ANUAR
XV
2011 - 2012
Cluj-Napoca
2013
EDITORIAL BOARD OF
ANUAR
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF:
Pr. Prof. Univ. Dr. Vasile Stanciu - Dean
ADVISORY BOARD:
Prof. Univ. Dr. Nicolae Edroiu, membru corespondent al
Academiei Romne
Prof. Univ. Dr. Konstantin Nikolakopoulos, Mnchen,
Germania
Prof. Univ. Dr. Nicolas Cernokrak, Paris, Frana
Prof. Univ. Dr. tefan Munteanu, Paris, Frana
EXECUTIVE EDITOR:
Pr. Prof. Univ. Dr. Alexandru Moraru
EDITORIAL BOARD:
Pr. Prof. Univ. Dr. Valer Bel
Pr. Lect. Univ. Dr. Gabriel Grdan
Dr. Dacian But-Cpuan
Pr. Asist. Drd. Cosmin Cosmua
Pr. Drd. Cosmin-Vasile Trif
Pr. Dr. Nicolae-Drago Kerekes
ISSN 1454-2927
ANUAR
XV
2011 2012
CUPRINS
Paula Bud, Luminile iudaismului marca unei identiti, semnul unei nalte
spiritualiti 23
Florin Codrea, Premisele unei interpretri sacramentale a Evangheliei dup Ioan 35
Iliu-Gabriel Popa, Certitudinea parusiei din perspectiva eshatologiei petrine 51
Andrei Tudor Moldovan, Semnificaii teologice vechi-testamentare ale termenului Fiul
Omului 71
Ionu Pop, Receptarea Bibliei lui aguna n Biserica Ortodox 85
Alexandru Moraru, Organizarea Bisericii Ortodoxe din ara Romneasc (sec. XIV -
nceputul sec. XV) 101
Gabriel-Viorel Grdan, The Demographic Evolution of Christianity during the 20th
Century 119
Cosmin Cosmua, Un caz de abuz al armatei sovietice asupra Bisericii Ortodoxe Romne
n 1944 133
Nicolae-Drago Kerekes, mpratul Iustinian i rolul lui n condamnarea origenismului.
Disputele origeniste n secolul al VI-lea 139
Ioan-Gheorghe Rotaru, Primul val de persecuii religioase mpotriva sabatarienilor
din Transilvania (1595-1618) 157
Timotei (Felician) Lauran, Erezii ivite n snul Bisericii pn n secolul al III-lea 173
Gabriel Enache, Grecia repere istorico-canonice 1939-1959 195
Daniel Cergan, Rolul femeii n aciunile politico-militare ale cruciadei I. Valori i virtui
morale, ntre nevoie, ilegalitate i beneficiu 205
V. TEOLOGIA PRACTIC
Vasile Stanciu, Liturghia Sfntului Ioan Gur de Aur de Gheorghe Dima n interpretarea
Corului Antifonia 287
Dorel Man, Valenele familiei cretine 293
Gheorghe anta, Adolescena ca stadiu i educaia 303
Marcel-Gheorghe Muntean, Tema iconografic a Cinei celei de Tain. Studiu
de caz 317
Carmen Gavrilu, Cavalcada mpratului Constantin cel Mare n fresca bisericii din
Ptrui 329
VI RECENZII
Dacian But-Cpuan, Pr. Prof. Dr. Nicolae Blaa - Relaia ntre Biseric i Euharistie n
teologia ortodox contemporan: implicaiile acesteia, Ed. Conphys, Rmnicu Vlcea,
2010, 279 p. 347
Dacian But-Cpuan, Credin i Via n Hristos. Anuarul Episcopiei Slajului 2011,
Ed. Episcopiei Slajului Credin i Via n Hristos, Zalu, 2012, 580 p. 351
DANIEL CERGAN
Introducere.
Dup o perioad nentrerupt caracterizat prin dezinteres, n lumea
istoriilor medievale au nceput s apar primele licriri de curiozitate cu
privire la participarea femeilor la cruciad ncepnd cu secolul al XIXlea.
Discursul istoric sau mai bine zis politic, practicat att de Biserica Apusean
ct i de celalalte societi laice, ce excludeau oamenii de rnd i n special
femeile din principalele aciuni ale cruciadei, nc mai fac i astzi obiec-
tul unor analize critice1.
