Users Guide
Electrical
Version 5
Contents
TUTORIAL...............................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................1
THE USER INTERFACE..............................................................................................................2
Toolbar ...............................................................................................................................2
Workspace ..........................................................................................................................3
Variant Manager ................................................................................................................3
Symbol Window ..................................................................................................................3
Message Window ................................................................................................................3
THE ONLINE HELP ...................................................................................................................4
DATA ORGANIZATION .............................................................................................................5
THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF NEPLAN........................................................................................6
Nodes ..................................................................................................................................6
Elements..............................................................................................................................7
Protection Devices, Current and Voltage Transformers....................................................7
Station.................................................................................................................................7
Symbol ................................................................................................................................8
Switches ..............................................................................................................................8
Zones and Areas .................................................................................................................8
Partial Networks.................................................................................................................8
STEP 1 CREATE A NEW PROJECT .........................................................................................10
STEP 2 ENTER A SMALL NETWORK......................................................................................12
Input data..........................................................................................................................12
Enter the network..............................................................................................................14
Test your network .............................................................................................................20
STEP 3 INSERT HEADER, SAVE, PRINT, EXIT ......................................................................23
Insert Header ....................................................................................................................23
Save the network ...............................................................................................................25
Print the diagram..............................................................................................................26
Close and open projects ...................................................................................................27
STEP 4 USE OF DIAGRAMS, LAYERS, AREAS AND ZONES ...................................................29
Use of Diagrams ...............................................................................................................29
Use of graphic layers........................................................................................................34
Define and assign Areas and Zones .................................................................................39
STEP 5 CREATE AND USE LIBRARIES ...................................................................................47
Create a new Library........................................................................................................47
Import data from a library................................................................................................51
Update your network data with a library type .................................................................52
Export data to a library ....................................................................................................53
STEP 6 DEFINE VARIANTS ...................................................................................................56
Insert new Subvariants .....................................................................................................57
Save modifications to the variants....................................................................................60
Create and assign a Topology Data File..........................................................................63
Create and assign a Load Data File ................................................................................66
NEPLAN User's Guide V5 0-2
Contents
Redraw..............................................................................................................................27
Variant Manager ..............................................................................................................27
Message Window ..............................................................................................................27
Symbol Window ................................................................................................................27
Ruler .................................................................................................................................27
Page Bounds .....................................................................................................................27
Grid...................................................................................................................................27
Snap to Grid......................................................................................................................28
Snape to Angle ..................................................................................................................28
Grid Properties.................................................................................................................28
Zoom Normal....................................................................................................................28
Zoom Percent....................................................................................................................28
Zoom Custom....................................................................................................................28
Zoom to Fit .......................................................................................................................28
Show Full Screen ..............................................................................................................29
ANALYSIS ..............................................................................................................................30
Calculation .......................................................................................................................30
Partial Network ................................................................................................................30
Parameter .........................................................................................................................31
Results...............................................................................................................................31
LIBRARIES .............................................................................................................................32
Libraries ...........................................................................................................................32
Symbol Library .................................................................................................................32
Set Active Library .............................................................................................................32
Copy to Diagram Library .................................................................................................32
Past from Diagram Library..............................................................................................32
Edit Diagram Library.......................................................................................................32
Import Old CCT Library...................................................................................................33
OPTIONS ................................................................................................................................34
Header ..............................................................................................................................34
Project Description...........................................................................................................34
Measurement and Size ......................................................................................................34
Calibrate...........................................................................................................................34
Insert Calibration Symbol ................................................................................................34
Make Backup ....................................................................................................................35
License ..............................................................................................................................35
WINDOW................................................................................................................................36
New Window .....................................................................................................................36
Cascade ............................................................................................................................36
Tile ....................................................................................................................................36
Arrange Icons ...................................................................................................................36
HELP ......................................................................................................................................37
Help Topics.......................................................................................................................37
About Neplan ....................................................................................................................37
VARIANT MANAGER ..............................................................................................................38
Variants ............................................................................................................................38
Diagrams ..........................................................................................................................38
All Elements ......................................................................................................................38
Elements............................................................................................................................39
TOOLBAR ...............................................................................................................................40
MOUSE BUTTONS ..................................................................................................................41
Tolerances ........................................................................................................................22
Setup of protection modules .............................................................................................23
THE DEVICE EDITOR ...............................................................................................................25
General .............................................................................................................................25
Adding new protection devices, wizards...........................................................................25
Editing of protection devices ............................................................................................26
THE DIAGRAM EDITOR ...........................................................................................................35
The selectivity diagram dialog window ............................................................................35
Editing selectivity diagrams .............................................................................................36
DOCUMENTATION, PRINT OUTPUT .........................................................................................38
General .............................................................................................................................38
Library data......................................................................................................................39
Protection device setting tables and selectivity diagrams................................................39
DISTANCE PROTECTION....................................................................................................1
OVERVIEW ...............................................................................................................................1
MENU OPTIONS FOR RELAYS ...................................................................................................2
STARTER ..................................................................................................................................4
Overcurrent ........................................................................................................................4
Under Impedance ...............................................................................................................4
Starter Characteristic L-L ..................................................................................................6
Earth Faults Detection .......................................................................................................8
Starter Characteristic L-E ..................................................................................................9
TRIPPING ...............................................................................................................................10
Impedance Stages for User Defined Relay .......................................................................10
Tripping Characteristic L-L .............................................................................................11
Tripping Characteristic L-E .............................................................................................11
Setting Parameters for Predefined Relays........................................................................11
ABB REL316.....................................................................................................................12
Siemens 7SA511, 7SA513 .................................................................................................13
AEG PD531, PD551, SD36..............................................................................................14
Back-up Protection ...........................................................................................................15
Automatic Impedance Setting ...........................................................................................16
TRIPPING TIME ......................................................................................................................19
Input..................................................................................................................................19
Automatic Time Setting.....................................................................................................19
VIEW .....................................................................................................................................20
Starter ...............................................................................................................................20
Tripping ............................................................................................................................20
Tripping Schedule.............................................................................................................21
Network Impedances (Impedance Path)...........................................................................22
Dimensions .......................................................................................................................22
PARAMETER (DP) ..................................................................................................................24
Global Parameter (DP) ....................................................................................................24
Relay-Specific Parameters ...............................................................................................26
TRIPPING SCHEDULES ............................................................................................................27
Build-up ............................................................................................................................27
Edit....................................................................................................................................27
Scrolling forward/backward.............................................................................................28
PROCEDURE FOR ENTERING A RELAY ....................................................................................29
RELAY DOCUMENTATION ......................................................................................................30
THEORY ...................................................................................................................................4
TRANSIENT STABILITY ......................................................................................................1
GENERAL REMARKS ................................................................................................................1
Simulation method ..............................................................................................................1
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS, PER-UNIT SYSTEM .........................................................................4
Terms and Definitions ........................................................................................................4
Per-Unit System ..................................................................................................................4
NETWORK ELEMENTS ..............................................................................................................7
Controlled Admittance........................................................................................................7
Simulation...........................................................................................................................9
Maximum-minimum relays ...............................................................................................10
Distance protection...........................................................................................................11
Pole slip protection...........................................................................................................15
Overcurrent protection .....................................................................................................17
PROGRAM CONTROL ..............................................................................................................21
Simulation run and table output .......................................................................................21
Simulation parameters......................................................................................................22
SYMBOL LIBRARY ...............................................................................................................1
OVERVIEW ...............................................................................................................................1
BASIC CONCEPTS .....................................................................................................................1
Symbols of Network Elements.............................................................................................1
Symbols of Protection Devices and Switches .....................................................................2
Symbols for "General Elements" ........................................................................................2
Disconnection Symbol and Flow Indicator ........................................................................2
Drawing Symbols................................................................................................................3
MOUSE BUTTONS ....................................................................................................................3
Select Mode.........................................................................................................................3
Drawing Mode....................................................................................................................3
Double-Click.......................................................................................................................3
GRAPHICAL ELEMENTS ............................................................................................................4
Line Width (Symbol Library)..............................................................................................4
REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................1
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES .......................................................................................................1
APPENDIX............................................................................................................................527
THE STRUCTURE OF THE IMPORT-/EXPORT-FILES ...............................................................527
EDT-File.........................................................................................................................527
NDT-File.........................................................................................................................533
Measurement Data / Load Factor Files .........................................................................535
Harmonic limit file..........................................................................................................536
Tutorial
Introduction
NEPLAN is a very user friendly planning and information system for electrical-,
gas- and water-networks. All menu options and calculation modules are described
in details in the following chapters.
To get to know NEPLAN in a quick and easy way, we recommend you to follow
this tutorial.
The program will be explained by examples and we show how to start a new
project and how to build a small power system. That means, that the user will
learn how to enter the elements graphically, how to enter data, how to use
libraries, how to run calculations and how to present the results in a manner
adapted to the objectives of the analysis.
As mentioned, the Tutorial is a first step to get used to the NEPLAN software. For
details about models of elements, data input or calculation inputs, please consult
the respective chapters of the User's Guide or use the context sensitive Online
Help.
1
2
3
6
5
Toolbar
All command buttons are equipped with balloon help texts, which pop up when the
cursor is held still at the button for a moment without pressing any keys.
Many commands, which can be accessed in the Toolbar, may be found as well in
the respective menus. Others, mainly the graphical commands can only be
accessed in the Toolbar.
Workspace
In the Workspace the different diagrams can be opened. The same diagrams may
be used for entering the network, building control circuits or sketching drawings.
Variant Manager
The Variant Manager gives a good overview of the open projects and variants.
New projects and variants may be managed, what means that they can be
deleted, added, activated or deactivated.
From the Variant Manager, the user can switch to the Diagram Manager, which
administrates the open Diagrams with its graphic layers.
Symbol Window
The Symbol Window contains all element symbols available. Apart from the
standard symbol for some elements there exist other symbols with a different
graphical appearance but exactly the same characteristics.
New symbols also can be created or existing symbols may be modified with the
Symbol Library.
Message Window
The message window is the channel to communicate with the user. It supplies
information about the executed processes, error messages and further
information.
The figure above shows how to call the Online Help. With button 1) a context
sensitive help is called, what means, that after pressing this button, the user may
click on the feature or dialog for which he needs more information.
Selecting the Help Topics in the menu Help or pressing F1, the user can get more
information with a topic or with an index search.
Data Organization
The figure above shows the data organization of NEPLAN. The NEPLAN directory
contains the following folders:
During the installation process, an entry in the operational system registry will be
made by NEPLAN. It's the information about where the program can find the
different folders to save and read data.
Station
Node Node
Node
Load
Logical Switches
Nodes
A node is the connection point of two elements or a location, where electrical
energy will be produced or consumed (generator, load). A node is described by its
Name,
nominal system voltage in kV,
zone and area,
type of node (main bus bar, bus bar, sleeve, special node),
description,
The nominal system voltage Un is the line-to-line voltage, for which a power
system is designated and on which several characteristics of the power system
has been referred. In NEPLAN the nominal system voltage of the nodes must be
entered during the node data input. Every voltage is given as a line-to-line voltage
(delta voltage).
It is not necessary to past a node in between all elements. They may also be
connected directly with a link. In this case no node results will be presented and
not more than two elements can be connected together in the same point.
Elements
An element corresponds to a network component, like e.g. line, transformer or
electrical machine. There are active elements and passive elements. An element
is described topological by a starting and an ending node. For three windings
transformers a third node must be given. The elements will be described electrical
by
the rated current, rated power and rated voltage and
its parameters, such as losses, reactances, ...
In NEPLAN these parameters are entered with input dialogs.
Station
A station can contain several nodes and has no meaning for the calculations or
for protection device coordination. It will only be used in relation to the database.
Symbol
For each element type there are different symbols in the Symbol Window. Choose
the one you want to past in the diagram. A Symbol Library is included in the
NEPLAN package, where user defined symbols may be created.
Switches
In NEPLAN the switches are used to change the network topology (switching
on/off elements). There are two different types of switches:
physical switch and
logical switch.
Physical switches are couplings, circuit breakers and disconnect or load switches.
Logical switches are fictive switches, which are assigned to all elements by the
system. A line, for example, has two logical switches, one at the starting and one
at the ending node. A physical switch has no logical switch, because it will already
be switchable.
During the input of a network, the physical switches can be neglected, because
switching can be done with the help of the logical switches. This has a disad-
vantage, when a line leads to a double bus bar system. Switching from one bus
bar to an other, the user has to change the starting or the ending node of the line.
If the user enters two disconnect switches (one to each bus bar) with an additional
node in between, the switching can be done with the disconnect switches. The
physical switches can be reduced during the calculation (see the Parameters
dialog of the respective calculation modules).
Partial Networks
Unlike zones and areas, a partial network is an independent network. A partial
network has no connections to any other networks. You can make partial
networks by opening logical or physical switches. It is possible to color each
partial network differently (see below).
Station
Partial network 1
Node Node Node
To create a new project, after having started the program, click on the menu "File
New".
1. Enter the location or directory for saving the project. Pressing the button
"", you can choose the directory.
2. Enter the project name.
3. Choose the network type: Electric, Water or Gas.
4. If you wish, you may enter a project description.
5. Choose the diagram size and the page orientation.
6. Press the OK button.
The figure below shows the user interface after having created the new project.
a. The titlebar shows the name of the active project.
b. One diagram is open for the rootnet.
c. The variant manager shows the project tree, which consists at the moment
of only one rootnet.
b
c
In this step, you'll enter nodes and elements to build a small electrical network.
The Symbol window allows you to choose the desired element symbol in an easy
way.
You can start entering any element you want. It is not necessary to enter first the
nodes, because the new philosophy of NEPLAN is to first enter the elements and
nodes independently in the diagram, and then to connect them with a link. Only
lines can't be entered independently. They need connection points, which are
nodes or other elements.
It's not necessary to enter a node between all elements, because the elements
can be interconnected directly with a link. However, if the user wants to see the
node results, he has to enter the node graphically.
Input data
We will draw the following network:
Network Feeder:
Name Sk''max Ik''max R(1)/X(1) Z(0)/Z(1) C1 Sk''min Ik''min R(1)/X(1) Z(0)/Z(1) LF- U oper Uw oper Poper Qoper
- MVA kA max max uF MVA kA min min Type % Deg MW Mvar
NETZ 1500 3.936 0.1 1.667 0 1500 3.936 0 0 SL 100 0 0 0
Lines:
Name Length Numb Units R(1) X(1) C(1) G(1) R(0) X(0) C(0) Ir min Ir max Red. fact. Q mm2
km Ohm/.. Ohm/.. uF/... uS/... Ohm/.. Ohm/.. uF/... A A mm2
LEIT. 1 1.16 1 Ohm/km 0.103 0.403 0.009 0 0.150 1.400 0.005 0 90 1 0
LIN 2- 4 1.16 1 Ohm/km 0.103 0.403 0.009 0 0.140 1.499 0.005 0 90 1 0
LIN 2- 3 0.59 1 Ohm/km 0.103 0.403 0.009 0 0.140 1.599 0.005 0 70 1 0
LIN 4- 8 0.20 1 Ohm/km 0.113 0.410 0.009 0 0.150 1.599 0.004 0 100 1 0
LIN 3- 8 0.37 1 Ohm/km 0.113 0.413 0.009 0 0.153 1.619 0.004 0 75 1 0
LIN 3- 9 0.16 1 Ohm/km 0.113 0.413 0.009 0 0.154 1.639 0.004 0 60 1 0
LIN 7- 6 1.61 1 Ohm/km 0.066 0.382 0.010 0 0.085 1.459 0.004 0 400 1 0
LIN 5- 2 7.80 1 Ohm/km 0.091 0.415 0.009 0 0.130 1.659 0.004 0 200 1 0
LIN 5- 6 11.90 1 Ohm/km 0.141 0.413 0.009 0 0.160 1.649 0.004 0 190 1 0
LIN 8- 7 19.10 1 Ohm/km 0.112 0.400 0.009 0 0.144 1.587 0.005 0 200 1 0
Loads:
Name LF Type P Q Domestic Units Units
V_ZWOELF PQ 5 4 0 HV
V1 PQ 2 2 0 HV
Synchronous Machines:
Name Sr Ur pUr cosphi xd sat xd' sat xd'' sat x(2) x(0) Ufmax/ur Ikk
- MVA kV % - % % % % % - kA
GEN 1 45 8.5 0 0.85 160 0 20 20 20 2 0
Name mue RG Turbo Amort. Winding Unit Geneator Motor LF-Type P oper Q oper
- - Ohm - - - - - MW Mvar
GEN 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 PQ 40 10
Transformers:
Name From To Vector Unit Comp. Sr Ur1 Ur2 ukr(1) uRr(1) ukr(0) uRr(0)
Node Node Group Transf. Winding MVA kV kV % % % %
TRA8 -12 EIGHT TWELVE YD,05 0 0 60 65 16 10 0 10 0
TRA6 -13 SIX THIRTEEN YD,05 0 0 140 65 8.5 10 0 10 0
TRA8 -11 EIGHT ELEVEN YD,05 0 0 12 65 5.2 10 0 10 0
TRA9 -10 NINE TEN YD,05 0 0 6 65 5.2 8.46 0 8.46 0
TRA1-2 ONE TWO YY,00 0 0 200 220 65 9 0 9 0
Name I0 Pfe U01(0) U02(0) Earthing RE1 XE1 ZE1 active Earthing RE2 XE2 ZE2 active
% kW % % primary Ohm Ohm % secondary Ohm Ohm %
Name On-load Tap side Controlled Tap act Tap min Tapr Tap max Delta U Beta U Uset Pset Sr min Sr max
Tapchanger bus % % % MVA MVA
TRA8 -12 0 Primary Primary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 60
TRA6 -13 0 Primary Secondary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140 140
TRA8 -11 0 Secondary Primary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 12
TRA9 -10 0 Secondary Primary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
TRA1-2 1 Primary Secondary 0 -10 0 10 2 0 100 0 200 200
Asynchronous Machines:
Name From Pr Sr Ur Ir cosphi eta Ia/Ir Number Pole- Conv.- cosphi Ma/Mr Mk/Mr Rm sr
Node MW MVA kV A - - - - pairs Drive start - - Ohm %
U3 5.2 ELEVEN 5 6.6489 5.2 0.738 0.8 0.94 5 1 1 1 0.3 0.9 2.2 0 2
U1 5.2 TEN 5 6.6489 5.2 0.738 0.8 0.94 5 1 1 1 0.3 0.9 2.2 0 1.8
Nodes:
Name Node Un Frequ. Umin Umax Ir Ipmax
Type kV Hz % % A kA
THREE Busbar 65 50 0 0 0 0
FOUR Busbar 65 50 0 0 0 0
TEN Busbar 5.2 50 0 0 0 0
TWELVE Busbar 16 50 0 0 0 0
SEVEN Busbar 65 50 0 0 0 0
ELEVEN Busbar 5.2 50 0 0 0 0
THIRTEEN Busbar 8.5 50 0 0 0 0
ONE Busbar 220 50 0 0 0 0
TWO Busbar 65 50 0 0 0 0
EIGHT Busbar 65 50 0 0 0 0
SIX Busbar 65 50 0 0 0 0
FIVE Busbar 65 50 0 0 0 0
NINE Busbar 65 50 0 0 0 0
Enter an element
1. To draw an element from the symbol window, click on it, hold the mouse
button pressed, drag the symbol to the diagram and drop it.
2. A data-input-dialog for the element appears.
3. Enter a name for the element.
4. Enter the element parameters.
5. Press the OK-button when finished.
3 1
Enter a node
6. To enter nodes, click on one of the node button in the Toolbar.
7. Click once in the diagram for a round-point-node. To draw a bar-node, click
in the diagram, but hold the mouse button and move the mouse to define
the length of the bar-node, then leave the mouse button.
8. A data-input-dialog for the node appears.
9. For the node data at least the nominal system voltage and frequency are
required.
10.Press the OK-button when finished.
10
Enter a link
11.To interconnect elements with elements or with nodes, use the links. Press
on the link-button.
12.First click on one end of the element.
13.Then click on the node to finalize the link.
11
12
13
15
19 16
17
20
18
21
22
23.To change the properties of the text field, select it and press the right
mouse button.
24.In the appearing pop-up menu choose Graphic Properties and the dialog
appears.
25.You may change the text and the font or apply a frame and colors.
23
25
24
In case that you get an error message for a certain element, the elements ID will
be indicated. There is a feature in NEPLAN to search this element in an easy way:
3 4
2
5. The program will move the view of the network, so that the searched
element is displayed in the center with an orange frame around it.
6. Use the button Show Dialog to show the data input dialog of the marked
element.
7. Enter an other ID to look for an other element.
8. Press Cancel to finish the Search.
6
8
5
Insert Header
In every diagram a header may be inserted and its data can be edited.
3. With "Options Header" a dialog with the header text lines appears.
4. The text lines may be modified.
The project name and the variant name are displayed automatically in the header.
3 4
1. Use "Page Setup" for settings of the paper size and margins.
2. Use "Print Setup" for printer settings.
3. Make a print preview from the diagram. You may print from the preview
window.
4. Print the diagram.
3 2
1
In this step you will learn how to handle diagrams and graphic layers and you'll
define areas and zones. We use the example network MyProject.nepprj, entered
in Step 2.
Use of Diagrams
For a certain project, the network may be entered in different diagrams. With the
help of this function, the user can for instance enter the high voltage network in
one diagram and the low voltage network in several other diagrams. The high
voltage network could also be divided into several diagrams.
An other use is zooming into stations. In the general diagram the station can be
drawn as a "black box" and in an other diagram the station can be drawn in detail
with all protection and switching devices.
Rename a Diagram
The following figure explains the procedure to rename the single diagram in our
project, which actually has the name Diagram 0.
After having closed the Diagram Properties by clicking the OK-button, the
following diagram structure is displayed.
To display a diagram, check its checkbox and uncheck it for closing. The last
checked diagram is the active one and can be edited.
Lines:
Name Type Length Number Units R(1) X(1) C(1) G(1) R(0) X(0) C(0) Ir min Ir max Red. Q
Ohm/.. Ohm/..
km . . uF/... uS/... Ohm/... Ohm/... uF/... A A fact. mm2
N-L2 KS 3x150/150 0.03 1 Ohm/km 0.1240 0.072 0 0 0.508 0.115 0 0 360 1 150
N-L1 KS 3x240/240 0.02 1 Ohm/km 0.0754 0.072 0 0 0.308 0.119 0 0 470 1 240
Loads:
Name From node LF Type P Q Domestic Units Units
N-V3 N3 PQ 20 10 0 LV
N-V2 N2 PQ 40 30 0 LV
Transformers:
Name Type From To Vector Unit Comp. Sr Ur1 Ur2 ukr(1) uRr(1) ukr(0) uRr(0)
Node Node Group Transf. Winding MVA kV kV % % % %
16/0.4 KV
TRAFO-NS 630 KVA TWELVE NS_SS_N1 DY,07 0 0 0.63 16 0.4 5.24 1.12 5.24 1.12
Name I0 Pfe U01(0) U02(0) Earthing RE1 XE1 ZE1 active Earthing RE2 XE2 ZE1 active
% kW % % primary Ohm Ohm % secondary Ohm Ohm %
TRAFO-NS 0 0 0 0 direct 0 0 100 direct 0 0 100
Name On-load Tap side Controlled Tap Tap Tapr Tap Delta U Beta U Uset Pset Sr min Sr max
Tapchanger bus act min max % % % MVA MVA
TRAFO-NS 0 Primary Secondary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.63 0.63
Nodes:
Name Node Un Frequ. Umin Umax Ir Ipmax
Type kV Hz % % A kA
N3 Sleeve 0.4 50 0 0 0 0
N2 Sleeve 0.4 50 0 0 0 0
NS_SS_N1 Busbar 0.4 50 0 0 0 0
3
1
Fig. 1.29 Enter an already existing element again in the same project.
After you entered the whole low voltage network, perform a Load Flow calculation
to proof the entered data and the connections of the elements.
Diagram 1
1
2
3
Graphic Layer 1-3 of Diagram 1
Diagram 2
1
2
Graphic Layer 1-2 of Diagram 2
In each graphic layer any number of graphic elements, electric elements or nodes
can be entered or bitmaps imported. Before you insert a new component, you can
choose the graphic layer, to which it should belong. The graphic layers can be
displayed selectively. For example, it's possible to use different layers for current
transformers and relays. If you are doing load flow calculation, you could switch
off the layer for the relays. If you are doing relay coordination you can switch on
the relay layer.
In our example we'll introduce a second graphic layer for the HV-diagram with the
name Areas/Zones. In the new graphic layer, we will draw the regions of network
areas and zones. We then have the possibility to display or not this graphical
input, by switching on or off the respective graphic layer.
3. In the "Graphic Layer Parameters" dialog, enter the name of the graphic
layer.
4. If you wish, you may write a description.
Fig. 1.33 Diagram Manager after entering the new graphic layer
Fig. 1.34 Input for the graphic layer "Areas/Zones" of the diagram "HV-Network"
Actually, both graphic layers (GrLayer 0 and Areas/Zones) are shown. Switch off
the graphic layer "Areas/Zones", so that only the network is displayed.
