01.overview ArcRelatedDeposits Classification

AN OVERVIEW OF
MAGMATIC ARC AU-CU

DEPOSITS
Adi Maryono
Porphyry Deposit Workshop
Lombok-Sumbawa, 2012
th
Discussion Outline
Why they are important

Setting and deposit styles
Classification and Issues
Key deposit features
Exploration Implications
Why important?
Can be very big:
Lihir, PNG 170 Mt @ 3.5 g/t Au (19.1 Moz reserve; 46.1 Moz resource)
Porgera, PNG 85 Mt @ 5.8 g/t Au, 33 g/t Ag (15.8 Moz; 28 Moz resource )
Can be very rich:

Cripple Creek, USA 630 t Au in veins grading 15 - 30 g/t (20.2 Moz)
Hishikari, Japan 220 t Au, Honko veins 70 g/t Au, 49 g/t Ag (7.1 Moz)
Can provide a long-term sustainability

Grasberg provides a +55y mine life (115.5 Moz Au)
Batu is as long as 30 years (15 Moz Au)
Can provide a high profitability

Lihir is a company maker deposit, Gosowong generates sweet cash
(+40g/t Au Kencana)
Grasberg drove a $25b acquisition of PD
Porphyry-Epithermal deposits are

very important economically
Ore Deposit Styles: Relative Amounts of Gold
(>5 Moz deposits)
50% Witwatersrand
12% Epithermal
10% Porphyry (+ intrusion hosted)
12% Sediment hosted (incl. 4% Carlin)
9% Greenstone lode (orogenic)
7% Other (Fe Fm, VHMS, etc.)
Arribas, 2000
Ore Deposit Styles: Giant Gold Deposits
(31 >20 Moz deposits)
1 (7) Witwatersrand
7 Porphyry (+ 1 intrusion hosted)
8 Epithermal (3 HS, 2 IS, 1 LS, 2 LSa)
6 Sediment hosted (incl. 2 Carlin)
5 Greenstone lode (orogenic)
4 Other (Fe ox, Fe Fm, Archean diss.)
Sillitoe, 2000
Porph-Cu Metal Endowment
(Einaudi, 2010)
75% of worlds copper, 50% of worlds molybdenum, 20% of

worlds gold
Most of Re and minor Ag, Pd, Te, Se, Bi, Zn, & Pb
Worlds largest copper deposits (203 Mt Cu at Los Bronces-

Rio Blanco) and molybdenite (2.5 Mt Mo at El Teniente)
Worlds second largest gold deposit (129 Moz at Grasberg)
Typical grades: 0.5 -1.5% Cu (average economic grade

0.45%), <0.01-0.04% Mo, Au 0.01-1.0 g/t
Cu-Au-Mo deposits
Pebble West
Behemothian
Super-giant
Cooke et al., 2008
El Salvador
Cu-Mo deposits
Cu-Au deposits
Reko Diq
Aktogay-Aide
Cuajone
Giant porphyry copper deposits
Pima
La Granja
Radomiro Tom
Resolution
Cerro Colorad
Pebble East
Morenci - Me
Lone Star
Escondida
Los Pelambre
Grasberg
Cananea
Bingham
Butte
Oyu Tolgoi
Collahuasi
Chuquicamat
Rio Blanco
El Teniente
80
60
90
70
50
40
30
20
10
0
Contained copper metal (Mt)
Sipilay
Cu-Au-Mo deposits
Chuquicama
Cooke et al., 2008
Cu-Mo deposits
Cu-Au deposits
Sar Cheshm
Atlas
Giant gold-rich porphyry deposits
Frieda River
Alumbrera
Galore Cree
El Teniente
Escondida
Tampakan
Minas Cong
Batu Hijau
Reko Diq
Ok Tedi
Panguna
Cerro Casale
FSE/Lepant
Dalneye
Cadia
Kal'makyr
Pebble Wes
Pebble East
Oyu Tolgoi
Bingham
Grasberg
1600
2800
2400
2000
1200
800
400
0
Gold (tonnes)
Our Region, SEA-PNG
Tectonic
Arc Distribution
Major Framework
Gold Deposits
Source: Mitchell & Leach, 1991; Carlile & Mitchell, 1994; Newmont Compilation, 2005; PaRFS, 2008
Our Region, SEA-PNG
Tectonic
Arc Distribution
Major Framework
Gold Deposits
Magmatic Arcs by Countries
Taiwan-Japan,
2060, 9%
PNG, 3250, 15%
Philippines, 3010, IDN, 11240, 52%

14%
Myanmar-Andaman,
2200, 10%
Magmatic Arcs by Ages
Older, 2575, 12%

Paleogene, 3496,
16%
Neogene, 15689,
72%
Our Region, SEA-PNG
Tectonic
Arc Distribution
Major Framework
Gold Deposits
SEA Gold Endowment by Deposit Types (Moz)
Epithermal HS, 27, 4%