1
A se vedea studiul: Myriam Greilsammer, Limaginaire masculin et la soumission des vassales
dans le Royaume Latin de Jerusalem vers 1200: un jalon supplementaire dans lhistoire de
206 DANIEL CERGAN
la violence symbolique envers les femmes, Journal of Medieval History, vol. 27, Brill, 2001, p.
331-363;
2
Rudolf Vierhaus, Rankes Begriff der historischen Objektivitt, in Reinhart Koselleck, Wolfgang
J. Mommsen, Jrn Rsen, Objektivitt und Parteilichkeit in der Geschichtswissenschaft, Band.
1, Mnchen 1977, p. 63-76;
3
Hayden White, The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation,
Baltimore, 1987, p. 45; Angela Ruth Bolen, Christina of Markyate, Manly Woman of God: Mysticism,
Monasticism, and Masculinity in Twelfth-Century England, Boise State University, 2012, p.
28.
4
Walter Porges, The Clergy, the Poor, and the Non-combatants on the First Crusades, Speculum,
Vol. 21, No. 1, Jan., 1946, p. 15;
Rolul femeii n aciunile politico-militare ale cruciadei I. Valori i virtui morale... 207
5
Katharina Boll, Als redete ein vrowe schoene Untersuchungen zu Konstitution und Funktion der
Frauenrede im Minnesang des 12. Jahrhunderts, ed. Knigshausen& Neumann, Wryburg, 2007,
p. 309; Sabine Geldsetzer, Frauen auf Kreuzzgen, 10961291, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft,
Darmstadt, 2003, p.184 -187; John H. Pryor, Stephen of Blois: Sensitive New-Age Crusader or
Victim of History?, in Journal of the Sydney University Arts Association 20, 1998;
6
Maria de France este considerat de istorici prima poet medieval. Ea ocup un loc aparte printre
poeii anglo-normanzi, fiind o femeie superioar secolului n care triete i care se remarc prin
cultura sa. Pentru activitatea i rolul Mariei de France in epoca medieval a se vedea Voichia
Sasu, Littrature et civilisation franaises - Moyen Age, Cluj-Napoca, Presa Universitar, 1997;
Kinoshita, Sharon, Peggy McCracken, Marie de France: A Critical Companion. vol. 24 for Gallica
Series, Edt. DS Brewer, Woodbridge, 2012;
7
Carolyn Dinshaw, David Wallace, The Cambridge companion to Medieval Womens writing,
Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 161;
208 DANIEL CERGAN
8
Allen Prudence, The Concept of Woman, Vol. I, in The Aristotelian Revolution, Eerdmans, 1997,
p. 57;
Rolul femeii n aciunile politico-militare ale cruciadei I. Valori i virtui morale... 209
9
Sabine Geldsetzer, Frauen auf Kreuzzgen 1096-1291, Darmstadt, 2003, p. 119;
10
Usmah Ibn-Munqidh, The Book of Contemplation, trad. P.M. Cobb, Londra, 2008, p. 144;
11
Shaizar sau Saijar este denumirea arabic dat oraului situat la nord de Siria. n cronicile
latine este gsit sub denumirea de Caezarea (Capadocia). Oraul reprezenta pentru cruciai un loc
important n istoria cretinismului deoarece era legat de viaa i activitatea Sfntului Vasile cel
Mare. A se vedea: William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E.A. Babcock
and A.C. Krey. Columbia University Press, 1943, p. 266-267;
12
Usmah Ibn-Munqidh, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades.
Memoirs of Usmah Ibn-Munqidh (Kitb Al-Itibr), trans. Philip K. Hitti, Columbia University
Press, 2000, p. 154;
13
Pentru mai multe informaii a se vedea analiza fcut de Niall Christie, Just a Bunch of Dirty
Stories? Women in the Memoirs of Usmah Ibn Munqidh, in Eastward Bound: Travels and
Travellers,1050-1500, ed. Rosamund Allen, Manchester University Press, 2004, p. 71-87.