1. To be able to switch off the graphic layer Areas/Zones, it mustn't be active.
For that reason, activate the other graphic layer.
2. Right-mouse-button click on the symbol of the "Areas/Zones" layer.
3. Unselect the "Show Graphic Layer" option.
1
2
Now, the graphical elements we entered before disappeared and only the network
is visible. A red cross over the graphic layer symbol indicates, that the
"Areas/Zones" layer is not shown, respectively switched off:
2
3
2
3
Now, zones and areas are defined and they can be assigned to the elements. You
have several possibilities to do it.
2
1
3 4
As a control, you can now open the Info tab of a Data Input Dialog of an element
that belongs to this area and you'll notice that the area name has been changed.
4. Check the box "Assign to all elements of selected partial network" and
select the ID of the partial network. If you don't know this ID, open the Data
Input dialog of one element of this partial network and get it of the Info tab.
5. By pressing the OK button, the assignment will be finalized. Don't forget to
reconnect the partial network.
2 1
4
5
6
You now have the possibility to color the network according to the different areas
or zones.
1. Get to the Colors tab of the Diagram Properties with "Edit Diagram
Properties".
2. Select "Network Areas" for a coloration of the network according to areas.
3. Press the OK button and the coloration of the network will change.
The NEPLAN Library File *.neplib may contain many element libraries, which are
sorted by element type.
In the following we explain how to create new libraries, how to copy library data to
an element and how to export data from an element to a library.
6. A new library appeared in the library tree. The libraries are sorted by
element type.
7. Change the name of the new library
6 7
14 13 12
10
11
Fig. 1.51 Copy the data from an element type of the library
Fig. 1.53 Update all elements of a certain element by the library data
5 4
7. When you open the Library dialog again, you'll recognize the new library
element.
In the same manner you may also update an already existing element type in a
library. Select the library in which this element type already exists and press OK.
You then will be asked if the existing element type shall be overwritten.
For calculating different cases, NEPLAN has the possibility to create different
variants of the rootnet and to combine them with topology and loading data files.
The following figure shows the principle.
Loading-1 Topology-1
Loading-2 Topology-2
Loading-3 Topology-3
... ...
BASE or ROOT
The variants are saved together with the Rootnet in the project file (.nepprj), for
topology and loading data separate files will be defined. When activating a
variant, assigned topology and loading files will be opened automatically.
In this step 4, you'll get in contact with the concept of variants. In the following,
different variants will be defined.
Mcontr32.dll
5. Activate Variant a
6. Notice that the modifications carried out in Variant replacement have also
been realized in Variant a (in this case the length and Ir of the LINE 7-6).
7. Call the data input dialog of LINE 8-7 by double clicking the line.
8. Modify the data of the resistance.
8 8
6
7
9. Activate Variant b. As you may notice, the Variant a can still be activated,
because the two open variants are not depending from each other.
10.For this Variant b, you can introduce a compensation to LINE 8-7.
10
10
11
12
12
12
4. Deactivate and activate again the Variant replacement but don't save it,
because the topology modifications shouldn't be saved directly to the
variant, but only in the topology file. Now the logical switches are closed
again.
5. We now want to assign the topology file to the Variant replacement. Make
a right-mouse-button click on the symbol of Variant replacement to call the
popup menu, where you choose Properties. The same is possible by
double-clicking the symbol of Variant replacement.
10
8 9
3. Call the Variant Properties dialog by double clicking the symbol of Variant
replacement.
4. Look for the Load Data File.
5. Open the Load Data File.
6. Finalize by pressing the OK button.
5
6
You mustn't save the Variant replacement after these modifications, but you
need to save the project. So the best way to do is, to first deactivate the variant
without saving it and then you may save the project.
In general be careful that you don't save the variant, when you changed Load or
Topology data, which only should be contained in the Load and the Topology
Data File.
Now the Variant 1 includes a Load Data File and a Topology Data File. When the
variant is opened, also these two data files are loaded.
In the same manner you may assign the same or other Load and Topology Data
File to the other variants.
In this chapter you will learn how to perform a load flow calculation on a small
network and how to get the desired results.
11
12
10
12
13
13
14
16
15
17
18.Use the Diagram Properties dialog (Edit Diagram Properties) to define the
coloration of the network depending on the network characteristics or the
calculation results (tab Colors and Color Ranges).
18 18
19
20
21
22
22
22
Fig. 1.78 Result output only for certain elements and nodes
23.To make sure that the results will be displayed in the single line diagram
accordingly to this selection table, you need to activate this option in the
Edit Diagram Properties Load Flow tab.
24.To make sure that the results will be displayed in the result tables
accordingly to this selection table, you need to activate this option in the
Analysis Load Flow Show Results dialog.
23 24
23
23
24
Fig. 1.79 Result output for all elements and nodes or according to list
In this chapter you will learn how to perform a short circuit calculation on a small
network and how to get the desired results.
3
4
5
6
7
8
10 10
11
13
12 12
14
15
16
17
19
20
18
20
21
21
22
24
23
25
26
27
In this chapter you will learn how to perform a simulation with the Transient
Stability module on a small network and how to get the desired results.
6
5
12. A properties dialog of the entered block appears. Enter the name of the
block.
13. Select the variable. In this case, for an AVR, we choose the bus voltage
magnitude.
14. Press the button and choose the respective node (BUS 1) from a list.
15. Close the window, pressing OK.
10
12
11
13
14
15
16
17.Choose a Sum-block.
18.Click in the diagram. The properties-dialog appears.
19.Enter a name.
20.Enter the constants and close the window with OK.
17
19
18 20
21
23
22
24 25
25
24
27
26
5. Use the Disturbances tab to define the disturbances during the transient
sequence.
6. The disturbance with the sign ! is active for the following simulation.
7. You may edit the disturbance by double click or with the respective button.
6 7
7 6
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
13
12
14 12 13
15.Define the element and the variable for which you want to draw a screen
plot or a chart.
16.Use the respective buttons to add, remove or update the screen plot
entries.
15
16
16
2. A Screen Plot appears and the curves of the selected variables are being
drawn. Below the diagrams, a event report is displayed.
3. The Screen Plot shows you the selected variables during the whole
simulation process. The user has the possibility to break, to continue or
even to exit the simulation process.
4. Close the Screen Plot and choose Graphical Results for Transient Stability.
If there were never defined any charts for this project, one empty chart will
appear.
5. You can define several charts. Every chart represents a graphical sheet
and may consist of one or more subcharts. To start, add a subchart in your
existing chart.
6. In the appearing dialog, enter a name for the curve and select the values for
the X-Axis and Y-Axis.
7. Press the OK-button to get to the next dialog.
12
11
10
13.Select an axis.
14.Adjust the properties for the selected axis.
15.You have the possibility to show a legend in the subchart.
16.Press OK to finalize.
13
14
15
16
17
18.Define as many charts, subcharts and curves as you wish. They need to be
defined only once for the project. After each simulation the same curves will
be drawn in the graphical results. Remember that only variables, which
have been declared as variables to be saved to a file, in the "Transient
Stability Parameter - Screen Plot" menu, are available for presentation in
these charts.
18
19.To see the Transient Stability results listed in a table choose Result
Table(Elements).
19
Fig. 1.116 Have a look at the presentation of the results in the Result Table
20
Interfaces to NEPLAN
Import/Export
There are two import/export files for external programs, such as MS-Excel, the
EDT- and the NDT-file.
The EDT-file contains topological and electrical data of the elements, the NDT-file
contains the topological and loading data of the nodes.
The file structure of the import/export files is given in the appendix (see
"Appendix").
If data is imported without graphic, then it is possible to generate the graphic of
the network automatically by the NEPLAN "Auto-Layout" function.
Topology/Loading-data files
The topology and the loading data of a network may be saved in the ZDB-file
(topology) and in the NDB-file (loading).
The ZDB- and the NDB-file are used to define variants. To each variant a Load
Data File and a Topology Data File can be assigned (see "Edit Variant
Properties" in the chapter "Menu Options").
Clipboard
The diagram can be exported onto the clipboard. The clipboard data can be
imported by an external program, such as a word processing program.
DXF-Files
DXF-files can be imported. All diagrams are identified and displayed. The user
can select the diagrams to be imported from a list. The imported drawing can be
additionally scaled. The imported diagrams are managed by the program in
different graphic layers. The imported drawing can be changed.
Load Flow
If the motor starting module is not available and the user like to make voltage
drop calculation when switching the topology or connecting motors, the
network impedance (network feeder) must be represented by a line. In the
normal load flow calculation the internal network impedance (Sk", Un) is not
considered.
The element data for the power system calculation are entered with the help of
data input dialogs. The dialog appears after having entered the element graphi-
cally. The entered data will be saved into a common database (project file),
which will be used from all calculation modules. The modules read only the
data, which is necessary to perform the specific calculation. The data not used
will be over read.
At the bottom of the data input dialog the following push buttons are available:
Copy and Copies the data from an element into an internal buffer. While
Paste inserting the data for another element, it is possible to get these
data from the buffer with the option "Paste". The data are
transferred to the data input dialog of this element.
Library For some elements it is possible to select a library containing
predefined standard data. This library can be built up in the menu
Libraries.
Export Its possible to export the data of the element to the actual library
by pressing the Export button. A type name has to be entered
before or a type has to be chosen in the type option of the
Params tab.
OK The edited data will be saved. A new element will be inserted.
Cancel The edited data will not be changed. A new element will not be
inserted.
Help The online Help will be called.
Tools Its possible to use background colors for the data fields of the
data input dialog, depending on if the respective data is
necessary for a certain calculation. A different color may be
chosen for mandatory fields and preference fields.
In the following sections the parameters to be entered in the Data Input Dialogs
will be described. For every parameter there is an indication for what kind of
calculation the input is needed. The indication is given by:
If there is a parentheses (), it means, that this parameter is used for all
NEPLAN-modules.
All parameters used for short circuit analysis are necessary also for selectivity
analysis, because the short circuit simulation makes part of the selectivity
analysis.
Element - Info
Every element has an Info tab, which gives general information about the
element. The type of information is nearly the same from one element to the
other, thats why this tab is explained here and wont be mentioned anymore in
the elements data input chapters.
For some elements the user has the possibility to choose the phases, so its
possible to define an asymmetrical element. This is done by the following
option:
Phases () Indicates the phasing of the element. Possible values are:
- L1L2L3N: Symmetrical element
- L1N: Single phase element, phase L1
- L2N: Single phase element, phase L2
- L3N: Single phase element, phase L3
If an element doesnt include this option, there exists an other similar element
for asymmetrical applications, which has to be entered (e.g. asymmetrical line).
Element - Reliability
Every element has a Reliability tab for the data input used in Reliability
Analysis. This module is still in development, therefore these parameters will
be explained later.
Element - More
Frequency dependence
In general the resistances and the inductances in the equivalent circuits of the
network elements are frequency-dependent. The program permits to consider
the frequency dependency in three different manners:
according to an exponential function
according to a table R(f) and L(f)
according to a locus diagram
f
Br
R( f ) = Rn 1 + Ar 1
fn
Bl
f
L( f ) = Ln Al
fn
It means:
R(f), L(f): resistance resp. inductance at frequency f
Rn, Ln: nominal value of the resistance resp. inductance at nominal
system frequency
Ar, Br, Al, Bl: Factors
f: Frequency
Fn: nominal system frequency
The figures 4.1 and 4.2 show the characteristic of R(f) resp. L(f) according to
the above formulas. This frequency dependency is only defined for frequencies
above the nominal system frequency.
20.0
R(f)/Rn
10.0
0.0
0.0 500.0 1000.0
frequency f [Hz]
1.0
L(f)/Ln
0.5
0.0
0.0 500.0 1000.0
frequency f [Hz]
This kind of frequency dependency is only valid for the network elements
"network feeder", shunts and loads. The elements of the equivalent circuits
will be calculated exclusively by the values of the locus diagram and not by the
formulas given for the element models.
Investment Analysis
Station
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a station.
This element is not needed for calculations.
Station - Parameters
Name Station name.
Type Station type
Municipality Municipality, where the station has been built.
Location Location of the station.
Protection R Protection concept in the station
Station-Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Station-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Station-User Data
The User Data tab is described in Element - User Data of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Station-More
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
Node
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a node.
Node-Parameters
Name Node name.
Area () Defines the area to which the element belongs.
Zone () Defines the zone to which the element belongs.
Node type () Node type. Following values are possible:
- Bus bar
- Sleeve
- Special node
- Main bus bar
The thickness of a node in the diagram can be
changed according to the here entered value (see
menu option "Line Width" in chapter "Menu Options").
Otherwise the input value has no importance.
Dist. P Indicates, if the node has to be considered, when
protection making the automatic relay setting. If this option is
node checked, the node will be handled like a distance
protection relay node.
Un () Nominal system voltage of node in kV.
Uset LDR Setting value in % of nominal voltage for this node.
Input is only relevant, if the node will be regulated
during calculation with a tap-changing transformer
(see chapter "Load Flow").
Umin LDR Min. allowable node voltage in %. If the voltage will
go below this limit during calculation, this value will be
kept (only for Newton-Raphson method).
Umax LDR Max. allowable node voltage in %. If the voltage will
go beyond this limit during calculation, this value will
be kept (only for Newton-Raphson method).
f SP Frequency
Ipmax SP Max. allowable peak short circuit current of bus-bar in
kA.
t dp P Tripping time in seconds of a primary protection, e.g.
fuse in a distribution pole.
Node-Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Node-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Node-User Data
The User Data tab is described in Element - User Data of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Node-More
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
description can be found in Frequency dependence of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-4.
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
DC Node
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a node.
DC Node-Parameters
Name Node name.
Area () Defines the area to which the element belongs.
Zone () Defines the zone to which the element belongs.
Un () Nominal system voltage of node in kV.
DC Node-Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
DC Node-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
DC Node-User Data
The User Data tab is described in Element - User Data of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
DC Node-More
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
Line
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a line and
the corresponding line model.
Line-Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with a line library. Pressing the button
"", the type may be chosen and the data can be
transferred from the predefined library.
Length () Length of the line in km or miles or 1000 feet (see
Units).
Units () Units for the input values below. Possible values are:
- Ohm/km: Ohm, S, F per km
- Ohm/miles: Ohm, S, F per miles
- Ohm/1000ft: Ohm, S, F per 1000 feet
R(1) () Positive sequence resistance in Ohm/km or see Units.
R(0) SP Zero sequence resistance in Ohm/km or see Units.
X(1) () Positive sequence reactance in Ohm/km or see Units.
X(0) SP Zero sequence reactance in Ohm/km or see Units.
C(1) () Positive sequence capacitance in F/km or see Units.
C(0) SP Zero sequence capacitance in F/km or see Units.
G(1) () Positive sequence conductance in S/km or see Units.
Ir max L Maximum rated current in A. The loading of the line can
be calculated according to Ir min or Ir max (see load
flow calculation parameters).
Ir min L Minimal rated current in A. The loading of the line can
be calculated according to Ir min or Ir max (see load
flow calculation parameters).
T perm SP Max. permitted temperature in C for the calculation of
minimum short circuit currents. The default value is 80
C.
Red. factor L Reduction factor. Ir will be corrected to:
Ir min = red.fact. * Ir min; Ir max = red.fact. * Ir max
No. of lines () Number of parallel lines between starting and ending
node.
Q Cross-section of the line in mm2 . A line can be
Line-Sections
This option is useful if the line consists of sections. In the Sections tab the line
sections can be entered. With the corresponding push buttons the sections can
be inserted, updated or deleted. The parameters of the sections can also be
taken from a line library. In the table of the line section entries, the user can
see all entered line sections. The input fields for the parameters are the same
as in the Line-Params tab. The length and parameters of the whole line are
calculated automatically with the entered line sections and they appear in the
Params tab. These calculated parameters cannot be modified, because they
represent a combination of the line sections parameters.
Line-Pylons
The user has the possibility to calculate the parameters of an overhead line
with the help of the Pylons tab in the line data input dialog. With this function,
the parameters of one single line will be calculated by inserting the conductors
characteristics and the arrangement data. To be able to enter the arrangement
data, its necessary to choose one or more pylons. The respective pylons have
to be entered before graphically from the Symbol Window (see chapter Pylon
on page 4-33).
If there are coupled lines, it is recommended to use the line-coupling editor,
which calculates the coupling impedances and the parameters of all the
considered lines (see chapter Line-Coupling on page 4-28).
Phase conductors
Conductors per Bundle conductors can also be entered and calculated. The
Y axis
Earth conductors
Phase conductors
X axis
0
Fig. 4.1 Pylon arrangement
Earth or phase conductors, which are left of the pylon, must be entered with
negative x-coordinate. Conductors, which are right of the pylon, must be
entered with positive x-coordinate.
Line-Compensation
Name Name of element
For the primary and the secondary side of the line, the following parameters
have to be introduced, if there is a line compensation:
P(1) () Active power of positive sequence
Q(1) () Reactive power of positive sequence
P(0) SP Active power of zero sequence
Q(0) SP Reactive power of zero sequence
Active () The user can define, which portion in % of the
compensation is active.
Line-Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Line-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Line-User Data
The User Data tab is described in Element - User Data of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Line-More
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
description can be found in Frequency dependence of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-4.
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
Line Loads
For the description of the parameters for Line Loads see chapter Line Load
on page 4-146.
R X
Y11 Y22
Ycomp1 Ycomp2
B11 G22
G11 B22
The model parameters of the positive and zero sequence are calculated as fol-
lows:
B11 = B / 2 B11 = B / 2
G22 = G / 2 G22 = 0.0
B22 = B / 2 B22 = B / 2
Ycomp1 = G1s + jB1s Ycomp1 = G1s + jB1s
Ycomp2 = G2s + jB2s Ycomp2 = G2s + jB2s
Y11 = G11 + jB11 + Ycomp1 Y11 = G11 + jB11 + Ycomp1
Y22 = G22 + jB22 + Ycomp2 Y22 = G22 + jB22 + Ycomp2
Further it is:
L = X / (2PIf)
R_T = R[1+0.0039(T-20)] R_T = R[1+0.0039(T-20)]
Meaning:
f System frequency
T Max. permitted temperature
R_T Reactance at temperature T
Ycomp1 Admittance of the line compensation on side 1
Ycomp2 Admittance of the line compensation on side 2
In case the minimum short circuit current is calculated R_T will be taken
instead of R (by 20 C).
Remark: C(1) res. Y(1) are not used in a short circuit calculation according to
IEC.
Z12 = ZW ( f ) sinh( g ( f ))
Z1 ( f ) = Z 2 ( f ) = ZW ( f ) coth( g ( f ) / 2 )
R1 ( f ) + j 2 f L1 ( f )
ZW ( f ) =
G1 + j 2 f C1
g ( f ) = ( R1 ( f ) + j 2 f L1 ( f )) (G1 + j 2 f C1 ) l
It means:
F arbitrary frequency
L1(f) frequency dependent inductance of line in Henry/km
R1(f) frequency dependent resistance of line in Ohm/km
C1 frequency independent capacitance of line in F/km
G1 frequency independent conductance of line in S/km
L length of line in km.
If the frequency dependency of X1 and/or R1 are given, the values L1(f) and/or
R1(f) are calculated from X1 and R1.
Asymmetrical Line
Phase conductors
Conductors per Bundle conductors can also be entered and calculated. The
bundle number of the conductor elements can be specified here.
The values are 1..4.
Distance Distance of the conductor elements in cm or inch. Typical
value: 40 cm.
Diameter Diameter of a conductor element in cm or inch.
R Specific resistance in /km or /miles or /1000ft of the
phase conductors at 20 Celsius.
Sag Sag h of the conductors in m or in feet. For the parameter
calculation the y-values are corrected as follows:
ynew = yinp - 0.7h.
Pylon data
Insert A pylon, entered before, may be selected from a list. Its
possible to choose various pylons and for everyone, the
arrangement data has to be entered.
Delete A pylon may be removed from the list. The respective
arrangement data will get lost.
x (L1) x-coordinate in m or feet of phase conductor L1 related to
the pylon (see remark below).
y (L1) y-coordinate in m or feet of phase conductor L1 from earth.
x (L2) x-coordinate in m or feet of phase conductor L2 related to
the pylon.
y (L2) y-coordinate in m or feet of phase conductor L2 from earth.
x (L3) x-coordinate in m or feet of phase conductor L3 related to
the pylon.
y (L3) y-coordinate in m or feet of phase conductor L3 from earth.
Circuit data calculation
Twisted Indicates, if the phase conductors of the overhead line are
twisted or not. The symmetrical beta-twisting will be
assumed (cyclical transposition of the phase conductors at
1/3 and 2/3 of the line). The input is valid for each line
(phase system).
rho E Earth resistivity in m. Typical values are: Rock: greater
3000 m; Stone floor, Slate: 1000..3000 m; gneiss,
granite: 10000 m; dry sand, gravel: 200..1200 m; wed
sand, chalky soil: 70..200 m; field: 50..100 m; clay, loam:
100..50 m; marshy soil, alluvial land: smaller 20 m.
Default value: 100 m.
Calculate The line parameters will be calculated based on the data
entered in the Pylons tab. The result will be indicated in the
Params tab.
Earth conductor
Active Defines, whether an earth conductor exists or not. If it is
active, it will be considered for the calculation.
R Specific resistance in /km of the earth conductor at 20
Celsius.
Diameter Diameter of the earth conductor in cm.
Permeability Relative permeability of the earth conductor. Typical
values are: copper, aluminium conductors: =1.0;
aluminium/steel conductors with one layer aluminium:
Y axis
Earth conductors
Phase conductors
X axis
0
Fig. 4.3 Pylon arrangement
Earth or phase conductors, which are left of the pylon, must be entered with
negative x-coordinate. Conductors, which are right of the pylon, must be
entered with positive x-coordinate.
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
description can be found in Frequency dependence of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-4.
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
U L1 Z L1 L1 Z L1 L 2 Z L1 L3 Z L1 N I L1
U Z Z L 2 L 2 Z L 2 L3 Z L 2 N I L 2
L 2 = L1 L 2 with Z = R + jX
U L3 Z L1 L3 Z L 2 L3 Z L 3 L 3 Z L 3 N I L 3
U N Z L1 N Z L 2 N Z L 3 N ZN N I N
Corresponding to the line phasing, elements in the matrix can be set to zero.
No values for these elements should be entered in the input mask. For
example, for a single phase line L1N only the elements for L1-L1, L1-N and N-
N must be entered.
If there is no earthing conductor the values can be set to zero. The impedance
and admittance values can be calculated from the conductor arrangement in
the Pylons tab.
During the network calculation the neutral conductor will be reduced: UN = 0.0.
The 4x4 matrices will become two 3x3 matrices. These matrices can be trans-
formed into the symmetrical component system with the help of the
transformation matrix [Z012] = [T]-1[ZL1L2L3][T]:
1 1 1
[T ] = 1 a 2 a with a = -0.5 + j0.5 * 3
1 a a 2
Remark
It is recommended to enter lines in a compact way. A 3-phase line from node A
to B can theoretically be entered as three single phase lines, which are
coupled between each other. In this way the program will work not only with the
current circuit resp. the series impedance matrices but also with the coupling
matrices. This increases the calculation effort. The better way is to represent
the 3-phase line with one 3-phase line. The same is valid for a 2-phase line.
ZN
The first way is the better way and corresponds to the measurement of the
impedances.
DC Line
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a line and
the corresponding line model.
DC Line - Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with a DC-line library. Pressing the
button "", the type may be chosen and the data can be
transferred from the predefined library.
Length () Length of the line in km or miles or 1000 feet (see
Units).
Units () Units for the input values below. Possible values are:
- Ohm/km: Ohm, S, F per km
- Ohm/miles: Ohm, S, F per miles
- Ohm/1000ft: Ohm, S, F per 1000 feet
R () Positive sequence resistance in Ohm/km or see Units.
L () Inductance in mH/km. Not used for steady state
calculations.
Ir max L Maximum rated current in A. The loading of the line can
be calculated according to Ir min or Ir max (see load
flow calculation parameters).
Ir min L Minimal rated current in A. The loading of the line can
be calculated according to Ir min or Ir max (see load
flow calculation parameters).
DC Line - Sections
Line sections are not allowed for DC lines.
DC Line - Pylons
Line pylons are not considered for DC lines.
DC Line - Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
DC Line - Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
DC Line - More
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
RL
RL = R*Length
Line-Coupling
Coupling group
A coupling group can consist of maximum 6 lines (systems).
