 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid. Calculate the mass of sample.

Solution:
Chemical equation: CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O

Number of mole of HCl = M V = 0.5 100 = 0.05 mol of HCl

1000 1000

FBCE; 2 mol HCL = 1 mol CuO

0.05 mol HCl = 1 0.05 = 0.025 mol of CuO

2

Mass of CuO = 0.025 [64 + 16] = 0.025 80 = 2.0 g

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Prepared by;
Kamal Ariffin B Saaim
SMKDBL

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