210 DANIEL CERGAN
20
Li bornages ot soi, si est molt esgors, Molt desiroit de laigue li chevaliersTangrs. Mestier
lor ont e celes de lor regns, Les dames, les puceles dont il i ot asss. Quar eles se rebracent,
sont lor dras jus jets, S aporterent de laigue les chevaliers membrs As pos, as escuieles et as
vaisiaus dors. Quant ot but li bornages, si est resvigors. A se vedea: Susan Edgington, Sarah
Lambert, Sont ou ore les fems que jo voi la venir? Women in the Chanson dAntioche, in
Gendering the Crusades, Columbia University Press, 2002, p. 155;
21
John France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade, Cambridge University
Press, 1994, p. 367-73.
22
Fiica ducelui Odo I de Burgundia i al contesei Sibylle, Florina de Burgundia se numr prin-
tre acele femei nobile care au participat direct la cruciada I. mpreun cu soul ei prinul danez
Svend au fost ucii ntr-una din luptele purtate de cruciai n Asia Mic regiunea Capadociei. n
cruciada din 1101 a participat i tatl acesteia, Odo I care a murit tot pe cmpul de lupt n 1102.
Pentru mai multe detalii a se vedea: William Bernard McCabe, Florine, Princess of Burgundy -
A Tale of the First Crusaders, Baltimore - John Murphy, 1855;
23
Nscut n inuturile Germaniei bavareze din Cham, dup moartea soului acesteia n prima
cruciad, Ida de Austria a luat parte la cruciada din 1101 conducnd propria sa armat alturi de
Thiemo de Salzburg i de ducii Welf IV i William IX din Bavaria. n luna septembrie a aceluiai
an, ea i armata ei a fost printre cele care au atacat la Heraclea Cybistra pe sultanul Kilij Arslan I.
Cronicarul Ekkehard de Aura relateaz c Ida a fost ucis n lupt, ns mai sunt i alte legende
care spun c ea ar fi supravieuit, fiind prizonier i fcnd parte din haremul califului Aq Sunqur
al-Hajib de Alep. Tot legenda spune c ea a fost mama a Imad ad-Din Zengi (c. 1085-14 September
1146) erou musulman, dar acest lucru este imposibil de verificat din motive cronologice. Cf. Karl
Lechner, Die Babenberger. Markgrafen und Herzoge von sterreich 976-1246, Bhlau Verlag
Wien-Kln-Weimar, 1992, p. 138 -209; Ekkehard of Aura, Hierosolymita, ed. Heinrich Hagenmeyer,
Tbingen, 1877, p. 370; Regine Pernoud, The Crusaders, trans. Enid Grant, London: Oliver & Boyd,
1963, p. 87; Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades - The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the
Frankish East 1100-1118, Cambridge University Press 1952, p. 47;
24
Hadvide de Chiny din ducatul Lorenei de jos. mpreun cu soul ei ducele Dodo of Cons-la-
Grandville vasalul lui Godfroy de Bouillon a participat la campania militar a cruciadei I. Sabine
Geldsetzer, Frauen auf Kreuzzgen , p. 186;
25
Godehilde (Gotrana) de Tosny este prima soie a regelui Balduin I al Ierusalimului. Alturi de
acesta i de fratele su Godfroy de Bouillon a luptat n cruciada I, iar n octombrie 1097 rpus
de o boal a murit undeva n regiunea Marash din Armenia. Cf. Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First
Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, London- Continuum, 2003, p. 107;
212 DANIEL CERGAN
26
Natasha Hodgson, Nobility, Women and Historical Narratives of the Crusades and the Latin
East, in Al-Masaq: Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean, Vol. 17, Nr. 1, March 2005, p. 68-74;
John H. Pryor, Stephen of Blois: Sensitive New-Age Crusader or Victim of History?, in Journal of
the Sydney University Arts Association 20, 1998, p. 26-74;
27
Ronald C. Finucane, Soldiers of the Faith: Christians and Moslems at War , Martins Press,
New York, 1983, p. 174-84;
28
Maureen Purcell, Women Crusaders: A Temporary Canonical Aberration?, in Principalities,
Powers and Estates: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Government and Society, ed. L.O.
Frappell, Adelaide University Union Press, 1979, p. 57-64;
29
Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, London-Continuum,
2003; The First Crusaders, 1095-1131, Cambridge University Press, 1997; Family Traditions and
Participation in the Second Crusade, in The Second Crusade and the Cistercians, ed. Michael
Gervers, Martins Press, New York, 1992, p. 101-08;
30
Christoph T. Maier, The Roles of Women in the Crusade Movement: A Survey, Journal of
Medieval History 30, 2004, p. 61-82; Natasha R. Hodgson, Women, Crusading and the Holy Land
in Historical Narrative, Woodbridge, Boydell P. and Brewer, 2007; Sabine Geldsetzer, Frauen
auf Kreuzzgen, Darmstadt, 2003;
Rolul femeii n aciunile politico-militare ale cruciadei I. Valori i virtui morale... 213
34
Orderic Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Marjorie Chibnall, volumes VI , Oxford,
Clarendon Press, 1975, p. 325.