Coupling-Impedances
The coupling impedances can be entered after having entered the coupled
lines (systems). These data and the line parameters can also be calculated, if
the arrangement data is known and entered in the Arrangement tab. For each
coupling (e.g. 1-2: system 1 and system 2; 1-3: system 1 and system 3) the
following data can be entered or calculated:
Coupling-Conductors
Coupling-Arrangement
General Data
Coupling-Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Coupling-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Coupling-User Data
The User Data tab is described in Element - User Data of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
U 1L1 I1L1
U 1 I1
L2 L2
U 1L3 [ Z11 ] [ Zc12 ] I1L3
=
U 2 L1 [ Zc12 ] [ Z 22 ] I 2 L1
U 2 L 2 I 2 L2
U 2 L3 I 2 L3
The matrices Z11 and Z22 are current circuit data or series impedance data. The
elements of these matrices can be entered in the dialog box for lines. The
matrix Zc12 is the coupling matrix between the two 3-phase lines (systems).
The elements of this matrix can be entered in the dialog box for line couplings
(see above).
U 1L1 Zc L1 L1 Zc L1 L 2 Zc L1 L3 I 2 L1
U 1 = Zc Zc L 2 L 2 Zc L 2 L3 I 2 L 2
L 2 L1 L 2
U 1L 3 Zc L1 L 3 Zc L 2 L 3 Zc L3 L3 I 2 L3
The coupling impedance and admittance matrices can be calculated from the
conductor arrangement.
Pylon
The pylon symbol may be placed somewhere near the corresponding lines. In
the data input dialog of a pylon, no parameter data may be entered. In the lines
and earth conductors the pylons have to be selected and the arrangement data
can be entered and modified in the Pylons tab of the line data input dialog, see
Line-Pylons in chapter Line on page 4-13.
Pylon-Parameters
Name Name of element
Earth The earth conductors assigned to this pylon are shown with
Conductors its arrangement data.
Lines The lines assigned to this pylon are shown with its
arrangement data.
Draw A drawing shows the pylon with the arrangement of the
assigned lines and earth conductors.
Pylon-Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Pylon-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Pylon-User Data
The User Data tab is described in Element - User Data of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Coupler
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Coupler.
Coupler-Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with a line library. Pressing the button
"", the type may be chosen and the data can be
transferred from the predefined library.
Ir L Rated current in kA.
Ipmax S Max. allowable peak short circuit current in kA.
Remote R Indicates, if the switch is remote controlled.
controlled
Bay R Configuration of the coupler:
configuration DCD: Disconnecter Circuitbreaker - Disconnecter
D: Disconnecter
r(1) D Positive sequence resistance in per unit.
x(1) D Positive sequence reactance in per unit.
r(0) D Zero sequence resistance in per unit.
x(0) D Zero sequence reactance in per unit.
Remark:
The resistance and reactance for the switch model are only necessary to be
introduced, when the switches are not reduced during calculation (see
"Reduce" option in calculation parameters of the different calculation modules).
For load flow calculations with the method "Extended Newton Rapson" these
impedances are never relevant, because this LF-method is modeling the
switches without impedances.
For Dynamic Analysis the impedance data always have to be entered.
Coupler Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Coupler-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Coupler-User Data
The User Data tab is described in Element - User Data of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Reactor
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a reactor
and the corresponding reactor model.
Reactor-Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with a reactor library. Pressing the
button "", the type may be chosen and the data can
be transferred from the predefined library.
Ur () Rated voltage in kV.
Ir () Rated current in A.
uRr(1) () Copper losses in % of Sr=3UrIr.
ukr(1) () Short circuit voltage in % of Sr=3UrIr.
Reactor-Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Reactor-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Reactor-User Data
The User Data tab is described in Element - User Data of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Reactor-More
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
R X
The model parameters of the positive and zero sequence are calculated as fol-
lows:
Positive and Zero Sequence
Z = ukr(1)Ur/(3Ir100)
R = uRr(1)Ur/(3Ir100) X = (Z - R)
Transformer
Transformer-Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with a transformer library. Pressing the
button "", the type may be chosen and the data can
be transferred from the predefined library.
Un1 () Nominal voltage of the primary winding node (just for
information).
Un2 () Nominal voltage of the secondary winding node (just for
information).
Ur1, Ur2 () Rated voltage of the primary and secondary winding,
based on the transformation ratio.
Sr () Rated power in MVA.
URr(1) () Rated positive sequence copper losses of winding 1
and 2 in % with respect to Sr and Ur1 at tap = tap r.
Ukr(1) () Rated positive sequence short circuit voltage in % with
respect to Sr and Ur1 at tap = tap r.
URr(0) SP Rated zero sequence copper losses for winding 1 and 2
in % with respect to Sr and Ur1 at tap = tap r.
Ukr(0) SP Rated zero sequence short circuit voltage in % with
respect to Sr and Ur1 at tap = tap r.
U01(0) SP Rated zero sequence open circuit voltage in % with
respect to Sr and Ur1 at tap = tap r and primary side
(feeding from primary side).
U02(0) SP Rated zero sequence open circuit voltage in % with
respect to Sr and Ur1 at tap = tap r and secondary side
(feeding from secondary side).
I0 LMDR Open circuit current in % with respect to Sr and Ur1.
P fe LMDR Iron core losses in kW.
On-load LMDR If checked, the on-load tapchanging transformers will
tapchanger be regulated automatically during load flow calculation.
This parameter is also considered for the impedance
correction in the short circuit calculation according to
IEC60909.
Transformer-Limits
Name Name of element.
Evaluation LM The user can select the criteria for the calculation of the
according to transformer loading. If Ir is activated the current (Ir min
Ir or Sr or Ir max) is taken, if Sr is activated the power (Sr min
or Sr max) is taken as reference.
Ir1 min LM Minimal current in A for the calculation of the
transformer loading on the primary winding. The
loading can be calculated according to Ir min or Ir max
(see load flow calculation parameters).
Ir1 max LM Maximal current in A for the calculation of the
transformer loading on the primary winding. The
loading can be calculated according to Ir min or Ir max
(see load flow calculation parameters).
Ir2 min LM Minimal current in A for the calculation of the
transformer loading on the secondary winding. The
loading can be calculated according to Ir min or Ir max
(see load flow calculation parameters).
Ir2 max LM Maximal current in A for the calculation of the
transformer loading on the secondary winding. The
loading can be calculated according to Ir min or Ir max
(see load flow calculation parameters).
Sr min LM Minimal power in MVA for the calculation of the
transformer loading. The loading can be calculated
according to Sr min or Sr max (see load flow calculation
parameters).
Sr max LM Maximum power in MVA for the calculation of the
transformer loading. The loading can be calculated
according to Sr min or Sr max (see load flow calculation
parameters).
Transformer-Regulation
Name Name of element.
Tap side LMDR Indicates if the tap location of the tap changer is on the
primary or secondary side.
Controlled LMDR Indicates if the voltage is controlled at the primary or at
node the secondary node of the transformer or if there is a
remote control.
With the remote control option, a neighboring node can
be controlled with the transformer. The controlled node
can be selected from a list (press "").
Tap min LMDR Minimum tap settings of the regulated transformer.
Transformer-Earthing
Name Name of element.
Primary side SP The user can choose between three types of earthing
for the primary side: direct, impedance, isolated.
Re1, Xe1 SP Real- and imaginary part of earthing impedance of side
1 in Ohm. (only for impedance earthing)
Secondary SP The user can choose between three types of earthing
side for the secondary side: direct, impedance, isolated.
Re2, Xe2 SP Real- and imaginary part of earthing impedance of side
2 in Ohm. (only for impedance earthing)
Active SP For the primary and the secondary side, the user can
define, which portion in % of the earthing impedance is
active.
Transformer-Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Transformer-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Transformer-User Data
The User Data tab is described in Element - User Data of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Transformer-More
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
description can be found in Frequency dependence of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-4.
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
Compounding
If compounding and automatic voltage regulation is active, the set value for the
voltage of the controlled node will be changed in function of the transformer
load current and according to the characteristic below:
Uset
Umax
Itr
Imin Imax
Umin
Uset means the set value for the regulated node voltage. Itr is the current,
which flows through the transformer during the calculation. If Itr is zero, the set
value for the regulated node voltage is the same as the entered value. Possible
values are: Umin = 95%, Umax = 105%, Imin=Imax=80%.
1)
Very dependent on the transformer's structure and the ratio between the
leakage flux to useful flux (the leakage flux goes partly through the transformer
tank).
Remark:
Regulated transformers are only regulated automatically during load flow
calculation, when the "Auto regulated" option in the Params tab is checked.
R X
Y/2 Y/2
t:1
Tap max
Tap act
Tap mit
U
Tap min
Ur reg
Ur
R X
t:1
Fig. 4.9 Transformer model for short circuit calculation of positive sequence
The transformer model of the zero sequence is dependent on the vector group
(see Fig. 4.8 - 4.10).
3 Ze1 Z 3 Ze2
t:1
Zh
t:1
Fig. 4.10 Transformer model for short circuit calculation (vector group YY) of zero
sequence
3 Ze1
Fig. 4.11 Transformer model for short circuit calculation (vector group YD or ZY) of
zero sequence
Fig. 4.12 Transformer model for short circuit calculation (vector group DD) of zero
sequence
The model parameters of the positive and zero sequence are calculated as
follows:
Z10 = U01(0)Ur1/(Sr100)
X10 = (Z10-R)
Z10 = R + jX10
Z20 = U02(0)Ur1/(Sr100)
X20 = (Z20-R)
Z20 = R + jX20
The impedances Z1, Z2 and Zh in Fig. 4.8 can be calculated from the following
equations (Ze1=Ze2=0.0):
Z10 = Z1 + Zh
Z20 = Z2 + Zh
Z = Z1 + Z1Z2 / (Z1+Z2) Z1 + Z2
Z10, Z20 and Z are input values and given
above.
Note:
For Short circuit calculations according to IEC the impedance Z will be
multiplied by a correction K:
IEC909 (1988)
Unit transformer: K = cmax /2/
Network transformer: K = 1.0
IEC60909
Unit transformer with on-load tapchanger:
2 2
Un U rTLV c max
K=
1 + xd " xT sin rG
2 2
U rG U rTHV
Unit transformer without on-load tapchanger:
Un U c max
K= rTLV (1 pT )
U rG (1 + pG ) U rTHV 1 + xd " sin rG
Network transformer:
c max Un c max
K = 0.95 or K=
1 + 0.6 xT U b 1 + xT I b sin
I
r
b
with
Un Nominal system voltage of connecting node
Ub Highest operating voltage before SC
Ib Highest operating current before SC
phib Angle of power factor before SC
Ir Rated current of transformer
xT Transformer reactance
cmax maximum voltage factor
UrTLV Transformer rated voltage on low-voltage side
Asymmetrical Transformer
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of an asym-
metrical transformer and the corresponding transformer model.
Asym. Transformer-Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with an asymmetrical transformer
library. Pressing the button "", the type may be
chosen and the data can be transferred from the
predefined library.
Switchable L Indicates whether the optimal separation point proce-
dure is allowed to connect or disconnect this element.
Negative LMDR Mark this checkbox, if you wish the transformer to have
polarity negative polarity, like shown below.
L L
positive polarity
N N
L L
negative polarity
N N
Asym. Transformer-Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Asym. Transformer-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Asym. Transformer-More
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
description can be found in Frequency dependence of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-4.
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6
Yh/2 Yh/2
t:1
a) Model E/E
X
1 : 2a
U 1R U 2R
Yh/4 Yh/4
U 1N
Yh/4 Yh/4
U 1S U 2S
1 : 2a
X
b) Model 2E/E
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a three
windings transformer and the corresponding transformer model.
3W-Transformer-Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with a 3W-Transformer library.
Pressing the button "", the type may be chosen
and the data can be transferred from the predefined
library.
Un1 () Nominal voltage of the primary winding node (just
for information).
Un2 () Nominal voltage of the secondary winding node
(just for information).
Un3 () Nominal voltage of the tertiary winding node (just
for information).
Ur1, Ur2, Ur3 () Rated voltage of the primary, secondary and tertiary
winding, based on the transformation ratio.
Sr12, Sr23, Sr31 () Rated power in MVA.
12: primary-secondary,
23: secondary-tertiary,
31: tertiary-primary.
URr(1)12, 23, 31 () Rated positive sequence copper losses in % with
respect to Sr12, Sr23, Sr31 and Ur1, Ur2, Ur3.
Ukr(1)12, 23, 31 () Rated positive sequence short circuit voltage with
respect to Sr12, Sr23, Sr31 and Ur1, Ur2, Ur3.
Ukr(0) 12,23,31 SP Rated zero sequence short circuit voltage with
respect to Sr12, Sr23, Sr31 and Ur1, Ur2, Ur3.
I0 LMDR Open circuit current in % with respect to Sr12 and
Ur1. This value is only considered in the Loadflow
calculation, method Extended Newton Raphson.
P fe LMDR Iron core losses in kW. This value is only
considered in the Loadflow calculation, method
Extended Newton Raphson.
Auto regulated LMDR Indicates if the transformer in the load flow
calculation should be automatically regulated. The
3W-Transformer-Limits
Name Name of element.
Ir 1,2,3 min LM Minimal current on primary, secondary and tertiary
side in A for the calculation of the transformer
loading. The loading can be calculated according to
Sr min or Sr max resp. Ir min or Ir max (see load
flow calculation parameters).
Ir 1,2,3 max LM Maximum current on primary, secondary and
tertiary side in A for the calculation of the
transformer loading. The loading can be calculated
according to Sr min or Sr max resp. Ir min or Ir max
3W-Transformer-Regulation
1st Regulation
Tap side LMDR Indicates if the tap location of the tap changer is on
the primary, secondary or tertiary side.
Controlled node LMDR The node to be controlled must be selected from a
list, press "". If there is no node selected, the tap
location node will be controlled.
Remote control:
A neighboring node can also be controlled with the
transformer. The controlled node can be selected
from a list (press ""). Remote control is only
possible if the input field "Transf.regul." is set to
YES.
Tap min LMDR Minimum tap settings of the regulated transformer.
Tap max LMDR Maximum tap settings of the regulated transformer.
Tap r LMDR Rated tap setting.
Tap act LMDR Actual tap setting. This value is used to calculate
the ratio of the transformer. For the tap calculation
see "Transformer" on page 4-38.
Ukr(1) 12,23,31 () Positive and zero sequence short circuit voltage in
Ukr(0) 12,23,31 % with respect to Sr12, Sr23, Sr31 and Ur1, Ur2,
Ur3 at tap = tap min.
Tap min
Ukr(1) 12,23,31 () Rated positive and zero sequence short circuit
Tap act LMDR Actual tap setting. This value is used to calculate
the ratio of the transformer.
dU LMDR Magnitude of the additional voltage per tap step on
the tap location side. This value must be given in %
of the rated voltage on the tap location side of the
transformer. A negative value can be entered. In
this case the taps are mirrored (see below).
Beta LMDR Angle in of the additional voltage on the tap
location side.
3W-Transformer-Earthing
Name Name of element.
Primary side () The user can choose between three types of
earthing for the primary side: direct, impedance,
isolated.
Re1, Xe1 SP Real- and imaginary part of earthing impedance of
side 1 in Ohm. (only for impedance earthing)
Secondary side SP The user can choose between three types of
earthing for the secondary side: direct, impedance,
isolated.
Re2, Xe2 SP Real- and imaginary part of earthing impedance of
side 2 in Ohm. (only for impedance earthing)
Tertiary side SP The user can choose between three types of
earthing for the tertiary side: direct, impedance,
isolated.
Re3, Xe3 SP Real- and imaginary part of earthing impedance of
side 3 in Ohm. (only for impedance earthing)
Active SP It's possible to define, which portion in % of the
earthing impedance is active on primary, secondary
and tertiary side.
3W-Transformer-Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
3W-Transformer-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
3W-Transformer-User Data
The User Data tab is described in Element - User Data of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
3W-Transformer-More
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
description can be found in Frequency dependence of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-4.
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6
Z1 Z2
1 4 2
Z3
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a 4W-
Transformer and the corresponding transformer model.
4W-Transformer-Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with a 4W-Transformer library.
Pressing the button "", the type may be chosen
and the data can be transferred from the predefined
library.
Un1, Un2, Un3, () Nominal voltage of the primary, secondary, tertiary
Un4 and 2. tertiary winding node.
Ur1, Ur2, Ur3, () Rated voltage of the primary, secondary, tertiary
Ur4 and 2. tertiary winding, based on the transformation
ratio.
Sr1, Sr2, Sr3, () Rated power in MVA of the primary, secondary,
Sr4 tertiary and 2. tertiary winding
URr(1)12, 13, () Rated positive sequence copper losses in % with
14, 23, 24, 34 respect to Sr4 and Ur1, Ur2, Ur3, Ur4.
Ukr(1)12, 13, 14, () Rated positive sequence short circuit voltage with
23, 24, 34 respect to Sr4 and Ur1, Ur2, Ur3, Ur4.
Ukr(0)12, 13, 14, SP Rated zero sequence short circuit voltage with
23, 24, 34 respect to Sr4 and Ur1, Ur2, Ur3, Ur4.
Vector group SP Winding connections in nodes 1, 2, 3 and 4. The
winding coefficient has to be given, with respect to
node 1 according to VDE 0532/1. The common
vector groups can be selected from a list. The
vector groups can be entered according to:
NEPLAN-Format: After the winding
designations a point and then voltage phase
shifting. E.g. YY.00, YD.05, YZ.5
DVG-Format: If the neutral is brought out, a
N or n must be set after the corresponding
winding designation. E.g. YNYn, YND5, YNZn5
4W-Transformer-Regulation
There is no automatic regulation possible for the 4W-Transformer. The tap
have to be changed manually.
Name Name of element.
Tap side LMDR Indicates if the tap location of the tap changer is on
the primary, secondary, tertiary or 2. tertiary side.
Tap min LMDR Minimum tap settings of the tap changer.
Tap max LMDR Maximum tap settings of the tap changer.
Tap r LMDR Rated tap setting.
Tap act LMDR Actual tap setting. This value is used to calculate
the ratio of the transformer. For the tap calculation
see "Transformer" on page 4-38.
dU LMDR Magnitude of the additional voltage per tap step on
the tap location side. This value must be given in %
of the rated voltage on the tap location side of the
transformer. A negative value can be entered. In
this case the taps are mirrored (see "Transformer"
on page 4-38).
4W-Transformer-Earthing
Name Name of element.
Primary side () The user can choose between three types of
earthing for the primary side: direct, impedance,
isolated.
Re1, Xe1 SP Real- and imaginary part of earthing impedance of
side 1 in Ohm. (only for impedance earthing)
Secondary side () The user can choose between three types of
earthing for the secondary side: direct, impedance,
isolated.
Re2, Xe2 SP Real- and imaginary part of earthing impedance of
side 2 in Ohm. (only for impedance earthing)
Tertiary side () The user can choose between three types of
earthing for the tertiary side: direct, impedance,
isolated.
Re3, Xe3 SP Real- and imaginary part of earthing impedance of
side 3 in Ohm. (only for impedance earthing)
2. Tertiary side () The user can choose between three types of
earthing for the tertiary side: direct, impedance,
isolated.
Re4, Xe4 SP Real- and imaginary part of earthing impedance of
side 4 in Ohm. (only for impedance earthing)
Active SP It's possible to define, which portion in % of the
earthing impedance is active on primary, secondary
and tertiary and 2. tertiary side.
4W-Transformer-Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
4W-Transformer-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3
4W-Transformer-User Data
The User Data tab is described in Element - User Data of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
4W-Transformer-More
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
description can be found in Frequency dependence of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-4.
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
Shunt
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a shunt and
the corresponding shunt model.
Shunt-Parameter
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with a shunt library. Pressing the button
"", the type may be chosen and the data can be
transferred from the predefined library
Control () There are three different type of control modes:
mode fixed: The shunt consists of a fixed value of active
and reactive power.
discrete: The shunt consists of various shunt
elements, which will be connected or disconnected,
depending on the regulated voltage.
continuously: The shunt will be able to change
the reactive power continuously, without steps, in
the defined range.
Ur () Rated voltage in V.
Fixed admittance
P(1) () Positive sequence active power in MW. Dependent on
the phase connectivity (see Info tab) the value must be
entered as phase value.
Q(1) () Positive sequence reactive power in Mvar. Q(1) is
negative for a capacitive load. Dependent on the phase
connectivity (see Info tab) the value must be entered as
phase value.
P(0) SP Zero sequence active power in MW. This value has not
to be entered when entering an asymmetrical shunt. It
will be calculated.
Q(0) SP Zero sequence reactive power in Mvar. Q(0) is negative
for a capacitive load. This value has not to be entered
when entering an asymmetrical shunt. It will be
calculated.
Operating () Indicates if the shunt is capacitive or inductive,
mode depending on the sign of the entered reactive power Q.
(negative value means capacitive mode, positive value
means inductive mode)
Remarks:
The switched shunt elements at a bus may consist entirely of reactors (all
admittance blocks have positive values for dQ) or entirely of capacitor banks
(all admittance blocks have negative values for dQ). In these cases, the shunt
blocks are specified in the order in which they are switched on the bus.
If the switched shunt devices at a bus are a mixture of reactors and capacitors,
the reactor blocks are specified first in the order in which they are switched on,
followed by the capacitor blocks in the order in which they are switched on.
The difference between the continuous and the discrete regulation is only, that
for the continuous mode, the reactive power can vary continuously in the whole
defined range, without steps.
Shunt-Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2. The option Phases has additional possibilities
because shunts may be placed as well between phases:
Phases () Indicates the phasing of the element. Possible values are:
Shunt-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Shunt-User Data
The User Data tab is described in Element - User Data of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Shunt-More
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
description can be found in Frequency dependence of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-4.
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
The model parameters of the positive and zero sequence are calculated as
follows:
X = -1.0 / X (capacitive).
If an asymmetrical shunt has been entered, the program will transform
the parameters from the phase into the symmetrical component system
with the transformation matrix.
Converter
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Converter
and the corresponding Converter model.
Converter-Parameters
Name () Name of the converter.
Type ()
Converter type
Rectifier, () Indicates, if the converter is a
Inverter - Rectifier
- Inverter
Regulation
Regulation () The converter can be
P: Power regulated
I: Current regulated
A+U: Voltage and angle regulated
Pset () Set value for power regulation in MW.
Umode () Minimum voltage for power regulation (for voltages below
Umode control shifts to constant current with
Iset =Pset/Uset)
Iset () Set value for current regulation in kA.
Uset () Set value for voltage regulation in kV. In case of power
regulation Uset denotes the voltage used for calculating
the new setvalue at the control mode shift (see Umode).
Firing angle
Teta set () Set value for the rectifier firing or inverter margin angle in
. This value is only valid for A+U regulated converter
Teta min () Minimum value for the rectifier firing or inverter margin
angle in .
Teta max () Minimum value for the rectifier firing or inverter margin
angle in .
Transformer
Transformer () Indicates, if the converter transformer should be included
integrated in the converter. If clicked, no external transformer must
be defined, the converter represents a converter plus a
transformer.
T () Nominal tap ratio of the converter transformer in pu from
DC to AC side.
Tap locked () If this parameter is checked the tap will be fixed on T.
dT () Converter transformer tap-step in pu.
T min () Minimum value of converter transformer tap ratio in pu.
T max () Maximum value of converter transformer tap ratio in pu.
Converter-Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Converter-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Converter-User Data
The User Data tab is described in Element - User Data of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Converter-More
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
1:T I dc
P ac , Q ac Xc
The DC voltage Ud and/or the DC current Id are controlled by the firing angle
alpha and the converter transformer ratio T. The firing angle and the
transformer ratio (tap position) are varied within their limits.
G G
Udi
Rectifier, current controlled
Udset
Operating
Im point
Idi Idrset
In the normal mode of operation the margin angle of the inverter is adjusted to
maintain the desired inverter DC voltage Udset. The ratios of the inverter and
rectifier transformer are also adjusted, so that the firing angle alpha and the
margin angle gamma are within their limits min and max. In the current
controlling rectifier a voltage margin of about 3% is maintained in order to avoid
frequent changes in control allocations. For that reason if the minimum firing
angle for the rectifier is 5-7 the operating firing angle will typically have values
14 16 .
If the rectifier AC voltage is too low and the transformer ratio has reached the
limit, the voltage control of the inverter will be abandoned. The inverter now will
control the current: The current order Idiset at the inverter is lower than the
current order Idrset (the current margin is defined as Im = Idrset - Idiset). The new
operating point can be described as follows:
Udi
Udset
Operating
point Im
Idiset Idrset
Iset
j =1..n
j
= I m arg in
where Imargin is a positive quantity, and Iset > 0 if j is a rectifier, Iset < 0 if j
j j
is an inverter.
a t
t i
where isrec = 1 if j is a rectifier and isrec = 1 if j is an inverter.
j
The coefficient a is calculated using the following formula
where
and C all converters apart from the voltage controlling terminal that are not
blocked.
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a SVC and
the corresponding SVC model. The configuration assumed is that of a fixed
capacitor and a thyristor controlled reactor.
SVC-Parameters
Name Name of element.
Transformer LMDR Indicates if there is a transformer in the static VAR
system.
U ref LMDR Reference voltage for the regulation.
X sl LMDR Slope admittance: slope of the linear mode in the U/I
characteristic curve (see below).
Qc max LMDR Maximal capacitive reactive power in Mvar.
