LITERATURE REVIEW - PAPER AB

No Name of Paper Authors Problems

1 Controlled G. C. Kunkel & J. W. Primary recovery performance was
Waterflooding, Means Bagley , Jr the characteristics of solution gas
Queen Reservoir drive, with rapidly decline reservoir
pressure and increasing gas-oil ratios.
When the waterflood project was
applied to this field, some edges
leases were essentially depleted when
injection was initiated , while the
later developed areas of the field
were still in the early stages of
primary depletion. So, The Problem of
efficiently operating a prorated five-
spot waterflood with varying spot
sizes and varying spot PV to obtain
maximum oil recovery while producing
a minimum amount of water in Means
Queen Field by Humble Oil & Refining
Co.
2 Development of Daqing Jin Yusun, Liu Dingzeng & High water cut stage of development.
Oil Field by Luo Changyan Reservoir deposited in fluvial faces of
Waterflooding a flood-plain area are bottom-
flooding. They are very heterogenious
and have a small flood thickness and a
positive rhythm, the injected water
advanced rapidly along the bottom. In
a vertical section, flooding behavior
varies from point to point and the
water cut rises rapidly after
breakthrough.
3 Reservoir Pressure Anish Phade & Yash Gupta Reservoir pressure depletion occurs
Management using with a continuous production over a
Waterflooding : A case period of time, that leads to high GOR
Study (Gas-Oil Ratio) and low production
rates. The reservoir into consideration
is a sandstone reservoir which was
producing under a solution gas dive
and a very weak aquifer for about 5
years. During the coure of production,
reservoir pressure decrease
substantially and went below the
buble point pressure.

4 Waterflooding : same J. M. Alvarez & R.P. Traditionally, waterflooding waas

Old, Same old ? Sawatzky considered an effective secondary
recovery method for light and medium
oil reservoirs, not to heavy oil
reservoir.
5 Some Practical Aspects James E. Wade
of Waterflooding
Poor waterflood prospects because
waterflooding introduces new
operational problems such as water
treatment, corrosion control, water
handling, sand production, water-oil
ratio control, waste water disposal
and hydrogen sulphide
problems.These problems add to cost
of waterflood operations but can be
solved by early identificatio, analysis
and treatment.
ATURE REVIEW - PAPER ABOUT WATERFLOOD

Hypothesis Methods Findings

Controlled, balanced Controlled balanced Primary performance : A
waterflooding techniques : calculated 3 million bbl of primary
techniques as the 1) Reservoir Analyses remained to be recovered and
solution to reservoir, before iniziation of cummulative oil production was 8.5
proration, ultimate injection million bbl at the initiation of the
recovery and economic 2)Accumulation of injection operations. Secondary
factors associated with accurate & reliabe Performance : 3 million
secondary recovery performance data (both bbl of remaining primary were
operations. field wide and on an recovered after 18 million bbl of
individual well basis water had been injected, without
3) Continuous appreciable water production.
engineering surveilance Cummulative oil Production since
project initiation is 9 million bbl, or
about equal to the volume
producced before the project of
initiated. The secondary oil
represents the increase of 50 %
above ultimate primary. Current
lower water cut about 60%.
Using the waterflooding Waterflooding by 1) Wettability of reservoir rock is
as pressure maintenance Separate Layer convertible. Water wettability
by the separate layer technique. increased with the increased
technique. saturation pf injected water. When
Sw exceed 40%, the wettability of
most reservoir rocks changes from
slightly oil wet to slightly water-
wet.
2) The pore structure of the
reservoir is changeable in water
injection development. The degree
of flooding is rather nonuniform in
the vertical section.
3) There are mutual
interferences between sand layers
in the same well after eliminating
wellbore influence.
4) Log-term injection of
cold water results in a emperatue
drop around an injection wellbore.
Waterflooding was Various waterflooding The waterflood plans wee apply to
considered as the most plans were designed on the LB Block in the field. By
suitable remedy to the basis of areal & imlementation of the most
restore the reservoir vertical sweep apropriate plan, the reservoir
pressure and well efficiencies and reservoir pressure was maintained 150 psi
productivity. voidage compensation above the bubble pont pressure
using material balance. resulting in daily production rate of
about 13000 bopd with water
injection rate of about 15000 bpd.
The estimated oil recovery is about
52% and breakthrough is expected
to occur about 7 years after the
start of waterflood. The results
were not only a total reversion but
also an increasing production
proffile that was declining over
years. The economic analyses made
for the waterflood plan in LB Block
shows that the initial capital
expenditures were $6.82 million
and the payout period for these
investment was only 212 days with
a substantially high DCFROR.