35
Guibert of Nogent, Dei Gesta Per Francos et Cinq Autres Textes, ed. R.B.C. Huygens, Corpus
Christianorum Continuatio Medievalis, 1996, p. 132.
36
Shulamith Shahar, The Fourth Estate: A History of Women in the Middle Ages, trans. Chaya
Galai, London:- Methuen, 1983, p. 81;
37
Kimberly A. LoPrete, Adela of Blois: Familial Alliances and Female Lordship, in Aristocratic
Women in Medieval France, ed. Evergates Theodore, University of Pennsylvania, 1999, p. 33;
Pentru principalele discuii de negociere a contesei Adela a se vedea: Eadmer, History of Recent
Events in England Historia Novorum in Anglia, trans. Geoffrey Bosanquet (London: Cresset,
1964), p. 175-76.
38
Kimberly A. LoPrete, Adela of Blois: Countess and Lord (c.1067-1137), Dublin, 2007, p.
324-35;
Thibaudian in acest caz se refer la conii de Champagne, unul dintre acetia fiind fiul conte-
sei Adela de Blois, Theobald al II-lea. Soul contese, Stefan descindea din aceast familie. Pentru
mai multe detalii a se vedea: Robert Fawtier, The Capetian Kings of France: Monarchy and
Nation, 987-1328, trans. Lionel Butler and R.J. Adam , St. Martins Press, New York,1960), p.
21-22, 126- 27, 172;
Rolul femeii n aciunile politico-militare ale cruciadei I. Valori i virtui morale... 215
39
Orderic Vitalis, volumes VI , p. 114-115;
40
William of Tyre, Chronique, in Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Medievalis, ed. R.B.C. Huygens,
vol. LXIIILXIIIA, Brepols, 1986, p. 707-715; Edbury, J. G. Rowe ed., William of Tyre, Historian
of the Latin East, Cambridge,1988, p. 55-68.
41
Relatri despre contactul liderului musulman Imad ad-Din Zengi cu lideri cruciai sunt oferite
de cronica de la Damasc. A se vedea: The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades, Extracted and
Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanisi, H.A.R. Gibb, ed. Dover Publications, London,
2002;
42
Orderic Vitalis, volumes VI , p. 130;
43
Thomas Asbridge, Alice of Antioch. A Case Study of Female Power in the Twelfth Century, in
The Experience of Crusading: 1. Western Approaches, eds. Marcus Ball and Norman Housley,
Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 34-35.
216 DANIEL CERGAN
44
Colin Morris, Picturing the crusades: the uses of visual propaganda, c. 10951250, in The
Crusades, eds. John France and William G. Zajac, Ashgate, 1998, p. 192-197;
45
Georges Duby, The culture of the knightly class; audience and patronage, in Renaissance and
Renewal in the Twelfth Century, eds. Robert L. Benson and Giles Constable, Oxford University
Press, 1982, p. 258;
Rolul femeii n aciunile politico-militare ale cruciadei I. Valori i virtui morale... 217
48
Georges Duby, Medieval Marriage: Two Models from Twelfth-Century France, trans. Elborg
Forster, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978, p. 2;
49
Genealogia, Oxford, 2000, p. 37;
50
Opoziia fa de starea de bigamie a regelui Balduin I era reprezentat de ctre Patriarhul orto-
dox Simeon al II-lea al Ierusalimului(1084-1106). Se pare ca aceast atitudine i-a adus exilul n
insula Cipru. A se vedea: David Spear, The School of Caen Revisited, in The Haskins Society
Journal: Studies in Medieval History, edit. Robert B. Patterson, Volume 4, Woodbridge, Suffolk;
Rochester, New York, Boydell Press, 1992, p. 55 -56; Alan V. Murray, The Crusader Kingdom of
Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099 -1125, p. 40; douard Frre, Manuel du bibliographie nor-
mand, Volume I, Rouen, A. Le Brument, 1858, p. 32.