Epithermal IS, 65, 9%
Sediment-Hosted, 12, 2%
Epithermal LS, 128, 18%
Orogenic, 12, 2%
Placer, 2, 0%
Porphyry, 406, 57%
Skarn, 57, 8%
VMS, 2, 0%
Our Region, SEA-PNG
Tectonic
Arc Distribution
Major Framework
Gold Deposits
SEA Gold Endowment by Countries (Moz)
Laos, 6.4, 1%
Philippines, 190.9,
27%
Malaysia, 11.8, 2%
PNG, 197.5, 28%
Myanmar, 1.5, 0%
Taiwan, 6.4, 1%
Thailand, 4.8, 1%
Indonesia, 284.4,
39% Vietnam, 8.1, 1%
SEA Gold Endowment by Arcs (Moz)
Paleogene, 49.5, 7%
Mesozoic, 31.2, 4%
Paleozoic, 7.9, 1%
Neogene, 547.7, 77% Proterozoic, 0.8, 0%
Quaternary, 75.6, 11%

Discussion Outline

Deposit Setting and Styles
Dehydration of the subducting oceanic slab (island
vs cont arcs) 3GPa,100km depth, high Mg-basalt
with 1.2 to 2.5wt % H20.
Volcanic arc
Typical calc-alkaline magmas contain sufficient
Sea level copper, chlorine, and water to produce economic
Upper crustal Continentalporphyry copper mineralization (Bodnar ,sufficient
Oceanic crust batholith crust flux of magma (>100km3) for metal concentration
Oceanic mantle
lithosphere Lower crustal
MASH zone Arc Magmas: Hi-S, H2O, Cl, LILE (K, Rb, Cs, Ba,
o
600 C 600o C Sr), enrichment in Li, B, Pb, As, Sb and depletion i
Basaltic
underplating SubcontinentalTi, Nb,Ta
o mantle lithosphere
1000 C 1000o C
Slab melts: Hi-alumina, Hi-Sr, low-Y. low HREE,
Asthenosphere
Partial melting of (Al2O3>15wt %, MgO <3 wt%, Y<18ppm,
hydrated mantle o Yb<1.9ppm, Sr>400ppm, SiO2>56wt%).
Asthenosphere 1400 C
A long lived-magmatic system rooted to MASH

(Mechanism for magma and fluid supply by
compression and relaxation)
o Commonly felsic to intermediate calc- alkaline

1400 C hosts from mafic, mantle-derived sources (diorite
vs monzonite/granodio)
o
Structure and processes in a subduction zone and continental arc 1000 C
Cu content 60ppm to make 10 Mt
Cu=10Mt/60ppm/2.7g/cm3=63km3. <100%
Richards, 2005 extraction, ~ 100km3
The end of protacted tectono-
Advanced argillic Central
alteration (AA) volcano magmatic events (culmination of
AA AA
deformation).
Ph
0 km
K
Ph Relaxation of compressional stress
K
Ph K K K
K
permits the voluminous rise of
Potassic alteration (K) K K
K Ph Pr Pr Pr buoyant, evolved magmas to upper
Pr overprinted by phyllic (Ph) K K
K
K
K crustal levels
Pr
Supracrustal Pr
K
K Sub-volcanic Propylitic alteration (Pr)
Pr K K
K
plutons Buoyant magmas raising from depth
sequence K
K K Pr
Pr
Pr
(5km) to form a cupola zone (~2km)
Pr
Pr Pr K
K
Pr
along pre-existing fractures.
K K
K
K K
5 km K K
K K K Upper-crustal
K batholith at LNB This fluid dynamic mechanism enables
K K
K efficient partitioning of metals from
large volume of magmas into the
exsolving hydrothermal fluid
Crystalline Focused delivery into the carapace
basement zones following ground preparation
(fracturing due to volatile rich
Feeder dyke carapace)
Structure and processes in a subductioncomplex
zone and continental arc Efficient precipitation of metals by
cooling and wall rock reactions.
Richards, 2005
A. Neutral stress to midly extensional arc (e.g
Yanacocha)
B. Compressive back arc during arc volcanism
(e.g. Potosi Bolivia)
C. Compressive arc with subdued volcanism
(e.g. El Indio)
D. Extensional arc ( El Penon Chile)
E. Extensional back arc during volcanism
(Cerro Vanguardia, Argentina)
F. Extensional back arc during transition from
subduction to rift-related magmatism
G. Extensional continental margin following
cessation of subduction-advent of transform
faulting (Bullfrog Nevada)
H. Compresive tectonism linked to transform
fault boundary (McLauglin California)
I. Restricted post-collisional magmatism during
collision-induced slab break off (Porgera, PNG)
J. Extension due to tectonic collapse following
continent collision (Baley, Russia)
Sillitoe and Hedenquist, 2003
th
H2S + 2O2 H2SO4 Steam-heated
Origin of acid-
sulfate alteration
4SO2 + 4H2O 3H2SO4 + H2S