Qcmax is a positive value and means the maximum
generated inductive reactive power of the SVC at
nominal voltage. Qcmax corresponds to the reactive
power of the fix capacitor.
Ql max LMDR Maximal inductive reactive power in Mvar.
Qlmax is a positive value and means the maximum
consumed inductive reactive power of the SVC at
nominal voltage. Qlmax corresponds to the
maximum reactive power of the inductance Ql
minus the maximum reactive power Qc max of the
capacitor: Qlmax = Ql Qcmax (see Fig. 4.13)
SVC-Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
SVC-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
SVC-User Data
The User Data tab is described in Element - User Data of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
SVC-More
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
VT
Transformer
I2
LV Controller
U1
Ql
F C L
0
Qc max
SVC
F: Filter
C: fix capacitor
L: thyristor controlled reactor
The elements filter, controlled reactor and capacitor will be modeled with the
shunt element. The characteristic of a SVC is:
U2
Ql max
Umax
U
Uref I
U/I=Xsl
Umin
Qc max
capacitive inductive
I2
Imin Imax
XT XT
XSL U1 U2
U1 U2 U1 U2
I2 I2 I2
Bcap Bind
Uref
The data of the transformer are entered separately. In the SVC, the user has to
indicate only if there is a transformer or not by clicking the corresponding
checkbox in the Data Input Dialog of the SVC.
If there is no transformer, the regulated/controlled VAR compensator works like
a PV-node with P=0.0 MW and U = Unom. This behaviour is similar to that of
synchronous machines. The reactive power will be calculated.
If the limits Qcmax .. Qlmax are reached, the regulated VAR compensator will
be converted into a constant inductance or capacitance (see the figure above)
and not into a PQ-node with Q = Qcmax or Q = Qlmax, like in the case of a
synchronous machine.
The input of Qcmax, Qlmax and the slope Xsl determine the characteristic of
the SVC. If Qlmin <= Qcmax, the inductive mode is missed.
Remarks:
When importing a project file (*.mcb) from version 4.2 or earlier the data of a
SVC must be checked, because the data entry has changed.
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Static
Compensator (STATCOM) and the corresponding model.
STATCOM-Parameters
Name Name of element.
Transformer LMDR Indicates if there is a transformer in the static VAR
system.
U ref LMDR Reference voltage for the regulation.
X sl LMDR Slope admittance: slope of the linear mode in the U/I
characteristic curve (see below).
Imax C LMDR Maximal current for capacitive operation.
Imax L LMDR Maximal current for inductive operation
P(0) SP Zero sequence active power in MW. This value has not
to be entered when entering an asymmetrical shunt. It
will be calculated.
Q(0) SP Zero sequence reactive power in Mvar. Q(0) is negative
for a capacitive load. This value has not to be entered
when entering an asymmetrical shunt. It will be
calculated.
STATCOM-Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
STATCOM-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
STATCOM-User Data
The User Data tab is described in Element - User Data of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
STATCOM-More
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
HV
U2
Coupling VT
I2 Transformer
LV
U1 Controller
Multi-pulse V Ref
Inverter
DC Terminal
Energy Storage
(optional)
STATCOM
U2
Ql max
Umax
U
Uref I
U/I=Xsl
Umin
Qc max inductive
capacitive
I2
Imin Imax
The STATCOM can provide both, inductive and capacitive vars and it is able to
control its output current over the rated maximum capacitive or inductive range,
independent of the AC System voltage. In the linear control range the
functional capability of STATCOM is analogous to that of the SVC. Operation
at the limits is however different: The SVC becomes an uncontrolled shunt
reactance (capacitive or inductive) for which the current falls in proportion to
the voltage whereas the STATCOM at full output behaves like a current
source.
TCSC
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a TCSC
(Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor) and the corresponding model. The
model assumes n (n >= 1) identical TCSC modules connected in series and
controlled independently.
TCSC-Parameters
Name Name of element.
Operation LMDR Indicates if there is one single TCSC module or several
modules in series.
Module Parameters
Xc LMDR Reactance of the capacitor in Ohm
Xl LMDR Reactance of the inductor in Ohm
X Limits, LMDR Limits on total reactance of the TCSC or on Thyristor
Teta Limits firing angle. In case of multi-module operation, only X
Limits can be entered.
X min LMDR Minimum value of module reactance (negative for
capacitive operation). The (X min,X max) range should
not contain any resonance region.
X max LMDR Maximum value of module reactance (negative for
capacitive operation). The (X min,X max) range should
not contain resonance values.
Teta min LMDR Minimum value of thyristor firing angle.
The (Teta min, Teta max) range should not contain
resonance values.
Teta max LMDR Maximum value of thyristor firing angle.
The (Teta min, Teta max) range should not contain
resonance values.
Max. Volt. LMDR Maximum allowed voltage drop in kV.
Drop
Regulation
P, I, Xtot, LMDR Selection of the variable to be controlled.
Transm. P: Line power flow
angle
I: Line current
Xtot: Total TCSC reactance in Ohm
Transm. Angle: Transmission angle
Pset LMDR Control value for line active power flow control in MW.
Iset LMDR Control value for line current control in A.
Xtot LMDR Control value for total TCSC reactance control in Ohm.
Transm. LMDR Control value for transmission angle (angle U1 angle
angle U2) control in .
TCSC-Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
TCSC-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
TCSC-User Data
The User Data tab is described in Element - User Data of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
TCSC-More
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
MOV
I line Xc
Xl
Firing angles are allowed to vary between 90 and 180. For a certain firing
angle the variable inductive reactance of the TCR equals in absolute value the
capacitive reactance of the fixed capacitor Xc causing a resonance. Thyristors
are fired sufficiently far away from the resonance value to avoid problems with
control (resonance region limits).
The TCSC module is modeled as a single variable reactance with firing angle
(or reactance) limits. Additional limitations can be imposed on the voltage drop
and on the line current (in case of line current control).
A X max
E
VMax
I Max
Cap. operation
Xc
B G
Not available
0 C
~Xl ILine
Ind.operation
VMax
F
D
X min
X TCSC X TCSC
The figure above depicts the steady-state TCSC equivalent reactance XTCSC
versus line current characteristic, where the following physical and operating
limitations are displayed:
A,D: resonance region limitation
B: firing angle limitation (=180) (XTCSC is equal to the capacitors
reactance Xc)
C: firing angle limitation (=90) (XTCSC is almost equal to the inductors
reactance Xl)
E,F: upper voltage limits for capacitive and inductive operation
G: maximum allowed current in continuous operation
A TCSC can either operate in the capacitive or in the inductive region. That
means, that Xmin and Xmax, must be entered both as negative (Cap.
operation) or both as positive (Ind. operation) values.
As shown in 4.26a in case of one-module operation there is a range of values
for XTCSC that cannot be controlled. Figure 4.26b depicts the same
characteristic with two identical modules connected in series with half the
rating (half the Xl and Xc reactances) of the original (one) module. The two
modules are independently controlled. The control gap is now partially covered
and for increasing number of modules the operating area of the TCSC covers
the entire region enclosed by the dashed curve in Figure 4.26b.
Remark
In general (in multi-module operation) each module can have a different firing
angle. Therefore in the results there is no firing angle value (firing angle = 0),
whereas there is a value for the total effective reactance and voltage drop.
UPFC
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a UPFC
(Unified Power Flow Controller) and the corresponding UPFC model.
UPFC-Parameters
Name Name of element.
Vser min LMDR Minimum series voltage magnitude in % of the bus
nominal voltage.
Vser max LMDR Maximum series voltage magnitude in % of the bus
nominal voltage.
Iq min LMDR Minimum shunt current in A.
Iq max LMDR Maximum shunt current in A.
P max LMDR Maximum power through the DC link (Px) in MW.
Connecting Transformers Leakage Impedances
Series Tr. R LMDR Leakage resistance of series transformer in Ohm.
Series Tr. X LMDR Leakage reactance of series transformer in Ohm.
Shunt Tr. R LMDR Leakage resistance of shunt transformer in Ohm.
Shunt Tr. X LMDR Leakage reactance of shunt transformer in Ohm.
Line Flow Regulation at port 2
P LMDR Control value for the active line flow P2.
Q LMDR Control value for the reactive line flow Q2.
Voltage Regulation
Sending end LMDR Control value for the voltage magnitude of the sending
V set end.
Receiv. end LMDR Minimum voltage magnitude at the receiving end.
V min
Receiv. end LMDR Maximum voltage magnitude at the receiving end.
V max
UPFC-Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
UPFC-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
UPFC-User Data
The User Data tab is described in Element - User Data of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
UPFC-More
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
ILine - UT +
U1 U2
IQ Px (+) P2,Q2
Shunt Series
connected connected
converter converter
The basic structure of the UPFC implementation is shown in the figure above.
UPFC consists of two voltage-sourced converters, one connected in shunt with
the line through a transformer and one connected in series with the line
through a second transformer. The two converters are operated from a
common DC link, provided by a DC storage capacitor. The series connected
converter injects a controlled voltage UT in series with the line. The phase
angle of the phasor UT can be chosen independently of the line current and
the magnitude is variable between zero and a maximum UTmax.
The series converter exchanges real and reactive power with the transmission
system. The reactive power can be generated independently from the series
converter, while the real power has to be supplied from the network. That is the
primary function of the shunt converter, which is controlled in such a way as to
provide at its DC terminal the real power needed by the series converter. A
secondary function of the shunt converter is to generate or absorb reactive
power for regulation of the AC terminal voltage U1.
In (1): Pxser > 0 (Qxser > 0) means that active (reactive) power is injected to
the system.
In (2): Pxshu > 0 (Qxshu > 0) means that active (reactive) power is drawn from
the system.
With nonzero transformer impedances the equations (1) and (2) become:
Network Feeder
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a network
feeder and the corresponding network feeder model.
Network Feeder-Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with a network feeder library. Pressing
the button "", the type may be chosen and the data
can be transferred from the predefined library.
Sk" max, min SMHP Maximum and minimum initial symmetrical short circuit
power in MVA (Sk" =3UnIk").
Ik" max, min SMHP Maximum and minimum initial symmetrical short circuit
currents in kA (Ik" = Sk"/(3Un)).
R(1)/X(1) SMHP Maximum and minimum ratio of positive sequence
max, min resistance of feeder to its positive sequence reactance.
Z(0)/Z(1) SP Maximum and minimum ratio of zero sequence
max, min impedance to its positive sequence impedance.
R(0)/X(0) SP Maximum and minimum ratio of zero sequence
max, min resistance of feeder to its zero sequence reactance.
C H Capacitance of network in F.
Operational data
LF-Type LMDR Node type for load flow calculation. Possible values
are:
"SL": Slack node. Input of values "U oper" and
"Uw oper" compulsory (see below).
"PQ":P,Q-node. Input of values "P" and "Q"
compulsory (see below).
U oper LMDR It's the voltage, in % with respect to Un, which the
Slack has to regulate, if the LF-Type will be "SL".
Uw oper LMDR Angle of voltage in degrees, if the LF-Type will be "SL".
Slack portion LMDR The portion in % of the total slack active power, which
has to be supplied by this network feeder. This value is
only considered, if the load flow is calculated with
distributed slack or with zone/area control (see load
flow calculation parameters). The sum of all slack
portions in the network or zone/area may be unequal to
100%. In this case the program internally scales the
Network Feeder-Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Network Feeder-Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Network Feeder-More
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
description can be found in Frequency dependence of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-4.
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
C X
Fig. 4.29 Model of a network feeder for short circuit calculation (above) and for
harmonic analysis (below)
The model parameters of the positive and zero sequence are calculated as
follows:
Positive sequence Zero sequence
Z(1) = cUn/Sk" Z(0) = Z(1) (Z(0)/Z(1))
= arctan(X(1)/R(1)) 0 = arctan(X(0)/R(0))
R(1) = Z(1)cos() R(0) = Z(0)cos(0)
X(1) = Z(1)sin() X(0) = Z(0)sin(0)
Z(1) = R(1) + jX(1) Z(0) = R(0) + jX(0)
For harmonic analysis only the positive sequence is considered and the imped-
ance Z(1) will be calculated as a mean value of the minimal and maximal short
circuit power.
Synchronous Machine
terminal voltage
air gap characteristic
120 %
open-circuit characteristic
100 %
0%
0 Ia Ib Ic field current
With these currents Ia, Ib and Ic, the saturation factors A and B can be
calculated, which are used to reproduce the open-circuit characteristic
approximately.
(I b I a )2 I 1.2 I a
with A= and B = 5 ln c
I a (I c 1.2 I a ) 1.2 (I b I a )
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
description can be found in Frequency dependence of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-4.
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
PV-Node
G Q pv = 40% ! (40*100/120=33.3%)
G Q pv = 50% ! (50*100/120=41.7%)
G Q pv = 30% ! (30*100/120=25%)
G Q pv = 40% ! (40*100/120=33.3%)
G Q pv = 50% ! (50*100/120=41.7%)
G Q pv = 30% ! (30*100/120=25%)
Motor 0 Generator
P min P max
Q min Q max
Cosphi oper
Cosphi max
Cosphi min
P
P min P lim P max
The model parameters of the positive, negative and zero sequence are
calculated as follows:
Zero sequence
R = Rf + 3RE
X(0) = x(0)Ur/(100Sr)
X = X(0) + 3XE
Remarks:
According to IEC the impedance Z =R+jX will be multiplied by the factor K:
IEC909 (1988)
If Generator is a part of a power station unit:
c max
K=
1 + xd " sin r
IEC60909
If short circuit is fed directly from the generator without transformer:
Un c max
K=
U r (1 + pU rG ) 1 + xd " sin r
If the generator is a part of a power station unit with on-load tapchanger:
2 2
Un U rTLV c max
K=
1 + xd " xT sin rG
2 2
U rG U rTHV
If the generator is a part of a power station unit without on-load tapchanger:
Un U c max
K= rTLV (1 pT )
U rG (1 + pU rG ) U rTHV 1 + xd " sin rG
When the minimal short circuit current is calculated the reactance of all
compound excited generators (Ikk0) are set to Xdk=Ur/(3Ikk).
The parameters Ufmax/Ufr, xd sat. and "Rotor type" are needed to calculate
the gamma value resp. the steady state current Ik = Ir . Ir stands for the rated
current.
Time constants
The following relations are valid for the time constants:
Classical model
A classical model is built as a constant voltage source behind a constant
impedance, z.
i k
z
e u
z = ra + jx'd
For xd the saturated value will be used. The saturated value of xd may also be
calculated in Prost from the unsaturated value (see Synchronous Machine
Saturation (D) on page 4-104).
The angle delta of the voltage e is determined from the swing equation (in per
unit)
2 H d2 + KD d = m m
m e
0 dt2 0 dt
me = Real e i*
2
n
[min1 ] GD2[tm2 ]
H[s]= 1
2 60
SN[kVA]
ra Stator resistance
xd' Direct axis transient reactance
H Inertia constant
KD Damping constant
Transient model
The transient model is a simple model in which, in addition to the swing
equation (See classical model) transient effects of direct and quadrature axes
are also considered. The field voltage Ufd may be modified through an
automatic voltage regulator. The circuit corresponds to that of subtransient
model without subtransient windings.
ud = ra id q uq = ra iq + d
' '
x
d xd id + Ufd xq
xq iq
d = x'd id + q = x'q iq +
'
1 + sTd0 '
1+ sTq0
me = d iq q id
The saturation of the main magnetic field is taken into consideration through
saturated reactances. They can be entered directly in the Params tab of the
data input dialog, or the program can calculate them for an initial operating
point with the saturation curves and the unsaturated reactances in the Params
tab (see Synchronous Machine Saturation (D) on page 4-104). Saturated
reactances remain constant during the simulation.
Subtransient model
The subtransient model represents a complete machine model as given in the
following circuits.
r1d
iq R=ra xl
r1q r2q
ud = ra id + x l iq aq uq = ra iq x l id + ad
x1d fd + x fd 1d
ad = x"ads id + aq = x"aqs iq + 1q + 2q
xrc (x fd + x1d ) + x fd x1d x1q x2q
dfd d1q
= affd fd + af1d 1d + bfad ad + bffd ufd = a11q 1q + b1aq aq
dt dt
d1d d2q
= a1fd fd + a11d 1d + b1ad ad = a22q 2q + b2aq aq
dt dt
me = ad iq aq id
x"ads = 1 x"aqs = 1
1 + xfd + x1d 1 + 1 + 1
xads xrc (x fd + x1d ) + x fd x1d xaqs x1q x2q
0 rfd (x rc + x 1d )
a ffd =
x rc (x fd + x1d ) + x fd x 1d
0 rfd x rc
a f1d =
x rc (x fd + x 1d ) + x fd x 1d 0 r1q
a11q =
0 r1d x rc x1q
a1fd =
x rc (x fd + x 1d ) + x fd x 1d 0 r2q
a22q =
r1d (x rc + x fd ) x 2q
0
a11d =
x rc (x fd + x 1d ) + x fd x 1d 0 r1q
b1aq =
0 rfd x 1d x1q
b fad =
x rc (x fd + x 1d ) + x fd x 1d 0 r2q
b2aq =
0 r1d x fd x 2q
b1ad =
x rc (x fd + x 1d ) + x fd x 1d
b ffd = 0
Asynchronous Machine
There are two possibilities how to calculate the model of the asynchronous
machine for motor starting. The first is a simplified manner, because the rotor
resistance R2(s) and the leakage reactance X2(s) are calculated for s=1 and
s=sr and then they are linearly interpolated between the two points. An other
possibility is to enter predefined curves for M/Mr and I/Ir as precise as possible
(curves given by the manufacturer). Using the entered values, R2 and X2 may
be calculated for every point. Between the entered points, R2 and X2 will be
interpolated linearly. Using these exact curves of R2 and X2 for the model of
the asynchronous machine, the electromagnetic torque Me and the current I
may be calculated for every possible slip s.
Thats why the input of data in this Model tab is only necessary for the second,
more precise possibility of calculating the model. The first possibility is
standard and is done automatically.
Equivalent-circuit impedances
R1/Zr M Stator side resistance related to Zr.
X1/Zr M Stator side leakage reactance related to Zr.
Xh/Zr M Main reactance related to Zr.
Rated values
Ur SMHP Rated voltage in kV, entered in the Params tab.
Ir SMHP Rated current in kA, entered in the Params tab.
Mr M Rated torque in Nm.
Zr M Rated impedance in Ohm, calculated with Ur and Ir.
Asynchronous machine table entries
Insert A new table line will be entered.
Delete The marked table lines will be deleted.
Calculate M By pressing the button, R2/Zr and X2/Zr will be
calculated for every slip which has the Calc. R2, X2
box checked. Using m/Mr and I/Ir.
Sort The table entries will be sorted according to the slip.
Plot Predefined (based on M/Mr and I/Ir) and calculated
(based on X2/Zr(s) and R2/Zr(s)) curves for the current
I(s), the electromagnetic torque Me(s), the Cosphi(s)
and the load torque Ml(s) may be displayed.
S M Slip
M/Mr M Electromagnetic torque related to rated torque.
I/Ir M Current related to rated current.
Cosphi Cos(phi), not necessary for the calculation of R2/Zr
and X2/Zr.
R2/Zr M Rotor resistance related to Zr
X2/Zr M Leakage reactance related to Zr
Calc. R2,X2 M Checkbox, defines if R2 and X2 shall be calculated
when the button Calculate is pressed.
Library
Characteristic M The table entries (machine characteristic) can be
type imported from or exported to a library. By pressing the
button , an existing characteristic type in the
selected library can be chosen.
Export to M The table entries (machine characteristic) may be
library exported to the library by pressing this button. A name
for the characteristic has to be typed in the text field.
R1 X1 X2(s)
Xh R2(s)/s
The equivalent circuit impedances are calculated with the help of the input
values of the Params tab:
ha = (Ir/Ia) cos(an)
hb = (ha - R1) 2 + ((Ir/Ia) sin(an) - X1 - Xh) 2
hc = (X1 - (Ir/Ia) sin(st)) ((Ir/Ia) sin(st) - X1 - Xh) - (R1 - (Ir/Ia) cos(st)) 2
hd = (cos() - R1) 2 + (sin() - X1 - Xh) 2
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
description can be found in Frequency dependence of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-4.
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
Start-up device
Start-up M** Indicates, whether the machine will be started up during
motor starting calculation or not.
t start M** Time in seconds after which the motor will be start-up.
**
Start-up M Starting device. Possible values:
device - Direct: Direct start-up
- YD: Wye-Delta start-up
- Z stator: Start-up impedance
- R rotor: Rotor resistance start-up
Cascading
n cascade M** The values C, Rr or Zs (Rs, Xs) will be cascade during
the start-up, if the start-up type will be "C", "R rotor" or "Z
stator". The values will be changed as follows:
Ci = C - (i - 1) * C / n
Rri = Rr - (i - 1) * Rr / n
Zsi = Zs - (i - 1) * Zs / n
The running variable i (cascade i) begins at 1 and is
incremented by 1 during the start-up, according to the n
time resp. slip areas (see "t switch", "s switch").
Mechanical Load
H M** Inertia constant.
**
J M Moment of inertia in kgm.
Load torque
Given as M** The load torque characteristic may be entered by a Table
or a Parabola.
Table M** The Table can be chosen from a Library.
Parabola
M0, M1, M2 M** Parameters of quadratic starting characteristic (Parabola)
Mload(s)=M0+M1*(1-s)+M2*(1-s) in Nm (s: slip) or
related to the rated torque of the motor (see below).
Nm M** Gives the units of the load torque:
Nm (checkbox checked) or related to the rated torque of
the motor.
Load Table Entries
s, M load M** The load torque may be entered as a table with user
defined points.
Remark:
The load torque is described by the equation:
Ml = M0 + (1 - s) M1 + (1 - s) 2 M2 (parabola)
or
Ml = Ml(s) (characteristic (table entries))
The input of Ml(s) is more significant as the input of M0, M1 and M2.
Voltage drop calculation: All values marked with (M*) are necessary.
Motor starting calculation: All values marked with (M*) or (M**) are
necessary.
Cosphi oper
Cosphi max
Cosphi min
P
P min P lim P max
Positive sequence:
Z = cos(phi)Ur / [Prmech(Ia/Ir)n] n: number of ASM
X = Z / ((Rm/Xm)+1)
R = X (Rm/Xm)
Remark:
For a thyristor fed motor (corresponding checkbox must be checked) the
following values are assumed:
Ia/Ir = 3
Rm/Xm = 0.1
PS-Block
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Power
Station Block and the corresponding model.
PS-Block Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with a "Power Station Block" library.
Pressing the button "", the type may be chosen and
the data can be transferred from the predefined
library.
Unit transformer
Ur1, Ur2 SMHP Rated voltage of the node 1 and 2 in kV.
Sr SMHP Rated power of the transformers in MVA.
Vector group SP Wiring of the windings in node 1 and 2. Default-value:
YY.00 .
uRr(1) SMHP Positive sequence copper losses in % with respect to
Sr (of transformer) and Ur1.
ukr(1) SMHP Positive sequence short circuit voltage in % with
respect to Sr and Ur1.
uRr(0) SP Zero sequence copper losses in the windings 1 and 2
in % with respect to Sr and Ur1.
ukr(0) SP Zero sequence short circuit voltage in % with respect
to Sr and Ur1.
Earthing SP Indicates de type of earthing of the unit transformer.
Re1, Xe1 SP Real- and imaginary part of earthing impedance in
Ohm, on primary side (winding 1).
Unit generator
Sr SMHP Rated power of generator in MVA.
xd" sat SMHP Saturated subtransient reactance in % with respect to
Sr (of generator) and Ur2.
x(2) SP Negative sequence reactance x(2)=0.5 (xd"+xq") in %
with respect to Sr (of generator) and Ur2.
Cos(phi) SMHP Power factor.
xd sat. SP Synchronous reactance in % with respect to Sr (of
generator) and Ur (saturated value).
Ufmax/Ufr SP Ratio of highest possible excitation voltage to rated
PS Block Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
PS Block - Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
PS Block - More
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
description can be found in Frequency dependence of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-4.
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
3 Ze1 Z R
T G
X
G
t:1
Fig. 4.38 Model of power station block in the positive and negative system
The model parameters of the positive and negative sequence are calculated as
follows:
The model of the power station block in the zero sequence depends on the
vector group of the transformer. Because the star point of the transformer is
not grounded on generator side, the only transformers with vector groups ZY
and YD can lead a zero sequence current.
3 Ze
ZT
Fig. 4.39 Model of power station block (vector groups YD or ZY) in the zero
sequence
Zero sequence
ZT = ukr(0)Ur1/(Sr100)
RT = uRr(0)Ur1/(Sr100) XT = (ZT-RT)
ZT = RT + jXT
Ze1 = Re1 + jXe1
Remarks:
The power station block is only for short circuits according to IEC909.
For all other calculation, also short circuit calculation according to
IEC60909, it is more convenient to represent a generator and a
transformer separately.
IEC60909
The correction factors are given in die sections for data input for generators
and transformers.