Rolul femeii n aciunile politico-militare ale cruciadei I. Valori i virtui morale... 219
51
Guibert of Nogent, Dei Gesta Per Francos et Cinq Autres Textes, in Corpus Christianorum
Continuatio edievalis, ed. R.B.C. Huygens, Brepols, 1996, p. 164;
52
M. E. McGinty, in The First Crusade: the Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and other source
materials, ed. Edward Peters, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 1998, p. 84;
53
William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, ed. and trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C.
Krey, in Records of Civilisation 35, vol. III, Columbia University Press, New York, 1976, p. 461.
54
Benjamin Z. Kedar,On the origins of the earliest laws of Frankish Jerusalem: the canons of the
Council of Nablus, 1120, in The Crusades Critical Concepts in Historical Studies, edit. Andrew
Jostischky, vol. IV, Routledge London, 2008, p. 128-129;
55
Benjamin Z. Kedar, Latin and Oriental. Christians in the Frankisch Levant 1099-1291, in The
Crusades Critical Concepts in Historical Studies, edit. Andrew Jostischky, vol. IV, Routledge
London, 2008, p. 158-159; Jonathan Ray, The Jew in the Text: What Christian Charters Tell Us
About Medieval Jewish Society, in Medieval Encounters, vol.16, Brill, 2010, p. 243-245;
220 DANIEL CERGAN
56
Joshua Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages,
London, 1972, p. 46; Joshua Prawer, The Roods of Medieval Colonialism, in V.P. Goss, The
Meeting of two Worlds: Cultural Exchange between East and West during the Period of the
Crusades, Kalamazoo, 1986, p. 23-38;
57
Usmah Ibn-Munqidh, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades.
Memoirs of Usmah Ibn-Munqidh (Kitb Al-Itibr), p. 163;
58
Ibin Jubayr, The Travels of Ibn Jubary, trad. R. J. C. Broadhurst, London, 1952, p. 330; Ibn
Jubayr, Muhammad ibn Ahmad , Tadhkrat al-akhbr an ittifqt al-asfr,1182-1185, edited
by H. Nassar, Cairo, 1952, p. 320.
Rolul femeii n aciunile politico-militare ale cruciadei I. Valori i virtui morale... 221
Concluzii
Evoluia cercetrilor istorice cu privire la complexitatea desfurrii
evenimentelor din Evul Mediu a cunoscut adnci controverse. ncercarea
de a reforma percepiile ideologice a unor istorici despre aportul important
adus de femei n cruciad a fost sortit de multe ori eecului. Deficitul rela-
trilor istorice despre aciunile femeilor n cruciad i promovarea unor
stereotipuri a reprezentat un pas important n remodelarea unor menta-
liti colective menite s contureze anumite arhetipuri. Gndirea stereo-
tip, convenional, direcionat spre relevarea unor profiluri eroice erau
menite, n acest fel, s justifice anumite aciuni militare. Altfel spus, stere-
otipurile erau un mod de a surprinde gndirea simbolic, bazat pe repre-
59
Ibin Jubayr, p. 140;
60
Steven Runciman, The Families of Outremer: The Feudal Nobility of the Crusader Kingdom of
Jerusalem, 1099-1291, University of London Press, 1960, p. 20; E. G. Rey, Les Colonies Franques
de Syrie au XII et XIII sicles, Paris, 1883, p.183;
61
Philip Khuri Hitti, Lebanon in History from the Earliest Times to the Present, 2nd. ed., New
York London, 1962;
62
Philip Khuri Hitti, Lebanon in History from the Earliest Times to the Present, 2nd. ed., New
York London, 1962, p. 319; Philip K. Hitti, Istoria arabilor, traducere, note i index: Irina
Vainovski-Mihai, Ed. All, Bucureti, 2008, p. 340;
222 DANIEL CERGAN
63
I. Singh, Jean Stilwell Peccei, Language, Society and Power, London: Routledge, 2004, p. 49;
Travis Bruce, The politics of violence and trade: Denia and Pisa in the leventh century, in Journal
of Medieval History, vol. 32, Brill, 2006, p. 129;
64
Maen Omoush, The Interaction between the Crusaders and Muslims in the East:Myth and
Reality, in Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology, Vol. 5, Nr.2, 2011, p. 156-57;