HCl Magmatic-hydrothermal
H2O, CO2, SO2, H2S, HCl, metals

Modified from Arribas, 2010
Pongkor Otibanda S.Ville

Waive, Messel
Kencana Hidden Valley
Kelian
Porgera
Ertzberg+ Lepanto
Batu Hijau Wafi, Nena
Kucing Liar Tujuh Bukit
OkTedi
Golpu
Grasberg
(After Corbett and Leach, 2002)

Discussion Outline

Nomenclature
Vein breccia, Emperor, Fiji
CENTRAL OYU TOLGOI

Vuggy quartz ore-qz-enargite ore
Typical altered QMD
LEPANTO MINE, PHILIPPINES
Vein in Honko deposit

LS to HS
Hishikari Mine, Japan Epithermal Porphyry
Nomenclature
Epithermal, mesothermal and hypo thermal
LS, IS and HS Epithermal
Adularia-sericite vs alunite-kaolinite
Qz-Adularia-sericite vs acid sulfate
Vein breccia, Emperor, Fiji
Acid-Alkaline
Enargite-gold CENTRAL OYU TOLGOI
Vuggy quartz ore-qz-enargite ore
Typical altered QMD
LEPANTO MINE, PHILIPPINES
Low and high sulphur
Hot spring
Transitional Porphyry-Epithermal
Penasquito
Wall rock porphyry, failed porphyry
Vein in Honko deposit
LS to HS
Porphyry Cu-Au,
Hishikari Mine, Japan Cu-Mo, Au etc Porphyry
Epithermal
Nomenclature
NOMENCLATURE AUTHORS-INVENTORS
Acid Alkaline
Mesothermal-Epithermal Lindgren, 1933
Acid Alkaline Sillitoe, 1977
Epithermal Buchanan, 1981
Hot-spring type Giles and Nelson, 1982
Enargite-gold Ashley, 1982
High sulfur Low sulfur Bonham, 1986, 1988
Acid sulfate Adularia-sericite Hayba et al., 1985, Heald et al.,1987
High-sulfidation Low-sulfidation Hedenquist, 1987
Alunite-kaolinite Adularia-sericite Berger and Henley, 1989
Type 1 adularia-sericite Type 2 adularia-sericite Albino and Margolis, 1991
High sulfidation High-sulfide+base metal, low sulfidation Low sulfide+base metal, low sulfidation Sillitoe, 1989, 1993
High sulfidation Intermediate sulfidation Low sulfidation Hendenquist et al., 2000

Issues
NOMENCLATURE Acid Alkaline AUTHORS-INVENTORS
on Mesothermal-Epithermal
the basis of a single perspective or parameter Lindgren, 1933

Issues
NOMENCLATURE Acid Alkaline AUTHORS-INVENTORS
Acid product vs process

Alkaline based Sillitoe, 1977

Issues
Acid Alkaline
Acid too broad vsAlkaline

specific (type 1 and 2) Sillitoe, 1977

Nomenclature
Issues
Acid Alkaline
Geochemical environment Hot-spring type Giles and Nelson, 1982
an overlapping field, an overprinting and complex system?

enhancement for geological understanding?

fieldwork applicability
High-sulfidation in exploration?
Low-sulfidation Hedenquist, 1987

Nomenclature
Issues
on Mesothermal-Epithermal
theAcidbasis of a single perspective or Alkaline
parameter Lindgren, 1933
productEpithermal
vs process based Buchanan, 1981
Geochemical environment Hot-spring type Giles and Nelson, 1982
too broad vs specific (type 1 and 2)

an overlapping field,
Acid sulfate an overprinting and complex system?
Adularia-sericite Hayba et al., 1985, Heald et al.,1987
enhancement for Adularia-sericite

Alunite-kaolinite geological understanding? Berger and Henley, 1989
fieldwork
High sulfidation applicability in exploration?
High-sulfide+base metal, low sulfidation Low sulfide+base metal, low sulfidation Sillitoe, 1989, 1993