Load
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Load and
the corresponding model.
Load Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with a load library. Pressing the button
"", the type may be chosen and the data can be
transferred from the predefined library.
Lf-Type () Type of node for load flow calculation. Possible values:
"PQ": P,Q-node. Input of the values "P" and "Q"
compulsory (see below).
"PC": P,C-node. Input of the values "P" and
"cos(phi)" compulsory (see below).
"IC": I,C-node. Input of the values "I" and
"cos(phi)" compulsory (see below).
"PI": P,I-node. Input of the values "P" and "I"
compulsory (see below).
"SC": S,C-node. Input of the values "S" and
"cos(phi)" compulsory (see below).
"EC": E,C-node. Input of the values "E",
"Velander factor 1", "Velander factor 2" and
"cos(phi)" compulsory (see below).
Units () Indicates if the values P, Q and I are given for low or
high voltage. Possible values:
HV: High voltage
LV: Low voltage
The default value can be given in the Edit Options
mask (see "Edit Options" in chapter "Menu Insert").
When introducing a new load the default unit will be
taken.
S () Consumed power in MVA or kVA. Dependent on the
phase connectivity (see Info tab) the value must be
entered as phase value.
P () Consumed active power in MW or kW. Dependent on
the phase connectivity (see Info tab) the value must be
entered as phase value.
Q () Consumed reactive power in Mvar or kvar. Dependent
Load Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Load - Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Load - More
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
The active power PDU and the Cos(phi), which are assigned to one domestic
unit, are entered in the load flow parameter mask. In the Scaled values of the
Params tab of the load data input dialog, the power Poper and Qoper
represent the sum of the general load and the domestic loads, multiplied by the
effective scaling factor:
When calculating the load flow accordingly to the voltage drop method
an other power will be set for mixed load power (see chapter "Load Flow").
The model parameters of the positive and zero sequence are calculated as
follows:
Exponential model
Traditionally, the voltage dependency of load characteristics has been
represented by the exponential model:
xP
u f
p = p0 1 + Fp
u0 f0
xQ
u f
q = q0 1 + Fq
u0 f0
The parameters of this model are the exponents xP and xQ. With these
exponents equal to 0, 1 or 2, the model represents constant power, constant
current or constant impedance characteristics, respectively. For composite
loads, their values depend on the aggregate characteristics of load
components.
u u 2 f
p = p0 csp + cip + c zp 2 1 +
Fp
u0 u0 f0
u u 2 f
q = q0 csq + ciq + c zq 2 1 + Fq
u0 u0 f0
c zp = 1 cip csp
c zq = 1 ciq csq
The model is composed of constant impedance (Z), constant current (I) and
constant power (P) components. The parameters of the model are the
coefficients csp, cip, czp and csq, ciq, czq, which define the proportion of each
component.
Frequency dependency
The frequency dependency of the load characteristics is represented by
multiplying the exponential model or the composite model by a factor
f
1 + F , where f is the frequency deviation (f-f0).
f0
Typically, Fp ranges from 0 to 3.0, and Fq from 2.0 to 0.
Reduction factor
It is physically impossible for a load to retain its constant current or power
character at very high or very low voltages. Theoretically, for example, an
infinitely high current would have to be provided for a constant power at a
voltage of 0.
In the dynamic simulation, particularly during short-circuits, very low voltages
are encountered, at which a constant current or a constant level of power is not
plausible. In cases of this kind, there may also be convergence problems at
short-circuit inception.
As a remedy for these physical and mathematical problems, the supply current
is downsized with a reduction factor if the voltage is too high or too low.
For voltages greater than umax or smaller than umin, the reduction factor is
downsized from 1 to 0 using a continuous function.
Mathematically, the reduction factor is represented by:
u u 2
u < u b1 R( u ) = MAX 1 b1 ;0
u b1 u b 2
u b1 u u a1 R( u ) =1
u u 2
u > u a1 R( u ) = MAX 1 a1 ;0
u a1 u a 2
0
0.75 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.25 u [pu]
ub2 ua2
The reduction factor is used only in the composite model. R(u) is reducing the
constant current and the constant power factors by multiplication:
u u 2 f
p = p0 R( u ) c sp + R( u ) cip + c zp 2 1 + Fp
u0 u0 f0
u u 2 f
q = q0 R( u ) csq + R( u ) ciq + c zq 2 1 + Fq
u0 u0 f0
c zp = 1 R( u ) cip R(u ) c sp
c zq = 1 R( u ) ciq R(u ) c sq
DC Load
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a DC Load
and the corresponding model.
DC Load Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with a load library. Pressing the button
"", the type may be chosen and the data can be
transferred from the predefined library.
Regulation () Type of node for load flow calculation. Possible values:
"P": P-node. Input of the values "Pset"
compulsory (see below).
"I": I-node. Input of the values "I set" compulsory
(see below).
"R": R-node. Input of the values "R set"
compulsory (see below).
P set () Consumed DC power at node in MW.
I set () Amount of DC load current in kA.
R set () Load DC resistance in Ohm.
DC Load Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
DC Load - Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
DC Load - More
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
Line Load
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Line Load
and the corresponding model.
There are two possibilities to assign a line load to a line. If the user wants the
line load to be represented graphically, the line load symbol has to be chosen
in the Symbol Window and pasted on the respective line. The Data Input
Dialog appears.
If a graphical representation of the line load isnt necessary, its possible to
enter the line loads in the Data Input Dialog of the respective line by pressing
the Line loads button in the More tab. In this window also the line loads,
which have been entered graphically, appear. The Input-Data is shown in
tabular form. By double clicking on the number of the respective line load, the
Data Input Dialog opens.
Also more than one line load may be entered per line.
Remark:
The predefined scaling factors for the network and zones may be modified in
Data - Operational Data of the menu Edit (see chapter Menu Options).
The active power PDU and the Cos(phi), which are assigned to one domestic
unit, are entered in the load flow parameter mask. The power, which will be
taken by the load flow is correspondingly:
The powers Pcal and Qcal are multiplied by the simultaneity factor.
When calculating the load flow accordingly to the voltage drop method,
an other power will be set for mixed load power (see chapter "Load Flow").
P l
l tot = (Pl ll )
ltot = (Pl ll ) P l
with
Pl Active power of the line load
ll Distance of the line load from the lines starting node
ltot Distance of the line load center from the lines starting node
The new node, which is generated in a distance of ltot from the lines starting
node, gets an arbitrary name. The sum of all loads of the line is assigned to
this node. If the load center is closer than 7m from the lines starting or ending
node, no new node will be generated. Then the line loads are assigned to
either the starting node or ending node. The position of the line load symbol
has nothing to do with the load center. To the line load symbol no results are
assigned.
The user can define constant scaling factors and time-dependent scaling
factors for day-times, week-days, moths and years. The factors may be defined
only in the project or they can be saved to a library. There exist the following
possibilities to enter in the user defined scaling factors editor:
To define Scaling Factors and time-dependent characteristics to a library,
while the project wont be modified:
Menu Libraries Scaling Factors
To calculate the Effective Scaling Factors for a certain element, the User
Defined Scaling Factors are multiplied with the Predefined Scaling Factors for
the network and zones. Predefined Scaling Factors may be modified in Edit -
Data Operational Data. For more information about Predefined Scaling
Factors see chapter Menu Options.
Scaling Factors
A list of all existing Scaling Factor types appears after having selected the tab
Scaling Factors in the Scaling Factor Editor. For every type the user can
define constant scaling factors and time-dependent scaling factors. Scaling
Factor types may be added or removed.
Actual project The list contains all scaling factors and characteristic types
defined in the project. They may be selected, unselected
or deleted.
Selected library The list contains all scaling factors and characteristic types
defined in the active library. They may be selected,
unselected or deleted.
Open Library An existing library may be opened.
New Library A new library may be created.
>> By pressing these buttons, the selected types may be
<< copied from the project to the library or from the library to
the project.
Filter
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a filter and
the corresponding model.
Filter Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with a filter library. Pressing the
button "", the type may be chosen and the data
can be transferred from the predefined library.
Ur () Rated voltage in kV.
C-Filter () Idicates if the filter is a C filter.
HP-Filter () Idicates if the filter is a HP filter.
Type 1:
Type 2:
Filter Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Filter - Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Filter - More
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
description can be found in Frequency dependence of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-4.
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
Rv L C
a) normal filter
Rv L C
Rd
b) HP-filter
Rv L Cs C
Rd
c) C-filter
The positive sequence will be used in any case, excepted in the short circuit
calculation according to IEC. The zero sequence will be only considered in the
short circuit calculation.
If the parameters Qr, f0, G, DF are entered, the program will calculate the
parameters Rv, L, C, Rd and vice versa. The formulas are:
n2 1 1
Ch = Qr
n 2
2 fn Ur 2
1
L=
( 2 fn) 2 Ch
2 f 0 L
Rv =
G
a) Normal filter:
C = Ch
Rd = 0.0
b) HP-filter:
C = Ch
L
Rd = DF DF: Damping factor
C
c) C-filter:
1 .0
Cs =
L (2 fn) 2
1.0
C=
1 1
Ch Cs
L
Rd = DF DF: Damping factor
C
Ch = C
Rd = 0.0
b) HP-filter:
Ch = C
C
DF = Rd DF: Damping factor
L
c) C-filter:
1.0
Ch =
1 +1
C Cs
C
DF = Rd
L
1
f0 =
2 L Ch
n2
Qr = Ch 2 fn Ur 2
n 1
2
2 f 0 L
G=
Rv
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Serie-R-L-
C (without Earth Connection) and the corresponding model.
Serie-R-L-C Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with an RLC-Circuit library. Pressing
the button "", the type may be chosen and the data
can be transferred from the predefined library.
Ur () Rated voltage in kV.
Rv () Resistance in Ohm.
L () Inductance in mH.
C () Capacitance in F.
Serie-R-L-C Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Serie-R-L-C - Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Serie-R-L-C - More
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
R L
R C
L C
R L C
Fig. 4.43 Possibilities to introduce the Serie-RLC circuit without earth connection
With this element the user will be able to model every type of filter or an other
element.
The positive and the zero sequence, which are equal, are considered.
Parallel-RLC
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Parallel-
RLC circuit and the corresponding model.
Parallel-RLC Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with a Parallel-RLC library. Pressing
the button "", the type may be chosen and the
data can be transferred from the predefined library.
Ur () Rated voltage in kV.
Type 1:
Type 2:
Parallel-RLC Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Parallel-RLC - Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Parallel-RLC - More
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
description can be found in Frequency dependence of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-4.
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
The positive and zero sequence, which are equal, are considered. From Sr, f0,
G and p the program will calculate Rv, L and C. The way round is not possible.
1 p Ur 2
L=
2 fn 100 Sr
1
C=
( 2 f 0 )2 L
Rv = G L / C
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Serie-E-
RLC circuit and the corresponding model.
Serie-E-RLC Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with a Serie-E-RLC library. Pressing
the button "", the type may be chosen and the data
can be transferred from the predefined library.
Ur () Rated voltage in kV.
Rv () Resistance in Ohm.
L () Inductance in mH.
C () Capacitance in F.
Serie-E-RLC Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Serie-E-RLC - Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Serie-E-RLC - More
Frequency dependence
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Frequency dependence input
parameters can be entered. They are only used for harmonic analysis. The
Investment Data
By pressing this button of the More tab, the Investment Data input parameters
can be entered. They are only used for investment analysis. The description
can be found in Investment Analysis of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements-Element - More on page 4-6.
R L
R C
L C
R L C
Fig. 4.45 Possibilities to input the Serie-E-RLC circuit in serie with earth connection
With this element the user will be able to model every type of filter or an other
element.
The positive sequence will be used in any case, excepted in the short circuit
calculation according to IEC. The zero sequence will be only considered in the
short circuit calculation.
Disconnect-Switch
Its possible to enter Disconnect Switches between two nodes. This chapter
describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Disconnect-Switch.
Disconnect-Switch Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with a Disconnect-Switch library. Pressing
the button "", the type may be chosen and the data can
be transferred from the predefined library.
remote R Indicates, if the switch is remote controlled.
controlled
Urmax SP Maximum voltage for which the switch is designed and
upper limit of operation in kV.
Ir LM Rated current of switch in kA.
Ik" SP Max. allowable initial short circuit current or Close & latch
rating of the switch kA.
Ibmax SP Max. allowable breaking current or interrupting rating of
the switch in kA. For disconnect switch no input
necessary.
Ipmax SP Max. allowable peak short circuit current in kA.
r(1) D Positive sequence resistance in mOhm.
r(0) D Zero sequence resistance in mOhm.
x(1) D Positive sequence reactance in mOhm.
x(0) D Zero sequence reactance in mOhm.
Remark:
The resistance and reactance for the switch model are only necessary to be
introduced, when the switches are not reduced during calculation (see
"Reduce" option in calculation parameters of the different calculation modules).
For load flow calculations with the method "Extended Newton Rapson" these
impedances are never relevant, because this LF-method is modeling the
switches without impedances.
For Dynamic Analysis the impedance data always have to be entered.
Disconnect-Switch Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Disconnect-Switch - Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Load-Switch
Its possible to enter load switches between two nods. This chapter describes
the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Load-Switch.
Load-Switch Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with a Load-Switch library. Pressing the
button "", the type may be chosen and the data can be
transferred from the predefined library.
remote R Indicates, if the switch is remote controlled.
controlled
Urmax SP Maximum voltage for which the switch is designed and
upper limit of operation in kV.
Ir LM Rated current of switch in kA.
Ik" SP Max. allowable initial short circuit current or Close & latch
rating of the switch kA.
Ibmax SP Max. allowable breaking current or interrupting rating of
the switch in kA. For disconnect switch no input
necessary.
Ipmax SP Max. allowable peak short circuit current in kA.
R(1) D Positive sequence resistance in mOhm.
R(0) D Zero sequence resistance in mOhm.
x(1) D Positive sequence reactance in mOhm.
x(0) D Zero sequence reactance in mOhm.
Remark:
The resistance and reactance for the switch model are only necessary to be
introduced, when the switches are not reduced during calculation (see
"Reduce" option in calculation parameters of the different calculation modules).
For load flow calculations with the method "Extended Newton Rapson" these
impedances are never relevant, because this LF-method is modeling the
switches without impedances.
For Dynamic Analysis the impedance data always have to be entered.
Load-Switch Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Load-Switch - Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Circuitbreaker
Its possible to enter Circuitbreakers between two nods. This chapter describes
the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Circuitbreaker.
Circuitbreaker Parameters
Name O Name of element.
Type O Applicable only with a Circuitbreaker library. Pressing the
button "", the type may be chosen and the data can be
transferred from the predefined library.
remote R Indicates, if the switch is remote controlled.
controlled
Urmax SP Maximum voltage for which the switch is designed and
upper limit of operation in kV.
Ir LM Rated current of switch in kA.
Cycles SP Interrupting time of the ANSI breakers in cycles. Possible
values: 2, 3, 5, 8 cycles
k-factor SP Ratio of rated maximum voltage Urmax to the lower limit
of the range of operation voltage in which the required
symmetrical and asymmetrical interrupting capabilities
vary in inverse proportion to the operating voltage (only
for ANSI breakers).
Cosphi test SP Cos(phi) at which the breaker was tested (only for ANSI
breakers).
Ik" SP Max. allowable initial short circuit current or Close & latch
rating of the switch kA.
Ibmax SP Max. allowable breaking current or interrupting rating of
the switch in kA. For disconnect switch no input
necessary.
Ipmax SP Max. allowable peak short circuit current in kA.
Standard SP Indicates the dimensioning of the breaker: breaker
according to IEC or ANSI/IEEE.
HV/LV SP Indicates, if the breaker is a low or a high voltage
breaker.
r(1) D Positive sequence resistance in mOhm.
r(0) D Zero sequence resistance in mOhm.
x(1) D Positive sequence reactance in mOhm.
x(0) D Zero sequence reactance in mOhm.
Remark:
The resistance and reactance for the switch model are only necessary to be
introduced, when the switches are not reduced during calculation (see
"Reduce" option in calculation parameters of the different calculation modules).
For load flow calculations with the method "Extended Newton Rapson" these
impedances are never relevant, because this LF-method is modeling the
switches without impedances.
For Dynamic Analysis the impedance data always have to be entered.
The data of this element are also considered in the module selectivity analysis.
Circuitbreaker Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Circuitbreaker - Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Fuse
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Fuse.
Fuse - Parameters
Name Name of element.
Type Applicable only with a Fuse library. Pressing the button
"", the type may be chosen and the data can be
transferred from the predefined library.
Ir LM Rated current in A.
Element Type () Type of the element where the variable is measured.
Variable () Variable to be measured.
Modification () Option to modify the measured variable.
Element () Element to which the fuse is assigned to.
Side () The side of the element (node) the fuse is assigned to.
Characteristic O Button to choose a fuse type from a device library.
Tripping D Button to define tripping functions for transient stability
simulations.
This element will not be used for calculations. Only its allowable limits are
checked. The data are considered in the module selectivity analysis and
transient stability.
Fuse - Info
The Info tab is described in Element - Info of chapter Data Input Dialogs of
Network Elements on page 4-2.
Fuse - Reliability
The Reliability tab is described in Element - Reliability of chapter Data Input
Dialogs of Network Elements on page 4-3.
Overcurrent Relay
This element will not be used for calculations. Only its allowable limits are
checked. The data are considered in the module selectivity analysis and
transient stability.
Distance Relay
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Distance
Relay.
If the user has purchased the module "distance protection" the push button
"Characteristics" is available. With this option the user can enter the starting
and the tripping data as well as the grading diagram (see chapter "Distance
Protection").
Frequency Relay
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Frequency
Relay.
This element will not be used for steady state calculations. The data are
considered in the module Dynamic Analysis.
Voltage Relay
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Voltage
Relay.
This element will not be used for steady state calculations. The data are
considered in the module Dynamic Analysis.
Power Relay
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Power
Relay.
This element will not be used for steady state calculations. The data are
considered in the module Dynamic Analysis.
Current Transformer
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Current
Transformer.
This element will not be used for calculations. Only its allowable limits are
checked.
Voltage Transformer
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Voltage
Transformer.
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Current
Source.
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Voltage
Source.
Series Equivalent LF
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Series
Equivalent for load flow calculation and the corresponding model. This element
will be taken into account only for load flow calculation. There exists an other
Series Equivalent element for short circuit calculation.
Series Equivalent are generated by the module Network reduction in order to
get the same load flow or short circuit calculation results for the reduced and
original network (see module "Network reduction").
Y11 Y12
[Y ] =
Y21 Y22
with
Y11 = 1.0 / Z12 Z12 = (R12 + jX12) / Zn1
Y12 = -1.0 / Z12 Zn1 = Un12 / Sn
Y21 = -1.0 / Z21 Z21 = (R21 + jX21) / Zn2
Y22 = 1.0 / Z21 Zn2 = Un22 / Sn
Un1 : Nominal system voltage primary side
Un2 : Nominal system voltage secondary side
Sn = 100MVA
Series Equivalent SC
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Series
Equivalent for short circuit calculation and the corresponding model. This
element will be taken into account only for short circuit calculation. There
exists an other Series Equivalent element for load flow calculation.
Series Equivalent are generated by the module Network reduction in order to
get the same load flow or short circuit calculation results for the reduced and
original network (see module "Network reduction").
Y11 Y12
[Y ] =
Y21 Y22
with
Y11 = 1.0 / Z12 Z12 = (R12 + jX12) / Zn1
Y12 = -1.0 / Z12 Zn1 = Un12 / Sn
Y21 = -1.0 / Z21 Z21 = (R21 + jX21) / Zn2
Y22 = 1.0 / Z21 Zn2 = Un22 / Sn
Un1 : Nominal system voltage primary side
Un2 : Nominal system voltage secondary side
Sn = 100MVA
Shunt Equivalent LF
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Shunt
Equivalent for load flow calculation and the corresponding model. This element
will be taken into account only for load flow calculation. There exists an other
Shunt Equivalent element for short circuit calculation.
Shunt Equivalents are generated by the module Network reduction in order to
get the same load flow or short circuit calculation results for the reduced and
original network (see module "Network reduction").
Y11 0.0
[Y ] = 0.0 0.0
with
Y11 = 1.0 / Z1 Z1 = (R1 + jX1) / Zn1
Zn1 = Un12 / Sn
Un1: Nominal system voltage primary side
Sn = 100MVA
Shunt Equivalent SC
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Shunt
Equivalent for short circuit calculation and the corresponding model. This
element will be taken into account only for short circuit calculation. There exists
an other Shunt Equivalent element for load flow calculation.
Shunt Equivalents are generated by the module Network reduction in order to
get the same load flow or short circuit calculation results for the reduced and
original network (see module "Network reduction").
Y11 0.0
[ ] 0.0 0.0
Y =
with
Y11 = 1.0 / Z1 Z1 = (R1 + jX1) / Zn1
Zn1 = Un12 / Sn
Un1: Nominal system voltage primary side
Sn = 100MVA
Earth Switch
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of an Earth
Switch.
Surge Arrester
This chapter describes the parameters of the Data Input Dialog of a Surge
Arrester.
Measurement Device
Remark
The user has to pay attention, that in the network equal measurement data (P,
Q or I) exist. If there are unequal measurement data for a region, the loads
cannot be balanced.
The data input dialog of a CCT-symbol consists only of an Info and a Reliability
tab.
A control circuit can also have more than one output variable for different
synchronous machines.
Input and output variables are connected to the control circuit concerned by
means of input and/or output blocks. Note that an input block turns a variable
into a controller signal.
A controller signal is an analog or binary output of a control circuit's function
block. A controller signal can also be used for outputting on the screen, as a
list or in a file.
The function blocks of a particular control device are linked to each other via
controller signals, this link between the function blocks being "output-
controlled". An input of a particular function block is assigned to be an output of
another function block, (ie. a controller signal).
The identifier of a controller signal consists of the 16 characters of the name of
the control circuit and 8 characters of the name of the controller signal.
Function blocks
In this chapter all available function blocks to build control circuits are
described.
Function Blocks, respectively Control Circuits have to be entered in diagrams.
There is no difference in the diagrams, used for function block entries and
network entries. Function blocks (which build a Control Circuit) and networks
could even be entered in the same diagrams.
In the following description of the function blocks, the transfer functions are
mentioned as well as the initial values, which have to be calculated during the
initialization process. For the user, these initial values have only importance, if
the initialization process isnt successful. It can help to find out, which variables
cant be calculated during the iteration process.
Input
Functional description:
A control circuit's input interface to other elements. A variable of the network
is converted into a controller signal.
Output
Functional description:
A control circuit's output interface to other elements. A controller signal is
converted into a variable of the network.
Remarks:
The following operands can be specified with an OUTPUT function block:
Field voltage of a synchronous machine
Turbine shaft power of a synchronous machine
Conductance (active component) of a controlled admittance
Susceptance (reactive component) of a controlled admittance
Source
Functional description:
Constant signal source with a value of u0.
K
y1
u0
Network Source
Functional description:
Constant signal source with a value, which will be taken from the results of
the Load flow calculation.
K
y1
u0LF
Sum
Functional description:
Sum formation from two input signals u1 and u2 and a constant u0.
u0
+ y1
u1
K +
+
u2
K
Type 0: Type 1:
u0 is a constant value u0 is calculated by PROST.
Iterative initialization permissible
Impermissible:
|K1| or |K2| smaller than 10-8 if corresponding entry is used
Remark:
By setting K2 = -1., for example, u2 can be subtracted from u1.
Product
Functional description:
Product formation from two input signals u1 and u2 and a constant u0.
u0
u1
y1
u2
Type 0: Type 1:
u0 is a constant value. u0 is calculated by PROST.
Iterative initialization permissible
Impermissible:
|u0| smaller than 10-8 if Type 0.
Remark:
Initialization is not possible if u1 or u2 < 10-8.
Inverter
Functional description:
Multiplication of the reciprocal of input variable u1 with a constant K0.
K
u1 y1
f(u1)
Impermissible:
|K0| smaller than 10-8
Remark:
If |u1| is smaller than 10-8: y1 = K0108sign(u1)
Ratio
Functional description:
Division of input variable u1 by input variable u2 and multiplication with a
constant K0.
u1 K
y1
f(u1,u2)
u2
Impermissible:
|K0| smaller than 10-8
Remark:
If |u2| smaller than 10-8: y1 = K0u1108sign(u2)
Gain - Linear
Functional description:
Multiplication of input variable u1 with a constant K.
K
u1 y1
K0
Impermissible:
|K0| smaller than 10-8
Impermissible:
|Ka|,|Kb| or |Kc| smaller than 10-8 or larger than 108
Functional description:
A tabular function f(u) is used as the transfer function. Data are entered into
the table in the TAB data block of the Dynamic Data file. The type of
interpolation to be used (linear, cubic or Newtonian) is likewise specified
there.
u1 y1
Impermissible:
|K0| smaller than 10-8 or larger than 108
Exponential
Functional description:
Taking the exponent of the input variable u1.