Waterflooding can be Using Wateflooding with Experiences has shown that the
use as the potential these proposed Waterflooding process in heavy oil
technology for mechanisms at the heavy reservoirs may be improved by
recovering heavy oil oil reservoir : maximizing water injection and
reservoir. 1) Unconventional minimizing well spacing. Currently,
displacement the limit for heavy oil waterfloods
2) Improvement in the in terms of oil viscosity is believed
mobility ratio & to be in range of 1000 - 2000 mPa.s
3) Improvement in the and reported recovery factors of u
reservoir permeability to 30% even for heavy oils with a
viscosity of around 2000 mPa.s. The
results, observations and
experiences suggest that the
relative importance of some
recovery mechanism may be
different in heavy oil waterfloods
than in conventional waterfloods.
To reach the success Designed of water Waterflood response in pattern
waterflooding that injection programmes flood in multiple-sand resrvoir
conducted in involves determination of which has an average oil-water
multiple=sand reservoir water injection rates and mobility ratio of 8.0. Production
there were needed some location of injectors. rates increased from 2150 bd to an
practicalaspects of Water injection rates are initial peak rate of approximately
waterflooding which based on estimated peak 7000 bd. Gas - oil ratio declined
may be helpful in gross production rates rapidly from 600 cuft/bbl to an
initiating and operating with allowance for fluid average of 120 cuft/bbl. Total fluid
a successful waterlood llosses. Location of production and net oil production
project. injectors depends upon rates are sensitive to the water
the type of waterflood injection rate after fill-up.
and the design injection
rate.
 Result
Controlled waterflooding through the use of
pattern balancing are increased oil recovery
and minimum water production. These
benefits are to yield increased profit per
barrel of secondary oil and decreased
depletion time. In Means Queen field,
secondary oil recovery equal to or greater
than twice primary. Results of this project
should return a maximum profit to the
working interest and royalty owners and
may further the art of waterflooding in the
petroleum industry.
1) Pressure maintennce on a separate- layer
basis by water injection in the early stage
of development yields a better long term
result. Reservoir pressure should be
increased from 5 to 7 kPa (0.7031 to 1.055
psi) above the initial value to keep the wells
flowing production water cut is gradually
increased. 2) Interlayer
inference in a multizone field can be
reduced by proper division and grouping of
productive zones, 3)
Separate layer adjustment are applied
according to the heterogenities and
oil/water displacement characteristics of
the reservoir. Thus, the production decline
of some layers can be compensated for by
production increases in other layers. 4)
Increases in the floded voolume and the
degree of flooding in a thick layer become
two of the most important factors in
enhancing the ultimate oil recovery.
The revitalization process in LB Block by
implementation of waterflooding is
supported by the results of the strategic IOR
program. The results obtained were
increase in the oil production and
improvement of the ultimate recovery
factor. Also, the main objective of
waterflood projrct, that is the increment
and stabilization of reservoir pressure is also
achieved productively. Waterflood project
conducted in the LB Block was successful,
both economically and technically.

processed. 4) Heavy oil reservoir may be

improved if the relative importance of the
potential recovery mechanism is understod
better, and if some of these mechanisms
can be enhanced at different stages of the
operational life cycle. 5) Identifying the
optimal time to start enhanced
waterflooding process such as polymer
injection or ASP may be determined more
readily if the relative importance of the
recovery mechanisms in heay oil
waterflooding is understood better.
Waterflooding is not limited to clean,
single-sand reservoirs, but can be applied
successfully to complex, multiple-
sandreservoirs encompassing a wide range
of rock annd fluid propeties. Waterflooding
requires low initial capital investment
compared to secondary recovery methods
based upon the use of special fluids or
expensive additives. Waterflood
performance and recovery can be predicted
within acceptable limits of engineering
accuracy. This offers a means of preliminary
evaluation and provides data useful in
designing a waterflood project.
Waterflooding introduces many new
operational problems. These problems can
be solved by early identification, analysis
and treatment.