A complex-overprinting system?
Porphyry evolves to HSE, HSE evolves ISE

PORPHYRY HIGH INTERMEDIATE LOW
CU-AU SULFIDATION SULFIDATION SULFIDATION
NEUTRAL
NEUTRAL
ACID
early dilution and late

proximal wallrock buffering distal ???
CENTRAL
OYU TOLGOI
Typical altered
QMD
O Tolgoi Akeshi El Indio El Indio Golden Cross
Key parameters to observe
Low Sulfidation High Sulfidation Porphyry
Ore Au-Ag Au-Ag (Cu) Cu-Au-Ag, Cu-Mo
Metals As, Sb, Zn, Pb, Hg, Se As, Sb, Bi, Pb, Hg, Te, Sn Bi, Pb, Zn, Te, As
Alteration Adularia-carbonate, Alunite, kaolinite, Potassic, PGM/SCC

illite (muscovite), pyrophyllite, diaspore,
Phyllic, propylitic, IA
smectite, chlorite, epidote illite, chlorite, epidote
Textures Open space fill (banded Replacement & void-fill,

open space fill,
& crustiform veins, (massive & vuggy quartz, veins, breccia
bladed calcite, breccias) massive veins)
Form Veins, breccias, Disseminated, veins, diss, veins, s/w, bx

disseminations breccias
Sulfides py, asp, po en, tet, ten, cpy, cov cpy, bo, dig, cc, cov
Mineral stability
Mineral 100 200 300
pH Alunite
Jarosite
Halloysite
Kaolinite
Dickite
Acidic Pyrophyllite
Diaspore
Zunyite, topaz
Anatase
Rutile
Cristobalite
Quartz
Pyrite
Marcasite
Neutral
Smectite
Illite/smectite
Chlorite/smectite
Illite
Chlorite
Epidote
Biotite
Adularia
Alkaline
Calcite
Mordenite
Laumontite
Wairakite
Epithermal ore deposition

Hedenquist et al., 1996
Sulfidation State
T ( oC )
100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000
1200
Sulfide-oxide mineral assemblages
2
(high KCA-porphyry to epithermal) ~
0
Rs
=-
3
py po
Lazy L-shaped field
=-2 andesitic
Rs
magma
Stability of sulfide minerals ~ sulfidation

-2
flux
SO2 gas
t+ p
n
O
m +c
+b
Mo
state~ fS2 and T
bn
py cp
-4
hm
Au-
E ens
atio
n
ry Cu- =0
AT r cond T phy r" Rs
ST Sulfu por ffe
Cu
bu
ON
Active system, the oxidation-sulfidation
-6 k
TI cv oc
DA "r =1
al
dg Rs
FI g
cp
y
n-A
S
+p
UL
erm
GH
IS
Logf S2
t
hm
Pb-Z
m
S HI state ~ function of their magmatic sulfur
o
u
p
-8
+p
Cu
as
Zn C
lo
RY
pith
,fm N H
ins
en
VE ,t
t nt
l ve
tn asa
gas composition
HS e
Ple o
eta
cv -M
nt W orph
-10
e-m
dg Mou
Au
p
bas
ns
uv
n-C
-Zn zoned
Sn-Z
Wall rock interaction~as buffer, others

g
GHn
-A
-12 HI
cc dg
+b
Pb
p y cp ite
e
r
tit
py
ho
E
AT al
e.g. boiling, fluid mixing
rr
py
DI m
W
-14 Isl
an
d
M E er
LO
i te
Wh end R ith y
+p p
TE ep tn p+c
n te
RY
tr
iro oti
N as
I LS +As
h
W
Good understanding on principal
rr
Au
VE
py
-16
y p asp LO
te g
ni e ar er +p
o
v
tib rit sil qz lite
-18 r"
+s hie
py ert
b
ib
st imo
an
t
te
ni ny t+
m aya
f sulfides and oxides:
fe
uf
kb
"r
o c
4Fe3O4+O2=6Fe2O3
3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 (magnetite>hematite)
1000/T ( K )
2FeS+S2=2FeS2 (pyrrhotite>pyrite)
used to define main line ore forming environments
0.67Cu12As4S13+S2=2.67Cu3AsS4
and to identify evolutionary trends
(tennantite>enargite)
Einaudi et al., 2003
T ( oC )
100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000
Sulfidation State
2
1200
0 3
py po
=-
Rs
=-2 andesitic
Rs
magma
-2
flu x
SO2 gas
t+ p
n
O +b
m +c
Mo
bn
-4 py cp
hm
- Au-
atio
n C u
ATE r condens T p hyry r" Rs
=0
ST Sulfu por ffe
Cu
u
-6
TI
ON cv c kb
DA "ro Rs
=1
al
dg
FI
cp
y
n-A
S
+p
L
erm
GH
IS
Logf S2
hm
U m
Z
S HI
o
Pb-
u
p
-8
+p
Cu
as
Zn C
lo
RY
pith
,fm N H
ins
en
VE , tt nt
l ve
tn asa
Ple
HS e
o
eta
cv -M
nt W orph
-10
e-m
dg Mou
Au
p
bas
vns
Cu
Zn-
-Zn ned
Sn-
g
Pb zo
GHn
-A
-12 HI
cc dg
+b e
p y cp ri t
e
tit
py
ho
E
AT al rr
py
DI m
r
W
-14 Isl
an
d E e
RM pith
LO
y
hi te +p p
W nd E tn p+c
n te
tr e T e
RY
iro oti
s
IN LS +As
a
h
W
rr
u
VE
py
-16
y
p asp A LO
te g
ni e ar er +p
o
v
stib erit sil te + qz lite
+ h i ni ny t
m aya
py ert ib
st imo f
-18 r" b
an
t
fe
buf
ck
3.0 2.8 2.6