K
u1 y1
f(u1)
u1 = ln(108)/K2
Impermissible:
|K1| or |K2| smaller than 10-8
For initialization with y1 = 0: K0 and K1 not the same sign
Power
Functional description:
Taking the Kth power of the input variable u1.
K
u1 y1
K
U1
Impermissible:
|K| smaller than 10-4 or greater than 104
Absolute
Functional description:
Absolute value of input variable
u1 y1
u1
Limitation
Functional description:
Limiting the input variable u1 to a maximum or minimum value, which may
also depend on another input variable.
u2ymax
u2
K
y1
u1
1
u3
u3ymin
Limitation:
The limitation is of the "windup" type. If you want to deactivate the limitation
function, you must set ymax and ymin to equal 0. u2 and u3 can be used to
simulate dependent limit values. If the limit values concerned are constant,
then you must specify blanks for u2 and/or u3.
Example:
u2ymax u1, y1
Input u1
u2
K Output y1
y1
u1 1
u3
Decline ymin
Increase ymax
u3ymin t
Limitation:
The limitation is of the "windup" type. If you want to deactivate the limitation
function, you must set ymax and ymin to equal 0. u2 and u3 can be used to
simulate dependent limit values. If the limit values concerned are constant,
then you must specify blanks for u2 and/or u3.
Dead band
Functional description:
Dead band with gain factor.
K
u1 y1
umin
umax
Impermissible:
|K0| smaller than 10-8 or larger than 108
HV Gate
Functional description:
The larger of the two input signals, u1 and u2, is switched through to the
output. HV gate corresponding to [4].
u1 K
y1
f(u1,u2)
u2
LV Gate
Functional description:
The smaller of the two input signals, u1 and u2, is switched through to the
output. LV gate corresponding to [4].
u1 K
y1
f(u1,u2)
u2
u1 y1
K
f(u1,u2) y2
u2
u1 y1
K
f(u1,u2) y2
u2
K
u1 y1
1
K
u1 y1
f(u1)
(
y 1 = K 0 + K 1 eK 2 u1
) u
1
u1 Iterative initialization permissible
Impermissible:
|K1| or |K2| smaller than 10-8
Remark:
The constants are computed as follows from the parameters stated in [4]
and/or [5]:
V S4E 0.75 max
K 0 = R max S E max K1 = 3
E FD max S E max
4 S
K2 = ln E max
E FD max S E 0.75 max
u1 y1
f(x)
K0 u 2
u2
u1
Remark:
The input and output variables correspond to the following electrical variables
of static exciter devices:
u1 = VE
u2 = IFD
y = EFD
K
u1 y1
f(u1)
if u1 3/4 : y1 = (3)(1-u1)
if u1 1 : y1 = 0
u1 K
y1
f(u1,u2)
u2
K0
K
u1 y1
0 1,0
u1 or y1 Iterative initialization
y1 = K 0 u1 sin ( u1 )
1
permissible
Impermissible:
|K0| smaller than 10-8 or larger than 108
K
u1 y1
Note:
n: Number of intervals of the u-range
i: Ongoing interval i = 1...n
s: Position of step change 0s1
0: Step change on the right of the interval
0.5: Step change in the middle of the interval
1: Step change on the left of the interval
umax: Range for u1
Impermissible:
umax or ymax smaller than +10-8 or larger than +108
The function is defined only for positive umax or ymax
Remarks:
For the initialization of u1 from a given y1 the step function is shifted parallel to
the y-axis, such that the given y1 value exactly lies on a step.
Integrator
Functional description:
Integrator.
u2yma
u1 y1,0
u2 y1
f(s)
u3
u3ymin
Limitation:
The limitation is of the "non-windup" type. If you want to deactivate the
limitation function, you must set ymax and ymin equal to 0. u2 and u3 can be
used to simulate dependent limit values.
u2
K
y1
u1 f(s)
u3
u3ymin
Limitation:
The limitation is of the "non-windup" type. If you want to deactivate the
limitation function, you must set ymax and ymin equal to 0. u2 and u3 can be
used to simulate dependent limit values.
u2
K
y1
u1 f(s)
u3
u3ymin
Limitation:
The limitation is of the "windup" type. If you want to deactivate the limitation
function, you must set ymax and ymin equal to 0. u2 and u3 can be used to
simulate dependent limit values.
Remarks:
Time constants smaller than 10-5 will automatically be taken as 10-5
PI controller
Functional description:
PI controller
u2ymax
u2
K
y1
u1 f(s)
u3
u3ymin
Limitation:
The limitation is of the "non-windup" type. If you want to deactivate the
limitation function, you must set ymax and ymin equal to 0. u2 and u3 can be
used to simulate dependent limit values.
Remarks:
If the denominator time constant equals 0, then the Transfer function
corresponds to the CONSTANT function block with limitation.
PID controller
Functional description:
PID controller
u2ymax
u2
K
y1
u1 f(s)
u3
u3ymin
Limitation:
The limitation is of the "non-windup" type. If you want to deactivate the
limitation function, you must set ymax and ymin equal to 0. u2 and u3 can be
used to simulate dependent limit values.
Remarks:
Time constants |TN1|, |TN2|, |TZ1| or |TN1-TN2| smaller than 10-5 will automatically
be taken as 10-5.
u2
K
y1
u1 f(s)
u3
u3ymin
Impermissible:
Limitation:
The limitation is of the "windup" type. If you want to deactivate the limitation
function, you must set ymax and ymin equal to 0. u2 and u3 can be used to
simulate dependent limit values.
u2ymax
u2
K
y1
u1 f(s)
u3
u3ymin
Impermissible:
|a0|, |a3| or |b0| smaller than 10-8
Any value smaller than 10-8 will be taken internally as 10-8.
Limitation:
The limitation is of the "windup" type. If you want to deactivate the limitation
function, you must set ymax and ymin equal to 0. u2 and u3 can be used to
simulate dependent limit values.
u2ymax
u2
K
y1
u1 f(s)
u3
u3ymin
b o + b1 s + b 2 s 2 + b 3 s 3 + b 4 s 4 u1 or y1 Iterative initialization
y1 = u
a o + a1 s + a 2 s 2 + a 3 s 3 + a 4 s 4
1 without limits
permissible
Impermissible:
|a0|, |a4| or |b0| smaller than 10-8
Any value smaller than 10-8 will be taken internally as 10-8.
Limitation:
The limitation is of the "windup" type. If you want to deactivate the limitation
function, you must set ymax and ymin equal to 0. u2 and u3 can be used to
simulate dependent limit values.
Binary - Not
Functional description:
Negation of a binary variable.
u1 y1
Remark:
A variable or a controller signal is logically TRUE if its numerical value is
larger than or equals 0.5.
Binary - And
Functional description:
"AND" function of two binary variables.
u1 K
y1
f(u1,u2)
u2
Remark:
A variable or a controller signal is logically TRUE if its numerical value is
larger than or equals 0.5.
Binary - Or
Functional description:
"OR" function of two binary variables.
u1 K
y1
f(u1,u2)
u2
Remark:
A variable or a controller signal is logically TRUE if its numerical value is
larger or equal to 0.5.
Binary - Switch
Functional description:
Depending on the state of u1, the input signal u2 or u3 is switched through to
the output.
u2
K
y1
u1
u3
Remark:
A variable or a controller signal is logically TRUE if its numerical value is
larger or equal to 0.5.
u1 y1
A + B u1 + C u12
D + E u1 + F u12
IF-THEN-ELSE Switch
Functional description:
Depending on the value of u1 related to a constant K, u2 or u3 is switched to
the output. The operator between u1 and K is selectable.
u2
u1 y1
u3
Load Flow
The calculation parameters are entered with the help of a "Parameters" dialog. It
consists of the three tabs, Parameter, References and Area/Zone Control, which
are explained here.
Parameter
Calculation The Load flow can be calculated according to one of the fol-
method lowing methods (see Calculation methods and their appli-
cation on page 5-14):
Extended Newton-Raphson method
Current iteration method
Newton-Raphson method
Voltage drop (only for radial networks !)
Calculation with
Distributed slack Indicates, whether the load flow should be calculated with
distributed slack or not (see "Calculation with Distributed
Slack" on page 5-19).
Area control Indicates, whether the load flow should be calculated with
area control or not (see "Area/Zone Control (LF)" on page 5-
20).
Wheeling Option for Area control.
Option deactivated: The power exchange (calculated from
the transactions) takes place only over the elements connect-
ing the two network groups (tie elements).
Option activated: The power exchange defined for each
transaction, can involve other network groups, not participat-
ing in the transaction.
Wheeling is always allowed when calculating with the Newton
Raphson or current iteration method.
Load balance If checked, the load flow will be calculated with load balance.
The loads will be adjusted (see "Calculation with Load Bal-
ance" on page 5-19).
Set calculated Option for Load balance. If checked, the load will be set after
values a successful load flow calculation with load balance to the
calculated value. This is not valid for Load flow with Load pro-
file.
Transformer Indicates, whether the phase shifting of transformers should
phase shifting be considered or not. The phase shifting is always consid-
ered for asymmetrical load flow. This parameter is not yet
valid for Extended Newton Raphson Method.
Autom. trans- If checked, the taps of regulated transformers will be auto-
former regulation matically adjusted to obtain a node voltage Uset in %. If not
checked no transformers will be regulated.
Set taps to calcu- If checked, the actual transformer taps are set to the calcu-
lated values lated taps (Tap act = Tap cal).
Asymmetrical Indicates, whether the load flow will be calculated with sym-
network metrical or asymmetrical network structure. If calculating
symmetrical load flow, the asymmetrical elements are not
considered.
Control generator Indicates, whether the limits of synchronous machines are
limits controlled during LF calculation. If box is not checked, the
node type will not be changed during NR iteration (see
"Change of node type with Newton-Raphson method").
MW loss sensitiv- If the checkbox is checked, the change of the network active
ity: MW genera- power losses in respect to a change of active power in the
tion at all nodes respective node, will be calculated: dSPn=Ploss/Pn
MW loss sensitiv- If the checkbox is checked, the change of the network active
ity: MVAR gen- power losses in respect to a change of reactive power in the
eration at all respective node, will be calculated: dSQn=Ploss/Qn
nodes
Operational fre- Operating frequency in Hz. This value is considered, when a
quency load flow at a different frequency than the nominal system
frequency must be performed. The static of the generators
are taken into account (see "Synchronous Machine Data" in
chapter "Element Data Input and Models").
Result file
"" Its possible to write a result file (*.rlf) right after the calcula-
tion. Select the file destination and the file name.
This result file can be read by external programs, such as
Excel and the results can be evaluated in an arbitrary way.
Write after calcu- Check this option to write the result file right after the calcula-
lation tion.
Format 4.0 The File can be written in the old Format 4.x (checked) or in
Domestic units
P Active power in kW of one domestic unit. This value is used
for loads and line loads.
Cos(phi) Cos(phi) of domestic unit. This value is used for loads and
line loads.
Kn Interlacing factor for infinite number of domestic units. This
value is used for loads and line loads.
References
Reference for Maximum loading of element in the system (only relevant for
Elements %: evaluation option). Overloaded elements are presented in the
Summary of the load flow results.
Minimum Voltage Minimum value for node voltage with respect to nominal sys-
tem voltage (only relevant for evaluations). In the table, the
reference voltages can be entered individually for each node.
Voltages out of limits are presented in the Summary of the
load flow results.
Maximum Voltage Maximum value for node voltage with respect to nominal sys-
tem voltage (only relevant for evaluations). In the table, the
reference voltages can be entered individually for each node.
Voltages out of limits are presented in the Summary of the
load flow results.
Assign voltages: By pressing this button, the default minimum and maximum
All voltages will be assigned to every node.
Assign voltages: By pressing this button, the voltage level can be chosen, to
Voltage level which the default minimum and maximum voltages will be
assigned.
Results (LF)
Select Results
The nodes and elements to be presented in the result table, may be selected
here. In the menu point Show Results, it can be indicated if all elements and
nodes should be presented in the result table or just the ones selected in this ta-
ble.
Also for the single line diagram there is an option in the Load Flow tab of the Edit
Diagram Properties dialog to indicate if the results should be assigned to all
elements and nodes or only to those, selected in this Select Results table.
Show Results
The results can be represented in different tables, each with its specifique infor-
mation.
Summary A summary of the load flow will be displayed. It contains gen-
eral information about the network, the areas and the zones
and about overloaded elements and nodes with voltages out
of the range.
Node results The results of the nodes will be displayed.
Element results General results of elements will be displayed.
Detailed element All results of the elements will be displayed.
results
All results All results mentioned above will be presented here in one ta-
ble.
Units Output units for table list output. The following units are
available: V, kV, A, kA, kVA, MVA.
Result files Its possible to export or import results to or from a *.rlf file by
selecting the file and pressing the respective button.
These result files can be read by external programs, such as
Excel and the results can be evaluated in an arbitrary way.
The File can be written in the old Format 4.x or in a new
Format for V5.x.
Below you find a description of the output variables in the result tables:
Summary:
Area/Zone Indicates the network, area or zone, for which the following results
are valid.
P Loss Active power losses in MW, in the network group
Q Loss Reactive power losses in Mvar, in the network group.
P Imp Total imported active power in MW. The imported active power for
the network represents the total Slack power.
Q Imp Total imported reactive power in Mvar. The imported reactive
power for the network represents the total Slack power.
P Gen Total generated active power in MW, in the network group, includ-
ing the Slack.
Q Gen Total generated reactive power in Mvar, in the network group, in-
cluding the Slack.
P Load Total active load power in MW, in the network group.
Q Load Total reactive load power in Mvar, in the network group.
Qc Shunt Total capacitive reactive power in Mvar, of the shunts in the net-
work group.
Ql Shunt Total inductive reactive power in Mvar, of the shunts in the net-
work group.
Q Comp Total line compensation reactive power in Mvar, in the network
group.
In the summary the nodes, which are lower than the reference voltage UminRef or
higher than UmaxRef as well as the overloaded elements are reported.
Node results:
ID Identification number (ID) of the node.
Name Node name.
U [kV] Node voltage (line-earth phasor, but as line-line value) in kV.
u [%] Node voltage in % in respect to nominal node voltage.
U ang Voltage angle in , in respect to the slack voltage.
Sens. PG Sensitivity of the network MW losses for the node, due to a fictive
change of active power generation in the respective node.
dPL/dQP
Sens. QG Sensitivity of the network MW losses for the node, due to a fictive
change of reactive power generation in the respective node.
dPL/dQG
Description Description of the node.
Element results:
ID Identification number (ID) of the element.
Node name Node, the element is connected to (From Node).
Element name Name of the element.
Type Type of element.
P Active power flow through the element in MW.
Q Reactive power flow through the element in Mvar.
I Current flow through the element in kA.
Angle I Current angle in .
Loading Loading of the element in %.
P Loss Active power losses of the element.
Q Loss Reactive power losses of the element.
P Comp Active line compensation power in MW.
Q Comp Reactive line compensation power in Mvar.
Tap Calculated tap position of the transformer.
Ratio Calculated transformer ratio at "Tap act.".
Teta - Angle of the transformer ratio
- Firing angle or inition angle in of a HVDC
- Firing angel in of a TCSC
Overlap Overlap angle in for HVDC (Converter).
Margin Commutation margin angle in for HVDC (Converter)
B tot Total susceptance in mS of a SVC.
X tot Total reactance in Ohm of a TCSC.
U series Voltage drop in kV of a TCSC or Series voltage in kV of a
UPFC.
Ang. U series Angle of Voltage drop in of a TCSC or Angle of Series volt-
age in of a UPFC.
I shunt Shunt current in kA of a UPFC.
Ang. I shunt Angle of Shunt current in of a UPFC.
P exch Exchange active power in MW of a UPFC.
It means:
I: Vector of node currents
U: Vector of node voltages
Y: Network admittance matrix
S: Vector of node powers
Eliminating the vector of the node currents in the power equation, it is obvious,
that the load flow problem will lead to a quadratic non-linear equation system for
the unknown node voltages and given node powers. There are several methods
to solve the problem, thus e.g. Gauss-Seidel method, Newton-Raphson method or
a fast decoupled method. The methods used in this program are / 1 /
a current iteration method with the factorised, reduced Y-matrix and
Newton-Raphson method.
Calculation of node currents Ired from the given node powers Sred and the
node voltages Ured according to
I =S * U * 1 ,
red red red
whereby an estimated value is set for Ured in the first iteration step.
U = Y 1 (I Y U )
red red red sl sl
It means:
Ured: Vector of the complex node voltages without slack nodes
Ired: Vector of the complex node currents without slack nodes
The two iteration steps starts with U=1.0pu or a predefined value (see
"Calculation Parameters (LF)" on page 5-1, "initialization file") and are done until
the convergence criteria
n Ui + 1 Ui
=
i =1 Ui
If the algorithm diverges, the iteration is stopped after the maximum number of al-
lowable iterations. This value is given in the calculation parameters, input field
"Max.iteration".
n
S = ( P j Q ) U Y * U *
i i i i ik k
k =1
The complex voltages Uk have to be found, thus the error Si becomes zero. Pi
and Qi are the predefined active and reactive power. Yik is an element of the Y-
matrix of the i-th line and k-th column. The solution of above error equation con-
sists of three steps:
Calculation of the power mismatch with the help of the voltages for every
node
S i = Svori Sberi
Calculation of the voltage variations for every node with the Jacobi-matrix J
U = J 1 S
Calculation of the node voltages
Uneui = Ualt i U i
The two iteration steps starts with U=1.0pu or a predefined value (see
"Calculation Parameters (LF)" on page 5-1, "initialization file") and are done until
the convergence criteria
n
= S
i
i =1
is reached (see "Calculation Parameters (LF)" on page 5-1, "Conv.mismatch").
P = P0 (U/Un)xP Q = Q0 (U/Un)xQ
f0
Power P
P0
When the node voltages are known, the load flow, the node powers, the losses
and the mismatch can be calculated. The mismatch represents a balance of pow-
ers and is calculated as follows:
Smism = Stot + Sloss + Ssl + Sshunt
It means:
Stot: Sum of calculated node powers
Ssl: Power in the slack node,
Sloss: total network losses,
Sshunt: total shunt power.
The smaller the value for Smism, the better the load flow has converged.
- No remote control
The Voltage Drop should be used in
- Distribution and radial networks with domestic units (house hold)
The voltage drop calculation is only valid for radial networks with one in-
feeder (slack node).
The total active and reactive load power, inclusive domestic units, in the radial
network have to be calculated. The voltage of the neighbor node of the slack node
can be calculated with the slack voltage and the total power flow through the line:
Slack K1 K2 K3
S1 S2 S3
with:
UK1: Voltage in node K1
USl: Slack voltage
S1: Complex power through the line from slack node to node K1
(S1 = SK1 + SK2 + SK3)
ZL: Impedance of line
The power seen from node K1 into the network has to be calculated in order to
get the voltage at node K2 (S2 = SK2 + SK3). The voltage at K2 can be calculated
with the above formula, if exchanging UK1 with UK2 , USl with UK1 and S1 with S2.
This procedure is used until all node voltages in the radial network are calculated.
. Kn
10
K v = K n+
n DU
The factor Kn (default value 0.15) can be entered in the load flow parameter mask.
The powers used for calculating the voltages consists of two portions:
For the above example the following powers (PDU = 8 kW) are taken to calculate
the voltages (assumption: cos(phi) = 1.0).
PDU and cos(phi) can be entered in the load flow parameter mask. The factors g1
and g2 are constant simultaneity factors, which are entered in the load data mask.
The constant powers (20 kW and 10 kW) are multiplied by these factors.
Remark
Considering variable simultaneity factors the Kirchhoff current law is not fulfilled.
The variable simultaneity factors are not considered when calculating the voltage
drops according to Newton-Raphson or current iteration method!
Reference voltages
After the calculation the results are automatically inserted into the single line dia-
gram. For every node and element there is a box with results. The box position is
predefined by the program. The user can change the position clicking the box and
dragging the mouse. The new position will be saved.
In the menu option "Edit - Diagram Properties Load Flow Results" the variables
to be displayed can be defined, also after the calculation. In the same dialog the
user may enable or disable the result boxes.
With menu option "Analysis - Contingency Modes" the user can define all ele-
ments and nodes (single mode outage) which have to be disconnected during the
contingency analysis. Common mode outages can also be defined, that means,
that several nodes and/or several elements are disconnected at the same time.
Each element or node will be disconnected one-by-one and the load flow will be
calculated. In case of a common mode several elements/nodes are disconnected.
After the analysis the user can display the results, when selecting menu option
Analysis Contingency Analysis Show results. The number of overloaded
elements in function of the disconnected node(s)/element(s) is displayed. The
worst case is displayed at the top of list. Not only overloaded elements are taken
into account, but also all nodes with voltage outside the limits. The limits
"Max.loading", "UminRef", "UmaxRef" are entered in the parameter dialog box. Over-
loaded CTs and VTs are not considered, but the switches and the couplings.
If the corresponding parameter is active, the load flow will be calculated with a dis-
tributed slack. With this kind of calculation the active slack power will be dis-
tributed to predefined synchronous machines. In the input mask of synchronous
machines the portion of slack power can be entered. The active slack power can
be distributed from 0 to 100%. When calculating with distributed slack only one
slack node is possible.
If the corresponding calculation parameter is set, the load flow will be calculated
with load balance. With this kind of calculation the simultaneity factors of the loads
in a closed network are changed in the way that the measured active power or
current will be reached. The measured values are entered in a measurement de-
vice. The requirements are:
For a radial network one measurement device is sufficient to get load bal-
ance. Normally the measurement device is installed at the beginning of a
feeder. In a radial network there can be several measurement devices.
In closed loop networks there must be at least two measurement devices
In the balanced network there can also be infeed elements, like generators.
The program can handle any number of radial or closed networks. The net-
work between two measurement devices are balanced and a separate simul-
taneity factor will be calculated (see above).
The more measurements in the network, the more accurate will be the load
model.
If the measured values are given per phase, the sum of all powers or an av-
erage value for the current will be taken for symmetrical load flow.
Loads with simultaneity factor zero are not considered during the calculation.
After a successful calculation the simultaneity factor can be set automatically
by the program (see "Calculation Parameters (LF)" on page 5-1).
The accuracy of the load balance can be adjusted with the global conver-
gence criteria.
Example:
M e a s u re m e n t d e v ic e
2
1
A
B 3
In the above feeder the measurement devices 1 and 2 builds section A. All loads
in section A will be balanced in order to get the predefined powers or currents in
measurement devices 1 and 2. The same is valid for section B and C.
With the menu option "Calculation - Load flow Parameters Area/Zone Control"
the user can enter any number of MW power interchange transactions between
network groups (areas, zones). In order to activate power interchange control the
user must check the option "Area control" in the Load Flow Parameter mask.
The Load Flow calculation module modifies the total generated power per network
group, so that the network group power flows (MW) over the tie elements (ele-
ments connecting this network group with other groups) satisfy the transactions.
The definition and assignment of zones and areas is explained in detail in the Tu-
torial chapter.
The following rules hold, when using Area/Zone control:
All network groups must build an interconnected network.
The user can enable or disable Wheeling: If Wheeling is allowed then the
MW power set in the transaction between network group From and network
group To can flow over other network groups. Otherwise only the elements
connecting these two groups (if any) carry the scheduled MW power.
In general there is no hierarchical structure in the definition of areas and
zones. Areas can contain more than one zones and vice versa. The only ex-
ception is in the case that the Control Type in the Area/Zone Control-tab
is set to Area & Zone Control. In this case no area overlapping is allowed
for zones (every zone must be contained entirely within one area) or vice
versa.
Only one slack node can be entered in the network. The area (zone) to which
the slack node belongs is the Slack Area (Slack Zone).
An area or zone can fulfill only one of the following tasks at the same time:
- working as a Slack Area or Zone
- controlling the total import/export (if "Wheeling" is activated) of the net-
work group or controlling the power exchange over a connection between
two network groups (if "Wheeling" is not activated).
It's also possible that an area or zone doesn't fulfill any of the tasks above,
i.e. it is not controlled.
For every node, not more than one of the two network groups (area, zone)
can be in control mode. It is not allowed for example that the area of node N1
controls MW import and its zone controls an other transaction or works as a
Slack network group. In other words, if an area fulfils a task (Control network
group or Slack Area), its zones can't have any tasks. If this rule is violated,
the user gets a relevant error message.
For every generator in a network group that is involved in a transaction, a
Slack Portion can be defined. It defines the percentage, with which the gen-
erator takes part in the import/export power regulation of its network group.
The Slack Portions of all generators of a network group are assumed to add
up to 100% (see respective field in the Synchronous Machine and Network
Feeder Parameters). If all slack portions in a controlled network group are
equal to zero, the program assumes equal slack portions for all generators in
this group.
Example:
Schedule:
From To Power in MW
Zone 1 Zone 2 150
Zone 1 Zone 2 50
Zone 2 Zone 1 100
Zone 3 Zone 2 50
Zone 3 Zone 4 100
100MW Slack
T12 Zone
Zone 1 Zone 2
controls T12
50MW
T32
Zone 3
Zone 4 100MW controls T32
controls T34 T34
As you see in the example, several transactions between the same two zones will
be added algebraically. The first one of these transactions defines which one of
the two zones is the "From network group".