"ro
2.4 2.2
Chemical environment
2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8
Hedenquist
th et al., 2001 Sillitoe & Hedenquist, 2003
1000/T ( K )
Sulfidation State
Pyrite
Asp
Hematite
Pyrrhotite
Magnetite
Fayalite Iron
Iron
February 15Hedenquist
th , 2010 et al., 2001 Sillitoe & Hedenquist, 2003
Discussion Outline

A pull-apart mechanism
Concentration of sub-volc plutonic centres localised by large-scale structural features
A pull-apart mechanism
GRASBERG
IGNEOUS
COMPLEX
GRASBERG (GIC)
OPEN PIT
Ertsberg
EESS
LEMBAH ERTSBERG
TEMBAGA INTRUSIVE
KUCING
LIAR
BIG DOM
GOSSAN
0 2000
PT FREEPORT INDONESIA
METERS
GEOLOGIC SERVICES GROUP
th
District Clusters
Equidimensional clusters reflect underlying batholith:
Grasberg-Ertzberg +4 deposits, Yerington 4, Globe-Miami 7 , Pima-
Mission 6, TB +4
Alignments reflect stronger crustal structural control: BH-

Elang, RT-Chuqui-MM arc-parallel 25 km, Oyo Tolgoi arc-perpendic 20
km.
Some alignments represent clusters strung out by crustal

extension: Inspiration-Miami-Miami East; Robinson (Ely) district.
Spacing between deposits: 2-10 km, reflecting separate

cupolas on underlying batholith (BH, Elang, TB, Grasberg-
Ertzberg,Yerington)
ERTSBERG,
PAPUA
40 sq km
8 km diam
X 5 km vert
= 200 cub km
Magma chamber
application
Intrusion-centered systems
NW LOOKING SECTION THROUGH GRASBERG
GIC within upwardly

flaring diatreme
Final pit
Heavy
Sulphide
Zone Grasberg Block
Cave Reserve
Kucing Liar
Grasberg is a diatreme-hosted super-porphyry deposit with classic porphyry alteration and

mineralization styles and Kucing Liar is a magnesian calc-silicate and magnetite-pyrite skarn
Cu-Au deposit
EESS DEPOSITS
At faulted contact of sediments
with Ertsberg Diorite, or hosted
by diorite (ESZ)
GBT
Ore hosted in diorite, Waripi
dolostone and Faumai
IOZ limestone
DOZ Mg-Ca silicate assemblage with
Block Cave monticellite dominant in upper
part (GBT) and forsterite in
ERTSBERG lower part (IOZ + DOZ)
STOCKWORK Projected trace
ZONE (ESZ) of Ertsberg Main Cu-Au mineralization
event occurred in retro-grade
#1 Fault event
MLZ
Projected trace of Deposit progressively mined from
top:
Ertsberg #2 Fault a) GBT (mined out 1992)
Deep b) IOZ (mined out 2003)
c) DOZ (in production 50ktpd)
MLZ d) ESZ (not yet mined)
e) MLZ (not yet mined)
PT FREEPORT INDONESIA
GEOLOGIC th
SERVICES GROUP f) Deep MLZ (not yet mined)
Hedenquist et al., 2001
th
A short-span
Wafi Diatreme
Morobe Granodiorite
A short-span
++Ar?
++Ar?
Collapsed-caldera, short-lived
Lithology Error Age Comment 1Ma 0.5Ma 0
Volcanic, hydro bio, L11, K-Ar* 0.100 0.917 porphyry alt
Monzo, bio, L63, K-Ar* 0.036 0.342 porph?
Bio-anh vein, hydro bio, L53, K-Ar* 0.027 0.336 porphyry alt
Alunite, L28, K-Ar* 0.015 0.151 epithermal
Bio-kspar alt, bio, K-Ar** 0.34 abstract only
Refrac ore, py breccia, K-Ar*** 0.52 abstract only
Qz-carb veins, K-Ar**** 0.15 abstract only
Reference:
* Luise Davies & Ballantyne, 1987
Harbour
Kapit ** Blackwell et al.,
zone ***Coastal Carman, 1994
zone
**** Molye et al., 1990

Lienetz
zone
rim
ra
lde
Minifie
Ca
pit 2001 Fresh

Breccia rock
bodies Letamazien structures
Collapsed-caldera, short-lived
LS Epithermal
overprint
Seaward-directed
sector collapse
Biotite
alteration
1 km
1 km
Instantaneous transition
e.g., sector collapse of an altered
volcanic edifice
Lihir, PNG (Sillitoe, 1994)
Block A Geology
GRASBERG
INTRUSIVE
GRASBERG
OPEN PIT
EESS
LEMBAH ERTSBERG
TEMBAGA INTRUSIVE
KUCING
LIAR
BIG DOM
GOSSAN
0 2000
METERS
Stratigraphic Section, Ertsberg District
MIOCENE
Kais Limestone
TERTIARY Sirga Sandstone

Faumai Limestone
Dolomite, Limestone, Evaporites,

Waripi : Sandstone, Siltstone
Kembelangan Limestone
Ekmai - Quartz Sandstone
Piniya - Shale, Siltstone
Woniwogi Fm
MESOZOIC
Kopai Fm
COW Block A Boundary

AS OF: AUGUST 1995
COW Block A Boundary

Vectors to ore
Soil Geochemistry - Cu ppm
Batu Hijau District - Sumbawa
Lithology (intrusion- NORTH
centered) W
S
E
Alteration types and

pattern/zoning
Sulfide mineralogy
BATUHIJAU
0 1000m
< 500 ppm > 1000 ppm
Ore metals and association P R O J E CT
Gangue minerals
Texture of mineralization
Form of mineralization
BATUHIJAU
P R O J E CT
Discussion Outline

Arc-related deposits provide both profitability and long-term sustainability
Multiple exploration targets with different styles but all are intrusion-
centered systems
Apply multiple parameters (alteration, texture-form, sulfide mineralogy,

gangue minerals, ore, metal association, etc) then the names/styles
Key features; regional/district to deposit scale; concentration of sub-

volcanic plutonic centers localized by large-scale structural features; pull-
apart mechanism, occur in cluster, intrusion-centered, short span,
collapsed-sector, favorable wall rocks
Supergene process is another key factor for economic deposits e.g.

chalcocite Cu blanket, oxide Au ore, Au enrichment
Multiple parameters aimed at vectoring to the ore (hotter, grades,

proximal-distal, etc) by mapping, logging, PIMA/XRD, magsus, relict
sulfides, Fe-oxides,
Exploring arc? No need to dive
Arc or back-arc volcanic belt subaerial
(marine)
Big gold systems? ~ intrusion-centred
Look for evidence of veins, alteration
Regional magnetics can help (small discrete

and demagnetisation)
Geochemistry (Au, Ag, As, Sb, Hg, Zn, Pb,

Cu)
Look for alteration (remember zoning)
Look for mineralisation (remember

textures, float!)
Beware of steam-heated alteration zones!
Beware of Penasquito/Bulawan style IS Au

or porphyry Au deposit
Undercover Exploration
Thank you
White Island, NZ, Photo from N. White

Ore Minerals in Au-rich Ores
frequency of occurrence (abundance)
Low-Sulfidation High-Sulfidation
Pyrite ubiquitous (abundant) ubiquitous (abundant)
common (variable)
Sphalerite common (very minor)
Galena common (variable) common (very minor)

Chalcopyrite common (very minor) common (minor)
Enargite-Luzonite rare (very minor) ubiquitous (variable)
Tennantite-Tetrahedrite common (very minor) common (variable)
Covellite uncommon (very minor) common (minor)
Stibnite uncommon (very minor) rare (very minor)
Orpiment rare (very minor) rare (very minor)
Realgar rare (very minor) rare (very minor)
Arsenopyrite common (minor) rare (very minor)
Cinnabar uncommon (minor) rare (very minor)
Electrum uncommon (variable common (minor)
Native Gold common (very minor common (minor)
Tellurides-Selenides
th common (very minor uncommon (variable)
Mineralogy of Gangue
frequency of occurrence (abundance)
Quartz ubiquitous (abundant) ubiquitous (abundant)
Chalcedony common (variable) uncommon (minor)
Calcite common (variable) absent (except overprint)
Adularia common (variable) absent
Illite common (abundant) uncommon (minor)
Kaolinite rare (except overprint) common (minor)
Pyrophyllite-Diaspore absent (except overprint) common (variable)
Alunite absent (except overprint) common (minor)
Barite common (very minor) common (minor)
February 15th , White and Hedenquist, 1995

2010
Hydrothermal Alteration
Associated near-neutral pH acid (pH <1 to >3)

with ores
Mineral illite (sericite) alunite, kaolinite,

assemblage interstratified clays pyrophyllite, diaspore,
(illite-smectite) zoned acid neutral pH
zoned higher T
lower T
White and Hedenquist, 1995

th
Geochemical Associations
High Au, Ag, Au, Ag,

As, Sb, As, Sb, Bi,
Zn, Pb, Hg, Cu, Pb, Hg,
Se, K, Ag/Au Te, Sn, Mo,
Te/Se
Low Cu, Te/Se (unless alkaline) K, Zn, Ag/Au
February 15th , White and Hedenquist, 1995