During the calculation process, for each transaction a "control network group" will
be set. The algorithm is following the order of the schedule table and tries for
each transaction to set the "From network group" as the control group for the re-
spective power transmission. If the "From network group" has already been as-
signed to another task, the "To network group" will be set as the control group. In
case that the "To network group" is occupied as well by an other task, a network
group which is not involved in a transaction and which is connected to the "From
network group" or the "To network group" will take over the control of the power
transaction. If such a "free" network group doesn't exist, the Load Flow will not
start and the user has to change the transaction definitions (e.g. invert the "From
network group" with the "To network group", enter the transaction lines in an other
order etc.).
Avoid entering transactions with the slack area or slack zone in the From column.
This will result in an error of Node: Area and Zone controlled not allowed.
The transaction power in the connection lines between two network groups is con-
trolled next to the "From network group".
If a network group is connected to the Slack network group without transaction be-
tween them, then the Slack group will overtake its losses. Otherwise the network
group has to take over its own losses.
For "Area and Zone control", area overlapping of zones is not allowed. Transac-
tions can be entered between two areas or/and between two zones.
Example:
Schedule:
From To Power in MW
Zone 1 Zone 2 250
Zone 1 Zone 5 50
Zone 2 Zone 5 100
Zone 3 Zone 1 50
Zone 3
Zone 5 -50MW
150MW
Zone 4
0MW 20MW
20MW
In the example above the transmitted power over the tie elements between two
zones doesn't correspond to the transaction defined. Since wheeling is allowed,
the power flows can take also other ways than the direct connection. In this case
the total import/export of each network group is controlled to a value that corre-
sponds to the defined transactions.
With wheeling, also network groups can be involved in the power transmission,
which don't participate in the transaction, as it does zone 4 in our example.
The power control of each area or zone is working different, if the control type is
Area control or Zone control or if it is Area and Zone control.
cuit resp. the series impedance matrices but also with the coupling matrices. This
increases the calculation effort. The better way is to represent the 3-phase line
with one 3-phase line. The same is valid for a 2-phase line.
Calculation Parameters
Time
1 Load flow cal- The actual time is determined by the fields "Year", "Month",
culation Day" and "Time".
Year Year
Month Month
Day Day
Daytime Time of day
Load flow time The corresponding fields "from" and "to" determine the inter-
simulation val for the time simulation.
Year Year range
Month Month range
Day Day range
Daytime Time of day range
Time increase Increase in minutes, if field "Time" is active.
It is possible to combine several time ranges ("Year", "Month", "Day", and "Time")
in one time simulation. The increase for the ranges "Year", "Month" and "Day"
amounts to 1, for the range "Time" it must be determined by the user.
Options
Calculation
Apply scaling Determine, if the time-dependent characteristics should be
factors combined with the constant scaling factors.
Results: select nodes / elements
All nodes / Ele- Determination if the results of all elements/nodes have to be
ments calculated and stored or if the selection list has to be used.
According to list
Edit list... Selection of elements/nodes
Results: select variables to be stored
Result Files
It is possible to export the results into a text file if the last calculation was success-
ful.
Export-file
File name File name
Build after calcu- If active, the text file is automatically created after a success-
lation ful calculation.
Build Export File The text file is created, if this button is pressed.
Results
Summary
A short summary of the last calculation is displayed, if the menu option Calcula-
tion Loadflow with Load Profiles Summary... is choosen.
Graphical Results
To open the graphical result window choose "Analysis - Load Flow with Load Pro-
files Results Charts...".
Subchart settings
Subchart type Select time behavior or value range to be displayed.
Add curves manu- If checked, curves have to be added using the tab
ally Curves. If not checked, tab Curves isnt visible and
curves of the actual variant are automatically added ac-
cording to the following 4 subchart settings.
Variables to be displayed
Element type Type of element can be selected
Variable Type of variable in function of selected element type can
be chosen.
Nodes / Elements to be displayed
Select Select if all elements of the selected type are displayed or
only these defined in the list. The list can be defined by
pressing push button Edit list.
Axis properties
Select axis Select axis whose settings have to be displayed / changed.
Title Axis title. Only enabled if the corresponding check box
Automatic is not checked.
Resolution Specifies the resolution of the steps in between labels.
Only enabled if the corresponding check box Automatic is
not checked.
No of digits Number of label digits. Only enabled if the corresponding
check box Automatic is not checked.
Min Sets the axis minimum value. Only enabled if the corre-
sponding check box Automatic is not checked.
Max Sets the axis maximum value. Only enabled if the corre-
sponding check box Automatic is not checked.
Grid If checked grid lines are displayed.
Legend
Show legend If checked, legend will be displayed
Height Height of legend in % of subchart size
The tab Curves is visible only if Add curves manually is checked. Press the
Add Curve button to add a new curve to the subchart. Press the Edit Curve
button to change the settings of the selected curve.
Theory
The module Load Flow with Load Profiles makes a single load flow calculation
(forecast) or a sequence of load flow calculations (time simulation). The active
and reactive power of consumers and generators with assigned profile types or
measurement data are determined before each load flow calculation. The formula
for P(t) and Q(t) can be found in the corresponding element documentation (e.g.
synchronous machine).
The parameters can be entered after having chosen "Calculation - Optimal Power
Flow - Parameters". In this dialog box there is also a link to the load flow
parameters.
Parameters
Options
Slack Bus: Fix the bus voltage (complex) to the value given in the
Fix V to scheduled slack element(s) dialog(s).
value
PV Generators: Fix the bus voltage magnitude to the values given in the
Fix V to scheduled PV generators dialogs.
value
PV Generators: The limits of the active power of the PV Generators are
P Limits: Max, Min taken from the mask (Pmin..Pmax).
HVDC Converters Indicates the tolerance of the scheduled value for the
Relax Control by ..% variable (power, current, voltage) to be regulated by the
converter.
Regulating Keep the tap of regulating transformers constant to the
Transformers: Tap act value during the optimal power flow.
Constant tap
Regulating Indicates the tolerance of the scheduled value for the
Transformers: voltage or power to be regulated by the regulating
Relax Controls by.. transformer.
Variable Limits
Open Voltage Limits Indicates, whether the node voltage limits Umin and Umax
are checked during the optimization.
Open Branch Flow Indicates, whether the current Irmax or power voltage limits
Limits Srmax are checked during the optimization.
Shut down If activated, the program shuts down generators of any
Generators at Pmin type, which produce an active power equal or lower than
Pmin.
Shut down PQ-Gen. If activated, the program shuts down generators of the type
at Pmin PQ, which produce an active power equal or lower than
Pmin.
Optimal Solution
Set Values Indicates, if the optimization results concerning the control
variables of generators and transformers should be
assigned.
Discretize Variables If checked, there is a post-optimization step that
discretizes all non-continuous variables (taps, switched
shunt capacitor-blocks etc.)
Run Load Flow for Indicates, whether a load flow should start for initialization
initialization (recommended).
Calc. Sensitivities of If checked, the sensitivities of the objective functions will
Fobj. be calculated for each node and each line due to a change
of active or reactive power in a node or a change of the
capacitive reactance of a fictive serial line compensation.
The calculated sensitivities are:
dFObj/dPGj; dFObj/dQGj; dFObj/dXcj
Solver Solution File
Objective Function
Min/Max Choose if the objective type should be minimized or
maximized.
Objective Type Choose the objective type to be optimized. It may be
selected one of the following types.
- MW Losses
- Mvar Losses
- Generation costs
- MW Import
- Mvar Import
Network/Group Choose the network group, which should be optimized with
the defined objective function.
Insert By pressing the Insert-button the defined objective function
will be added in the table. The table may contain several
objective functions, which will be consider in the same
optimization process, if the checkbox Active is checked.
Active The objective function will be considered in the
optimization process if the checkbox is active.
Weight It's possible to have multi-objective optimization by
assigning nonzero weighting factors for the individual
objectives. The relative values of the weighting coefficients
usually correlate with the relative importance of the
individual objectives as well as with their relative
magnitude. For example the weighting coefficient of the
MW-losses objective is usually larger than the weighting
Limits
Default References
Loading of Elements Indicates the maximum loading of all elements in the
network. The loading will be checked during the
optimization unless the option "Open Branch Flow Limits"
in the Parameters tab is checked.
Minimum Voltage Default reference minimum voltage for nodes in the
network. This restriction will be checked during the
optimization unless the option "Open Voltage Limits" in the
Parameters tab is checked.
Maximum Voltage Default reference maximum voltage for nodes in the
network. This restriction will be checked during the
optimization unless the option "Open Voltage Limits" in the
Parameters tab is checked.
Relax Voltage Limits Indicates the tolerance in % of the maximum and minimum
by voltage limits.
Assign Voltages
All By pressing this button, the values inserted in the
(reference) Minimum Voltage and Maximum Voltage fields
are copied to the corresponding values of all nodes in the
table below.
Voltage level After pressing this button, a voltage level of the actual
network may be selected. The minimum and maximum
voltages of the nodes will then be updated by the
reference voltage values.
Remark: In the table below of the Default References, all the nodes are listed,
with their minimum and maximum reference voltages. They can also be edited
independently.
The upper and lower bounds can be entered individually at each node by opening
its input dialog. In the field Usoll the voltage can be fixed to the corresponding
value. If this field remains empty values for a lower and an upper bound of the
voltage magnitude can be entered in the fields Umin and Umax.
The minimum and maximum values of the node voltages can also be edited in the
Limits tab of the optimal power flow calculation parameters dialog.
A further possibility to modify the voltage bounds are provided by the input dialogs
of the network elements network feeder and synchronous machine. Here the input
fields Uoper and Ureg respectively provide the possibility to fix the voltage at the
corresponding node. However, this works only if the field Lf-Type is set to PV or
SL which corresponds to a voltage regulating element or a slack element respec-
tively. This way of initializing a fixed value of a nodal voltage overwrites the one
described first.
If there is a slack element (SL) and a voltage regulating element (PV) at the same
time connected to the same node the fixed voltage defined by the slack element
overwrites the fixed voltage of the PV element.
An upper bound for the maximum current magnitude can be defined for trans-
mission lines by writing a value in the input field Ir-max or Ir-min. An empty field
means there is no current constraint. Which one of the values from Ir-max or Ir-
min will be chosen as the limitation can be selected by activating the correspond-
ing check box from the window of the load flow parameters.
To define the upper bound for the power flow or the current flow of 2-winding
transformers there exits a sub mask Limits of the input mask for 2-winding
transformers. It is possible to choose between a constraint of the maximum power
flow, a constraint for the maximum current flow or none. Again the selection
between one of the values X-max or X-min will be made by activating the corre-
sponding check box from the dialog box of the load flow parameters. If the current
flow magnitude is limited it is possible to define a value for the primary side of the
transformer and one for the secondary side of the transformer. Empty input fields
mean there is no upper bound for the flow variables.
Actually there are two OPF runs if there are regulated 2-winding transformers in
the input data set. First the tap settings are considered as continuous variables
and optimized. For a second run of the OPF they are fixed to the next possible
discrete value. The solution of the second run might be not feasible even if the
first run converges. In this case the OPF outputs the solution of the first run and
prints a warning message to the log-file.
Solver Parameters
Major Iterations If the optimization exits with the message Too many
iterations then increase this parameter.
Minor Iterations Normally should not be modified.
Total Iterations If the optimization exits with the message Too many
iterations then increase this parameter.
Results (OPF)
Select Results
The nodes and elements to be presented in the result table, may be chosen here.
In the menu point Show Results, the user can decide by clicking a checkbox, if
he wants to see all elements and nodes in the table or only the ones selected
here.
Also its possible to assign the results to every element and node of the network
plan, or only to the elements and nodes chosen here. In the menu point Edit
Diagram Properties Labels, a respective box may be checked.
Show Results
The results can be represented in different tables, each with its specifique
information.
Summary A summary of the load flow will be displayed. It contains
general information about the network, the areas and the
zones and about overloaded elements and nodes with
voltages out of the range.
Node results The results of the nodes will be displayed.
Element results General results of elements will be displayed.
Detailed element All results of the elements will be displayed.
results
All results All results mentioned above will be presented here in one
table.
Units Output units for table list output. The following units are
available: V, kV, A, kA, kVA, MVA.
Result files Its possible to export or import results to or from a *.rlf file by
selecting the file and pressing the respective button.
These result files can be read by external programs, such as
Excel and the results can be evaluated in an arbitrary way.
The File can be written in the old Format 4.x or in a new
Format for V5.x.
Summary:
Area/Zone Indicates the network, area or zone, for which the following results
are valid.
P Loss Active power losses in MW, in the network group
Q Loss Reactive power losses in Mvar, in the network group.
P Imp Total imported active power in MW (total Slack power).
Q Imp Total imported reactive power in Mvar (total Slack power).
P Gen Total generated active power in MW, in the network group,
including the Slack.
Q Gen Total generated reactive power in Mvar, in the network group,
including the Slack.
P Load Total active load power in MW, in the network group.
Q Load Total reactive load power in Mvar, in the network group.
Qc Shunt Total capacitive reactive power in Mvar, of the shunts in the
network group.
Ql Shunt Total inductive reactive power in Mvar, of the shunts in the
network group.
Q Comp Total line compensation reactive power in Mvar, in the network
group.
Node results:
ID Identification number (ID) of the node.
Name Node name.
U [kV] Node voltage in kV.
u [%] Node voltage in % in respect to nominal node voltage.
U ang Voltage angle in , in respect to the slack voltage.
Sens. PG Sensitivity of the objective function, due to a fictive change of
active power generation in the respective node. The objective
function is defined in the corresponding tab of the calculation
parameters.
Sens. QG Sensitivity of the objective function, due to a fictive change of
reactive power generation in the respective node. The objective
function is defined in the corresponding tab of the calculation
parameters.
Description Description of the node.
Zone Zone, the node belongs to.
Area Area, the node belongs to.
Partial Number of the partial network, the node belongs to.
network
These considerations lead to the following description of the OPF program. The
OPF optimizes (minimizes or maximizes) an objective function subject to a set of
equality and inequality constraints. The objective function as well as the
constraints can be formulated as non linear equations.
The OPF is fully integrated into the NEPLAN program environment. The
component of the high voltage power system are interfaced like in the power flow
calculation. The OPF results are written to result boxes of the graphical user
interface of the NEPLAN program as well as in a separate text file. In the following
this file will be called the result file.
Objective Function
The minimization of the active power losses can be formulated as a sum of the
active power losses of the passive network elements. The active power losses of
an element is the total of the active power flow which flows into the element.
Figure 1 shows the calculation of the losses of a transmission line.
Pji
Pij
i Line j
All elements connecting a bus bar with the earth potential (shunt elements, loads,
generators, etc.) and the reduced elements (series and shunt equivalents) are
excluded from the objective function. Excluding the network equivalents from the
objective function provides the possibility to apply the objective function only to a
limited region of the network, which is of interest to the user.
To obtain a minimization of the total generator costs a quadratic curve for each
generator must be entered. The quadratic curve
C ( P) = a P 2 + b P + c
The menu command "Calculation - Optimal Power Flow - Calculation" starts the
OPF. The optimization might take a few minutes when applied to networks with
several hundreds of nodes. After termination the user receives one of the
following messages:
In case a first run of the program does not find an optimal solution (and perhaps
an infeasible problem is indicated) the upper and lower bounds of the voltages
and flows might be set too tight. The user can select between different options for
the next trials: The option Open Branch Flow Limits ignores the constraints
dealing with the limitation of power flows and current flows of the branches. The
option Open Voltage Limits ignores the constraints dealing with the limitations of
the nodal voltage magnitude, except the voltage magnitude at slack nodes.
Alternatively the user can relax the above mentioned limits by increasing the
Loading of elements and/or setting a nonzero Relax Voltage Limits tolerance.
After a successful run, the listing can be activated with "Result - List - Last
calculation".
Similar to the power flow calculation it is possible to calculate a part of the network
only. The menu command "Calculation - Optimal Power Flow - Calculation of par-
tial network" starts this option.
Short Circuit
The calculation parameters are entered with the help of a Parameters dialog. It
consists of the three tabs, Parameter, Faulted Nodes, Faulted lines, Special Fault,
which are explained here.
Parameter
Reference for Allowable limit for bus bar and element stress in %. During SC-
element load- calculation the CTs/VTs, the protection devices and the
ing switches are evaluated.
Faulted nodes
The user can define faults at any nodes in the network. In this tab, the nodes
where a short circuit should take place, can be selected from a list of all existing
nodes. The type of fault has to be chosen in the Parameter tab.
IEC909:
Input of the network type for calculating Ik" (see also "Theory of Short Circuit Cal-
culation" on page 9-15).
The Network type for Ik"-calculation can be changed in the list of the selected
fault nodes. For every fault node, a short circuit calculation will be made. Thats
why the network type has to be defined for every fault node.
The following network types are possible :
For short circuit calculation in a single-fed network the input "Automatic" should be
selected.
ANSI/IEEE
Input of the interrupting time in cycles of the circuit breakers, which are built in at
fault location. This value is used to calculate circuit breaker characteristic factors
for the short circuit calculation. The interrupting time will be taken from the input
data of the circuit breaker at faulted node. If there is no breaker explicitly built in at
faulted node, the interrupting time can be entered respectively changed here.
The number of cycles as well as the type of short circuit can be changed in the list
of the selected nodes. The following cycles and short circuit types can be entered:
Cycles
Number Number of cycles. Possible values: 2, 3, 5, 8
Short circuit
Automatic: The program determines the type of short circuit: generator
near or generator far fault.
Generator near: The program calculates the interrupting current for a
generator near short circuit. The multiplying factor is taken
from the tables in fig. 8 and 9 of the ANSI/IEEE standard
C37.010-1979.
Generator far: The program calculates the interrupting current for a gen-
erator far short circuit. The multiplying factor is taken from
the table in fig. 10 of the ANSI/IEEE standard C37.010-
1979.
Faulted lines
The user can define faults on any line in the network. In this tab, the lines where a
short circuit should take place, can be selected from a list of all existing lines. The
type of fault has to be chosen in the Parameter tab.
In the same manner as described for the Faulted nodes, the network type respec-
tively the number of cycles for an ANSI/IEEE short circuit calculation has to be en-
tered for every faulted line. Additionally the distance in percentage (%) from the
"From node" (starting node of line) has to be indicated. At this fault distance, a fic-
titious node will be created internally. The whole length of the line is 100%, but the
value 100% can not be entered, because this node has already been given as "To
node". Analogous is valid for distance 0%.
Remark:
If a line is faulted, the starting and ending nodes may not be faulted too. In the
single line diagram the results of a line fault are attached to the starting or to the
ending node depending of the fault distance. In the output listing a line fault is
treated as a normal faulted node.
Special fault
The "Special fault" tab in the short circuit parameters dialog allows the input of
special fault types. The definition of special faults is based on the following idea:
Given are at maximum 3 faulted nodes (node 1, node 2, node 3) with each 3
phases L1, L2, L3 (3x3 poles). An additional and independent node is the earth
(node 0). The user can connect arbitrary poles through an impedance (Rf, Xf),
which can also be zero. It is also possible to connect a pole to earth. Examples
are given below.
Fault description
Insert With this button, a new table line, respectively a new fault defini-
tion may be inserted. An arbitrary number of connections can be
entered.
Delete With this button, the marked table lines, respectively fault defini-
tions may be deleted.
Export to Li- The fault definitions entered in the table can be exported to a li-
brary brary.
Fault type Arbitrary name of the fault type. If the fault definitions will be im-
ported from a library, the fault type may be chosen, by pressing
the button .
Fault de- Description of the fault type.
scription
Table entries
From Node Starting node of the connection. Possible values are: "1", "2", "3".
Phase From Phase of the starting node of the connection. Possible values
are:"L1", "L2", "L3".
To Node Ending node of the connection. Possible values are: "0", "1", "2",
"3". "0" means earth.
Phase To Phase of the starting node of the connection. Possible values
are:" ", "L1", "L2", "L3". " " means earth.
Rf Real part of the connection impedance between the poles in
Ohm.
Xf Imaginary part of the connection impedance between the poles in
Ohm.
Assignment of the faulted nodes to network nodes
Node 1 Network node, which corresponds to faulted node 1 of the Fault
description. Pressing "" all network nodes are listed.
Node 2 Network node, which corresponds to faulted node 2 of the Fault
description.
Node 3 Network node, which corresponds to faulted node 3 of the Fault
description.
Node 1
L1
L2
L3
Zf = 2.0 Ohm
1 L3 0 2.0 0.0
Fault type B: Double earth fault at node 1 (phase L2) and node 2 (phase L3)
Node 1 Node 2
L1
L2
L3
Fault type C: 1-phase fault between all three nodes. The nodes can be from dif-
ferent networks and/or from different voltage levels.
Remark 1:
If the user will calculate an open conductor series line fault (e.g. phase L1), he
must proceed as follows:
1) Disconnect the line (A to B) at the fault location by inserting two new nodes
(H1 H2).
A H1 H2 B
L1
L2
L3
The faulted node 1 corresponds to network node H1 and the faulted node 2 to
network node H2.
When calculating a special fault on a line, a new node has always to be inserted
in the line at the moment.
Remark 2:
It is advisable to choose the superposition method when performing special faults.
In this case the fault voltages are correct.
Results (SC)
After the calculation the results are automatically inserted into the single line dia-
gram. For every node and element there is a box with results. The box position is
predefined by the program. The user can change the position clicking the box and
dragging the mouse. The new position will be saved. The abbreviations are given
below.
Show Results
Fault currents Short circuit results of the nodes and elements in the defined
fault distance will be presented.
Currents at fault Only short circuit results of the faulted nodes will be pre-
location sented.
Node voltages Voltages of the faulted nodes are displayed.
Result files Its possible to export or import results to or from a file by se-
lecting the file and pressing the respective button.
These result files can be read by external programs, such as
Excel and the results can be evaluated in an arbitrary way.
The File can be written in the old Format 4.x or in a new
Format for V5.x.
Units Output units for table list output. The following units are
available: V, kV, A, kA, kVA, MVA.
Results selection The values or quantities, which have to be displayed in the
result tables can be selected here.
Below you find a description of the output variables in the result tables:
ID Identification number (ID) of the faulted node, for which the re-
sults are indicated.
Fault location Name of the faulted nodes, for which the results are indicated.
Un Nominal system voltage Un in kV of the faulted node
.. Selected results
Abbreviations:
ID Identification number (ID) of the faulted node
Abbreviations:
ID Identification number (ID) of the element connected with the
faulted node.
From node Name of From node (faulted node).
To node Name of To node.
Element Name of the element.
name
Type Type of the element, e.g. line, 2W-Transformer, generator,
Results Currents, which flows from From node to To node caused by
the fault in node of block 1.
Block3: Voltages at nodes, which are connected through elements with the
faulted node
ID From To Distance Element Type Un Results
Node node from fault name Voltages
1236 ONE 1
220.00
Abbreviations:
ID Identification number (ID) of the node, which is connected
through elements with the faulted node.
From node Name of the node, which is connected through elements with the
faulted node.
Distance Gives the distance of the node in respect of the faulted node.
Un Nominal system voltage of the node in kV, which is connected
through elements with the faulted node.
Abbreviations:
ID Identification number (ID) of the elements, which are connected
with the node of block3.
From node Name of From node.
To node Name of To node.
Element Name of the element.
name
Type Type of the element, e.g. line, 2W-Transformer, generator,
Results Currents, which flows from From node to To node caused by
the fault in node of block 1.
Blocks 1 and 2 are always displayed. The number of blocks 3 and 4 depends on
the Fault Distance entered in the Calculation Parameters.
Node voltages:
ID Identification number (ID) of node, for which the voltages are in-
dicated.
Name Name of node.
Faulted Indicates the faulted node.
Un System nominal voltage of node.
UL-E (RST) Fault voltage (line to earth). (Phase system)
Ang U L-E Angle of fault voltage (line to earth). (Phase system)
(RST)
UL-L (RST) Fault voltage (line to line). (Phase system)
For asymmetrical faults all results (phases L1, L2, L3) can be displayed, for sym-
metrical faults only results of phase L1 are displayed.
Only the voltages of the 0.5 cycles network will be reported when calculat-
ing according to ANSI/IEEE.
The behavior of a power system during short circuit can be represented by a net-
work equivalent consisting of a prefault voltage source U0k and the network im-
pedance Zkki for the positive, negative and zero sequence system at the faulted
node. The infeed elements such as network feeders, generators and asynchro-
nous motors are modeled by an impedance Ze and their source voltage (EMF).
During calculation they will be changed to equivalent current sources.