2010
Fluids: magmatic dominant in core
MAGMATIC mixed with meteoric on margins
Metal Associations:
1 I-type: a) Cu-Au-Ag
b) Zn-Pb-Ag
2 S-type: Sn-Ag-(Zn-Pb)
1 3 A-type: Au-Ag
Alteration:
1a,b and 2: proximal very acid
2
3 proximal not seen; distal neutral
Examples:
3
1a) Lepanto, Philippines
Summitville, USA
Chelopech, Slovakia
4 El Indio, Chile
km 1b) Cerro de Pasco, Peru
San Gregorio, Peru
2 Cerro Rico de Potosi, Bolivia
3 Emperor, Fiji
Porgera, PNG
MAGMATIC-METEORIC Fluids: dominantly meteoric, with
high salinity magmatic fluids at depth
Metal Associations:
Ag-Zn-Pb-(Au)
Ag-Zn-Pb-(Cu-Sn)
Alteration:
1
mostly neutral pH
Examples:
2
Fresnillo, Mexico
Comstock, USA
Thames, New Zealand
3 Cikotok, Indonesia
4
km
METEORIC Fluids: meteoric
Metal Associations:
Au-Ag (very minor Zn, Pb)
Alteration: hypogene neutral pH;
gas condensates acid
1 Examples:
McLaughlin, USA
Hishikari, Japan
2 Waihi, New Zealand
Gunung Pongkor, Indonesia
3
4
km
Petelovo
Porphyry environments
are characterised by
rapid uplift and erosion
HS ore, if present, can

be remote from, or
overprint porphyry
Depths and intervals

between HS deposits
and top of porphyry
vary
H2S + 2O2 H2SO4
CO2, H2S, NaCl
Neutralization with rock

Origin of acid-sulfate alteration in
epithermal systems
(advanced argillic assemblage)
4SO2 + 4H2O 3H2SO4 + H2S

Magmatic-hydrothermal
H2S + 2O2 H2SO4

Steam-heated
Bethke, 1984
H2S + 2O2 H2SO4 Steam-heated
Origin of acid-
sulfate alteration
4SO2 + 4H2O 3H2SO4 + H2S

Magmatic-hydrothermal

Intermediate-Sulfidation Epithermal Deposits Silver-Gold-
Base metals
e.g., Fresnillo, Pachuca, Comstock Lode, Creede
Ag or Au dominant economic metal; Au minor in
some. Ag/Au commonly X000-X0000
Zn and Pb typically ~1%; Cu and minor Sn may
increase at depth
Veins typically quartz and calcite with minor
chalcedony; some adularia, Mn carbonate, fluorite,
gypsum, anhydrite
Textures diverse, may not be so well developed
Vein strike length variable; can be very long (>20
km)
Not likely to have formed in geothermal systems
like todays
Magmatic input important
These can be Giant deposits!
Vein rhodochrosite, Capillitas, Argentina
th
Watch out
Some IS epithermal deposits are very weak at
shallow levels, yet
Develop strongly at greater depth, and are
laterally extensive there
We do not understand why
How can explorers distinguish weak systems
from systems that are weak where exposed,
but become strong at depth?
hydraulic
discharge water table
low permeability
hydraulic head
high permeability
conduit zone
high permeability path

from source to discharge
major ore
fluid source
th
SEA-PNG Gold and Copper-Gold Deposits
Source: Carlile and Mitchell, 1994, Newmont Compilation, 2005
Average Grade (g/t Au)
th Deposit Size (million tonnes) tonnes)

SEA-PNG Gold and Copper-Gold Deposits
Source: Carlile and Mitchell, 1994, Newmont Compilation, 2005
Gold Content (tonnes)
th Age (Ma)
MAGMATIC MAGMATIC-METEORIC METEORIC
H2S + 2O2 H2SO4 H2S + 2O2 H2SO4

1
1 1 1
CO2, H2S, NaCl
2
2 2 2
4SO2 + 4H2O 3H2SO4 + H2S

3
3 3 3
4
4 4 4
km
km km km ?
H2O, CO2, SO2, H2S, HCl, metals H2O, CO2, SO2, H2S, HCl, metals
Textures: restricted Textures: diverse, modest Textures: diverse,

spectacular
INTERMEDIATE
HIGH SULFIDATION LOW SULFIDATION
SULFIDATION
Au-Ag-Cu Au-Ag-BM Au-Ag

White, 2008
Sulfidation State
Hedenquist
th et al., 2001 Sillitoe & Hedenquist, 2003
Northern
Zone Feldspar porphyry
Augite-hornblende diorite
Diorite
C en t
N r n
Altered sediments
r al Z ste Deeps Black shale
on e Ea
D vein e
n
direction zo Calcareous sediments
A vein
direction Fault Ore zone
Roamana
t
ul
Fa UNDERGROUND
y
OPEN spla
PIT Hangin
g wall
t
us
Th
r
S
F
W
es
te
rn
lt
sh
u
Fa
ea
r
Richards & Kerrich, 1993 200 m
Feldspar porphyry Black shale
Andesite Calcareous sediments
Diorite Breccia
th Altered sediments High-grade zones

Acupan, Baguio, Philippines
~ 8 Moz Au mined from Acupan veins
between 1931 and 1993
~ 3 Moz bulk minable resource defined in
mid 1990s
Diatreme volcanism around 1 Ma
>460 IS epithermal Au-Ag-(Te) veins formed
after 0.7 Ma (av. 1 m width)
Quartz-carbonate-base metal veins hosted in
granodiorite, diatreme and andesite
Modified from Cooke and Bloom(1990)
Balatoc Diatreme
Virac Granodiorite
Modified from Cooke et al (1996) Ampucao Dacite Porphyry
Zig-Zag Formation
th
Antamok, Baguio, Philippines
Estimated production ~ 11 Moz
at an average grade of 5g/t Au
Similar mineralogy and fluid
chemistry to Acupan, but
hosted in volcano-sedimentary
rocks
NW veins dominant,
subordinate E-striking veins
320 vein up to 10 m wide and
rich in anhydrite
Wildcat Orebody: 0.471 Mt @
1.34% Cu; conglomerate
400 level plan - Sawkins et al (1979)
cemented by cp & py with
sericite-altered clasts
th
Penasquito, Alkalic system
Cayas Bulawan Nagtalay
El Sotol/La Pama Penasco Chile Colorado
th

01.overview ArcRelatedDeposits Classification

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AN OVERVIEW OF

MAGMATIC ARC AU-CU

Why they are important

Can be very rich:

Can provide a long-term sustainability

Can provide a high profitability

Porphyry-Epithermal deposits are

75% of worlds copper, 50% of worlds molybdenum, 20% of

Worlds largest copper deposits (203 Mt Cu at Los Bronces-

Worlds second largest gold deposit (129 Moz at Grasberg)

Typical grades: 0.5 -1.5% Cu (average economic grade

Magmatic Arcs by Countries

Philippines, 3010, IDN, 11240, 52%

Older, 2575, 12%

SEA Gold Endowment by Deposit Types (Moz)

Epithermal HS, 27, 4%

SEA Gold Endowment by Countries (Moz)

SEA Gold Endowment by Arcs (Moz)

Neogene, 547.7, 77% Proterozoic, 0.8, 0%

Quaternary, 75.6, 11%

Why they are important

A long lived-magmatic system rooted to MASH

o Commonly felsic to intermediate calc- alkaline

4SO2 + 4H2O 3H2SO4 + H2S

H2O, CO2, SO2, H2S, HCl, metals

Pongkor Otibanda S.Ville

(After Corbett and Leach, 2002)

Why they are important

Vein breccia, Emperor, Fiji

CENTRAL OYU TOLGOI

Vein in Honko deposit

Acid Alkaline Sillitoe, 1977

Epithermal Buchanan, 1981

Hot-spring type Giles and Nelson, 1982

Enargite-gold Ashley, 1982

High sulfur Low sulfur Bonham, 1986, 1988

Acid sulfate Adularia-sericite Hayba et al., 1985, Heald et al.,1987

High-sulfidation Low-sulfidation Hedenquist, 1987

Alunite-kaolinite Adularia-sericite Berger and Henley, 1989

Type 1 adularia-sericite Type 2 adularia-sericite Albino and Margolis, 1991

High sulfidation Intermediate sulfidation Low sulfidation Hendenquist et al., 2000

Acid Alkaline Sillitoe, 1977

Epithermal Buchanan, 1981

Hot-spring type Giles and Nelson, 1982

Enargite-gold Ashley, 1982

High sulfur Low sulfur Bonham, 1986, 1988

Acid sulfate Adularia-sericite Hayba et al., 1985, Heald et al.,1987

High-sulfidation Low-sulfidation Hedenquist, 1987

Alunite-kaolinite Adularia-sericite Berger and Henley, 1989

Type 1 adularia-sericite Type 2 adularia-sericite Albino and Margolis, 1991

High sulfidation Intermediate sulfidation Low sulfidation Hendenquist et al., 2000

Mesothermal-Epithermal Lindgren, 1933

Acid product vs process

Epithermal Buchanan, 1981

Hot-spring type Giles and Nelson, 1982

Enargite-gold Ashley, 1982

High sulfur Low sulfur Bonham, 1986, 1988

Acid sulfate Adularia-sericite Hayba et al., 1985, Heald et al.,1987

High-sulfidation Low-sulfidation Hedenquist, 1987

Alunite-kaolinite Adularia-sericite Berger and Henley, 1989

Type 1 adularia-sericite Type 2 adularia-sericite Albino and Margolis, 1991

High sulfidation Intermediate sulfidation Low sulfidation Hendenquist et al., 2000