Assuming symmetrical structure and supplying of the power system the symmetri-
cal components are only interconnected at the fault location. The interconnection
will be defined by the fault equations. The equations are dependent on the fault
type:
U0
Ik " = k
1 Zk
1
Ik " = 0
2
Ik " = 0
0
U0
Ik " = k
1 Zk + Zk + Zk
1 2 0
Ik " = Ik "
2 1
Ik " = Ik "
0 1
U0
Ik " = k
1 Zk + Zk
1 2
Ik " = Ik "
2 1
Ik " = 0
0
(
U 0 Zk + Zk )
Ik " =
( )
k 2 0
1 Zk Zk + Zk + Zk Zk
1 2 0 2 0
Zk
Ik " = Ik " 0
2 1 Zk + Zk
2 0
Zk
Ik " = Ik " 2
0 1 Zk + Zk
2 0
It means:
U0k: Operating voltage or prefault voltage at faulted node k.
Zkki: Network impedance at faulted node of positive (i=1), negative (i=2) and
zero (i=0) sequence system.
Iki": Initial short circuit current at faulted node of positive (i=1), negative (i=2)
and zero (i=0) sequence system.
The currents of the infeed elements Ie for the superposition method are calculated
as Ie = EMF / Ze. Ze is the internal impedance of infeed elements. The prefault
voltages U0 may be calculated from the network equation U = Y-1 Ie. The pre-
fault voltage of the node k is U0k. The internal voltage (EMF) of the infeed ele-
ments are
of the node's nominal system voltage as a set value (the parameter "calculation
method" must be set to "superposition without LF") or
calculated from the load flow results. The calculation will be done with the help
of the complex voltages and powers at the nodes. The load flow calculation
must have been calculated before and the parameter "calculation method"
must have been set to "superposition with LF".
The IEC909 method set the prefault voltage at faulted node per definition to
U0k=cUn, whereby the currents of infeed elements Ie are set to zero. The voltage
factor c is dependent on the nominal system voltage at fault location and is de-
fined by the standard. The factor c will be set automatically by the program.
The ANSI/IEEE method set the prefault voltage at faulted node per definition to
U0k= Eoper and the currents of infeed elements Ie are set to zero. The value Eoper
is an input value (see "Calculation Parameters (SC)" on page 9-1) and is the
highest operating voltage in pu at fault location. For calculating the interrupting
duty of a breaker the current will be multiplied by a factor, which is a function of
the X/R ratio at fault location.
The network impedances Zkk1, Zkk2 and Zkk0 can be computed from the net-
work equations U = Y-1I of positive, negative and zero sequence system.
Typical quantities of the short circuit current are the peak current, the breaking
current, the steady state current and the thermal current. The IEC or ANSI/IEEE
gives the method how to calculate these quantities from the initial short circuit cur-
rent.
cially in a planning state, where the load flow can only be approximated. Moreover
the load flow which will lead either to a maximum or to a minimum short circuit
current at the different locations of the system is hard to find.
G
3~ F
Q B
G
3~
M
3~
F
Q B
Z
~
G F
3~
M
3~
Fig. 9.3 Short circuit from non-meshed sources over a common impedance
G
3~
M M M
3~ 3~ 3~
For the calculation of the initial short circuit current Ik" and of the peak current Ip
the results are independent of the network type.
ip = 2 Ik "
To compute the ratio R/X the method of the equivalent frequency is used, that
means that the following term is used R/X=Rc/Xc(fc/f). Rc and Xc are the equiva-
lent resistance and reactance at fault location with the equivalent frequency fc.
Zc=Rc+j2PifcLc is the impedance as seen from the fault location if an equiva-
lent voltage source as the only active voltage is applied with the frequency
fc=20Hz (for f=50Hz system frequency) or fc=24Hz (for 60Hz system frequency).
To compute the branch currents the ratio R/X of the branches or the ratio R/X at
fault location are used, depending on the Calculation Parameter entry.
When calculating special faults (e.g. double earth faults) the factor kappa is calcu-
lated in the same way as for symmetrical 3-phase short circuits and if several
faulted nodes are involved, the largest kappa-value is taken.
Ib = Ik "
The factor (mue) will be calculated according to IEC and is a function of the ratio
Ik"/IrG and of the minimum time delay tmin of the circuit breakers (Ik": initial short
circuit current; IrG: rated current). The minimum time delay is an input value and
will be introduced in the dialog of the calculation parameters (see "Calculation
Parameters (SC)" on page 9-1).
For motors the breaking current Ib is
Ib = q Ik"
- SC in a meshed network:
3
Ib = Ik"
i
( i
)
UG " 1 IkG " UM " 1 q IkM "
c Un i i j j j j
j
with
cUn/3: Equivalent voltage source at fault location
Ik": Initial short circuit current
UG"i, UM"j: Initial voltage differences at the connection point of synchro-
nous machine i and of asynchronous machine j
IkG"i, IkM"j: Initial short circuit currents of synchronous machine i and
asynchronous machine j
Ib = Ibi
i
Ibi represents the breaking current of the active element i, which is connected to
the faulted node.
Ib = Ibi
Ibi represents the breaking current of the active element i, which is connected to
the faulted node.
When calculating asymmetrical and special faults it is set: Ib = Ik".
Ik = IrG
The factor lambda is a function of Xdsaturated, Ufmax/Ufr, Ik"/IrG and the type of
machine (turbo or salient pole). These parameters are input values, except the ini-
tial sc current Ik" (see "Synchronous Machine Data" in chapter "Element Data In-
put and Models"). IrG is the rated current of the machine. A minimum or a maxi-
mum -factor can be calculated. Depending on the input in the field "Ik"maximum"
of the calculation parameter dialog the minimum res. maximum initial short circuit
current and the steady state current are calculated.
For calculation of the minimum steady state current compound excited generators
are treated different.
Ith = Ik" m + n
The factor m takes into account the thermal influence of the aperiodic component
of short circuit current and the factor n the thermal influence of the alternating
component of short circuit current. The factor m is a function of kappa and short
circuit duration Tks. The factor n is a function of ratio Ik"/Ik, factor kappa and short
circuit duration (see "Calculation Parameters (SC)" on page 9-1, input field
"Tshort Ith").
2f t R / X
i = 2 Ik" e
DC
with f as frequency, t as short circuit duration and R/X as ratio of real- to imaginary
part of the impedance. The R/X-ratio is calculated according to the equivalent fre-
quency method (see above, calculation of peak current Ip). The short circuit dura-
tion t is input value, input field "Tshort iDC" (see "Calculation Parameters (SC)"
on page 9-1).
When calculating special faults (e.g. double earth faults) the factor R/X is calcu-
lated in the same way as for symmetrical 3-phase short circuits and if several
faulted nodes are involved, the smallest R/X-value is taken.
I = Ib 2 + i 2
asy DC
with Ib: breaking current and iDC: D.C. component of short circuit current.
The ANSI/IEEE-currents
According to ANSI/IEEE the currents are calculated in order to be able to select a
circuit breakers. There are three different currents:
Symmetrical 0.5 cycles current Ik"
Asymmetrical 0.5 cycles current Iasy
Symmetrical x cycles (interrupting) current Ia (x: input value, e.g. 3, 4, 5, 8)
Steady state (30 cycles) current Ik
For all three times (0.5, x, 30 cycles) a separate network must be built up. All fault
voltage are reported for the 0.5 cycles network.
E
oper
Ia = f SC
Zki
1
The impedance at fault location Zki1 will be found from the complex Y-matrix of
the positive system, which is different to that one for calculating Ik". The factor fSC
will be calculated with the help of X/R- resp. Zki1/R-ratio, the type of network
(generator near or far) and the type of short circuit (symmetrical or asymmetrical
fault). The value for the resistance R will be found from a separate Y-matrix, which
contains only the resistive part of the network. The value for fSC can be found from
figures 8, 9 and 10 of ANSI-standard C37.010-1979. The program reports the
value E/Z as well:
E
oper
Ia =
Zki
1
E
oper
Ik =
Zkk
1
The impedance at fault location Zkk1 will be found from the complex Y-matrix of
the positive system, which is different to that one for calculating Ik" and Ia.
d
X
d
3 V X d X d d Xd X d
With P = rated power, V= rated maximum voltage and the reactance values of the
generator in pu.
Selectivity Analysis
Installation
The following files belong to the selectivity module:
Program files :
D_SelModul.exe German program version
E_SelModul.exe English program version
SelDevic.dll Protection devices
SelInter.dll Interface to the interactive graphic
Mfc42d.dll, Microsoft program libraries
Msvcrtd.dll
Mcontr32.dll Control functions
Libraries :
*.sd1 Characteristics
*.sd2 Protective modules
*.sd3 Protection devices
Project files :
*.sel Protection devices and diagrams
The program registers itself in the registry the first time it is launched. This permits
standard Explorer features to be used such as double-clicking on files to open, file
dragging, and opening or printing files from the Explorer context menu.
A file format change was required; files created with the previous module (up to
version 4.1) can be read and edited. Back conversion is not possible without a
partial loss of data.
The customary file backup mechanism has been implemented: existing files are
saved with a modified extension (*.s_1 or *.s_2 ...).
General
The user interface and handling of the program corresponds to current standards.
Launching the program does not create a new empty document as in Word or
Excel, for example. The user uses the menu to determine the type of library
(characteristics, protection modules...) or the project file to be created/opened.
Multiple files (*.sd1, *.sd2...) can be opened and edited; files can also be merged.
Access to the contents of the file is realized via the list of elements; double-
clicking on an element opens the editing dialog.
If different file types are to be associated, for example to transfer characteristics to
modules, the "?" function always applies to the library that last had the focus. For
users, this means that they must open and focus on the required library in time
when entering data (before inserting the new element).
System parameters
The system parameters that are stored in a user-specific manner in the registry
include the user ID for the table header and the settings of folders for data and
libraries. The dialog is opened via the "Tools System Parameters..." menu.
Project information
Each project file contains project-specific information which is important for the
documentation. The dialog is opened via the "Tools Project Information..."
menu.
The table header can be taken over from the system parameters with the "read in"
button.
The following output languages are currently available:
German - with decimal comma
General
The selectivity analysis module must be enabled for access to the "advanced"
protection device data; see "Info Modules..." and activation of the menu option
"Calculation Current-Time Protection".
The protection device data is stored in a separate file with the extension *.sel. The
program automatically loads this file together with the project data (*.mcb). This
requires both files to have the same name.
The data is associated through the unambiguous element name and an internal
ID. The protection device data that was previously managed separately (up to
V4.1) can be used without changes. Preparatory processing with the SelModul
may be necessary to update the protection device data.
Alternatively, a list of protection devices can also be used for access. The list can
be called up using the "Calculation Time Overcurrent Protection Protection
Devices..." menu. This list contains all protection devices, i.e. also those that are
not shown in the graphic.
The basis for determining the response time from the characteristic is the branch-
circuit current in the branch to which the protection device is assigned. After the
calculation, this current is also shown in the protection device dialog.
As a rule, short-circuit current calculations should be made with only one
fault location and large fault distance !
The diagram can be edited normally, for example by adding or deleting protection
devices. When the dialog is closed with "OK", the diagram is saved and can be
called up using the list.
Parameters
A dialog for the parameters of the protection device file can be called up using the
"Calculation Current-Time Protection Parameters..." menu. The headlines
entered here and the output language will become effective in the documentation
(see chapter Project information on page 16-4).
General
The response of the current-time protection devices are visualized in the current-
time diagrams. The response time is shown in dependence upon current. The
characteristics must always slope downward, i.e. the response time becomes
shorter (or remains the same) as the current rises.
1000 s
100 s
10 s
1,0 s
0,100 s
0,010 s
0,100 Ir 1,0 Ir 10 Ir 100 Ir
Diagram properties
The appearance and properties of the diagrams can be altered. This can be done
using the context menu that can be called up with the right mouse button. The
context menus vary according to the diagram types, but generally contain the
following options:
The display of the axis legends can also be toggled here, as in the context
menu.
The fonts for the axis legends can be selected using a standard dialog. The
same font is used for all diagrams!
The display of the dashed lines for each decade can be toggled. This option
is also available in the context menu.
Enabling "Grid detailed" results in a complete divisioning of the decades by
tens.
Activating the "Insert, Move, Delete Points" option (1) enables the direct graphical
editing of the characteristic with the mouse. A variety of cursor shapes are used.
The mouse coordinates are displayed dynamically in both editing fields (2). When
a point of a characteristic has been marked (3), the coordinates of that point are
statically displayed and can be edited. Precise numerical values can thus be
entered. New characteristic points can also be entered using the input fields.
The processing of the characteristic has been substantially improved over the old
program version. "Reversed" characteristics no longer occur. A complex algorithm
corrects the points as required to ensure a continuously declining characteristic.
Functions to simplify the creation and editing of characteristics:
Any characteristics from the current file can be selected as a "template" (4).
The old characteristic is used as a template by default when editing existing
characteristics, thus ensuring that changes are immediately visible.
Standard characteristics (5) can serve as the basis of a new curve.
Moving complete characteristics using factors permits the simple generation
of suitable tolerance curves (6)
The buttons for global function are now marked with icons instead of text:
"Undo" (7) and "Redo" (8)
"Copy" (9) and "Load" (10)
All processing steps can be undone; the redo function, i.e. to undo an undo
operation, does not work yet.
Diagram properties
The appearance and properties of the diagrams can be altered. Ensure that no
points are selected when calling up the context menu with the right mouse button
(see Diagram properties on page 16-10). The diagram properties are stored in
the Windows registry.
Delete..points
Click on a point with the mouse.
The checkbox of the function will remain activated until it is unchecked or an input
is made in an input field.
Alternatively, the point can be selected with a mouse click; the right mouse button
will then bring up the following context menu:
(6) Definition of the possible options for (5), see Characteristics on page 16-
18.
(7) Selection field for the reference value of the current setting; available
options are:
- Rated current Ir
- Basic current Ib
- Total current I0
- Basic current Ib0
- Setting I1 of 1st protection stage
(8) The type name will be displayed here if the module contains current-time
characteristics that have been defined point-by-point, i.e. if "i/t
characteristic" has been defined as a possible option under (6); The "..."
button calls up the dialog for the selection/input of characteristics (see
Characteristics and tolerances on page 16-21).
(9) Definition of the current and time setting ranges; see Coding of the setting
ranges on page 16-22.
(10) Input of positive and negative tolerances; see Tolerances on page 16-22.
(11) Input of the "basic time" tb of the characteristic or the factor for the sloping
of corners in the case of definite-time overcurrent-time modules.The rate
of rise of a current-dependent characteristic, i.e. the response time of the
relay, can be set with the time setting "t /p.u.". A value of t = 1.0 p.u. (if
tb=1s) results in the original characteristic.
A number of manufacturers specify the response time at a multiple of the
current setting (generally a factor of 6 or 10) for the time setting. In this
case the time reference value can be entered as "tb /s"; the original
settings should then be entered under "t /p.u.".
Characteristics
The selection field for the characteristic of the protection module (5) contains only
those characteristics that have been defined as selectable. The "..." button (6)
opens the following dialog for this purpose:
I-t characteristics
The "i-t characteristic" option for the characteristic is further subdivided in the
options (1), (2) and (3). The different processing of the characteristics is shown in
the following graphics.
100 s 100 s
10 s 10 s
1,0 s 1,0 s
0,100 s 0,100 s
0,010 s 0,010 s
0,100 Ir 1,0 Ir 10 Ir 100 Ir 0,100 Ir 1,0 Ir 10 Ir 100 Ir
100 s 100 s
10 s 10 s
1,0 s 1,0 s
0,100 s 0,100 s
0,010 s 0,010 s
0,100 Ir 1,0 Ir 10 Ir 100 Ir 0,100 Ir 1,0 Ir 10 Ir 100 Ir
100 s 100 s
10 s 10 s
1,0 s 1,0 s
0,100 s 0,100 s
0,010 s 0,010 s
0,100 Ir 1,0 Ir 10 Ir 100 Ir 0,100 Ir 1,0 Ir 10 Ir 100 Ir
Two characteristics can be specified to depict the tolerance band of the protective
function. If only one characteristic is stated, the information pertaining to the
tolerance band becomes effective and the program calculates the minimum and
maximum characteristics on he basis of the basic characteristic.
The following coding is generated using the settings when loading old data that
only contains the upper and lower limits of the setting ranges. Subsequent editing
is generally required.
No minimum value (min): min = setting (act)
No maximum value (max): max = act
min = max = act (=1) "1"
min < max: the range is divided into 5 sections, i.e. 6 "1-1-6"
valid settings are available
Setting value between minimum and maximum value: "1-1-6;8-0,4-10
the overall range is divided into two sections, "min..act"
and "act..max"
e.g. min=1 act=8 max=10
Very large setting ranges with small steps (e.g. "0,010s to 300s in 0,010s
increments"), such as those that occur with new electronic relays can lead to
storage problems. It would be necessary to save 30000 setting values in the
example. To prevent this, the program does not accept any increments smaller
than 1%.
Tolerances
Protection devices, and thus also protection modules, always have 2
characteristics in the new program version, a minimum ("warm") and maximum
"locked" yes/no
The module is disabled; unlike the earlier version, information pertaining to
the actual function (overcurrent...) is no longer lost.
Characteristic
Especially in the case of inverse time relays, the characteristic can be
switched simply between the possible options.
Current and time settings
Only those settings that were previously coded in the setting range are
possible. The setting can either be changed using the "+" and "-" buttons or
by directly entering the setting in the editing field.
General
Unlike the previous versions of the program, the protection devices are now
organized in various types:
Fuses
Circuit-breakers (similar to fuses)
Overcurrent releases for low-voltage power circuit breakers
Overcurrent-time relays, secondary relays with transformer connections
Protection object for the illustration of threshold values, motor starting
currents, etc.
Protection device types can be stored in device libraries (*.sd3) independently of
the device type. In addition, "type series" libraries will be available later with the
function "Find suitable fuse for indicated rated current, etc."
The program will then launch a wizard to guide the user through the required
dialogs in several steps.
The editing fields for node names, etc. are disabled when the protection device
has been called up via the interactive graphic. The data is displayed but cannot be
modified.
The fixed assignment of the color and pattern of characteristics ensures the
consistent display of the characteristics in the selectivity diagrams.
"Text" tab:
The text information entered here only appears in the documentation, i.e. in the
relay setup tables.
The following input fields are available on this tab for protection device types in
which the self-impedance of the device has been taken into account in the cable
dimensioning:
The additional data for releases and relays relates to the various currents:
Release Relay
Ir Rated current of the power circuit- Primary transformer nominal
breaker current
Ib Rated current of the release Basic current (reference current)
I0 Rated current of the release for Primary transformer nominal
earth fault detection current, summation current
transformer (cable-type current
transformer)
Ib0 Reference current for earth fault Basic current for earth fault
detection detection
Protection objects permit limit values or limit curves to be displayed. The program
features functions to generate limit curves.
The rated current Ir (1) of the protection object should always be stated.
1000 s
100 s
10 s
1,0 s
0,100 s
0,010 s
0,100 Ir 1,0 Ir 10 Ir 100 Ir 1000 Ir
The curve generally exceeds the current range up to 100Ir. The rated current is
not taken into consideration in the curve, as it applies to a time value of >>1000s.
The curve can be supplemented as required.
100 s
10 s
1,0 s
0,100 s
0,010 s
0,100 Ir 1,0 Ir 10 Ir 100 Ir
Note:
The result file is searched for the element name of the protection object. If the
required element name is not found, a selection list of the available results is
displayed.
Voltage can only be checked in the case of motors.
If the acceleration process does not start at the time 0,0 s, the starting condition
will be suppressed to ensure that no reversed characteristics result.
Editing in the selectivity diagram dialog window is mainly done using context
menus. The dialog window itself contains the following elements:
(1) Current-time diagram to display protection device characteristics
- the current axis is automatically determined by the program
- the axis legend applies for the basic voltage Ub1
- the characteristics of the protection devices are all converted to the basic
voltage
(2) List of the displayed protection devices
- when selecting a protection device, the characteristic is marked in the
diagram
- double-clicking a protection device opens it for editing
(3) List of the entered currents
- when selecting a current value, the value is marked in the diagram
- double-clicking a current value opens it for editing
General
A suitable short-circuit current calculation simplifies the creation of a selectivity
diagram considerably. The application of current values from calculation results
can also be realized with ease (see Creating selectivity diagrams on page 16-7).
The current dialog permits the editing of values and enables the "Copy" and
"Load" functions (editing of time-dependent currents and loading from result files
have not yet been implemented):
General
The documentation of protection device data, selectivity diagrams, etc. is currently
only possible using the separate SelModul application. The standard options
"Printer Setup..." and "Page Setup..." are available in the file menu.
Margins and a font for the tables can be specified in the "Page Setup" dialog. The
font for the diagram axes is linked to the setting for the screen display of the
diagrams (see Diagram properties on page 16-10).
The print command from the File menu or tool bar generates the documentation
for those elements selected in the element list. If nothing has been selected, all
elements will be printed. The results can be checked with the page view.
Library data
All library elements can be documented. The documentation on one page
contains the data in tables and in some cases in diagrams.
The documentation of the library elements will only contain the table header with
user information and text lines if a project file is open at the same time.
Distance Protection
Overview
All impedance values shown in the module are calculated with a short circuit
calculation according to the superposition method (see chapter "Short Circuit").
The characteristic of a general relay can be entered with the mouse in a R/X- or
U/I-diagram or with an input mask. In the mask the characteristic is entered with
coordinate pairs. The type of the relay can be entered by the user in the distance
protection mask.
When selecting the relay type from a predefined list, the user will be able to enter
the relay dependent setting parameters in a special input mask. The characteristic
will be built up by the program. The predefined list will be displayed, when press-
ing "relay type ?" in the distance protection mask.
The input of relay data is possible after having selected the button
"Characteristics" in the distance protection mask. The evaluation respectively the
check of the relay settings can be done with option "Calculation - Distance
Protection - Evaluation" in the main menu.
With the menu option "view" the user can select if the starter or tripping character-
istic or the tripping schedules should be displayed.
Under the menu option "Relay", the following options are available:
Copy / Paste
All relay data except the tripping schedules are copied into a buffer. Selecting
"Paste" the data are transferred from the buffer to the relay.
Old State
After having pressed the button "Characteristics" in the DP-relay mask all data are
saved into a separate buffer. In case of erroneous input the user can get the old
data from the buffer with this option. This function corresponds to the "Cancel"
function in the element input mask.
Print
This option is to print the contents of the relay window. The printer setting is made
in the main menu.
Clipboard
This option is to save the contents of the relay window on to the clipboard.
Documentation
This option is to make a documentation of the present relay or of the pre selected
relays. The relays to be documented can be selected from the list (see "Relay -
Documentation - Relay selection").
Exit
This option is to exit the relay window.
During entering data with the mouse the mouse position is displayed (see "Starter
Characteristic L-L" on page 10-6).
Remark
Before opening the relay window, the program checks, if the tripping schedules for
the relay have already been built up (see "Tripping Schedules" on page 10-27). If
the schedules exist already, the message "After topology change: build up the
tripping schedules!" will appear. Pressing "Yes", the tripping schedules for the
selected relay and for all other relays, which are in the schedules of the selected
relay will be rebuilt. This is only significant, when in fact the topology or the
element data has been changed.
Starter
This menu option is available, when the option "View - Starter" is activated. The
following starter systems can be entered:
overcurrent
under impedance
characteristic L-L for line-line faults
characteristic L-E for line-earth faults
The starter system can be selected with the last 4 menu options. The corre-
sponding menu option will be checked. Additionally to the above mentioned
starter system the user can define an earth fault detection system. Below all input
data for the different starters are explained. The values can be entered with the
mouse or in masks.
Overcurrent
The input data are:
Io L (*Ir): Phase current limit related to the current transformers primary
current Ir. Value for line-line and line-earth faults. Starting condition:
Ik"(L1) >= Io L or Ik"(L2) >= Io L or Ik"(L3) >= Io L.
Io S (*Ir): Total current limit related to the current transformers primary
current Ir. Value for line-earth faults. Starting condition: (Ik"(L1) +
Ik"(L2) + Ik"(L3)) >= Io S.
Under Impedance
The data are entered according to fig. 10.1:
U / Ur
U limit max
U limit min
Starting area
I / Ir
I limit Io1
U / Ur
U limit min =
U limit max
Starting area
I / Ir
I limit Io 1 Io 2
The value "Io 2" should not be entered or set to zero for phase-independent under
impedance starters. The input of "Phi min" and "Phi max" is then unimportant.
The value "Io 2" must be defined for a phase-dependent under impedance starter.
The values "U limit min" and "U limit max" must be set equal.
as starter characteristic for line-line faults in the R/X-diagram. The values can be
entered with the mouse or in a mask. If the measured impedance is inside the
polygon or inside the circle the relay will start. Dependent on the relay type (user-
defined or predefined relay) and the input mode (mouse or mask) the following
menu options are available:
Setting Parameters
This menu option is only available when working with predefined relay type. The
setting parameters of the predefined relay are shown in section "Tripping" on
page 10-10.
Limit Current
Additionally to the starter characteristic the user can enter a limit current I limit. If
a value is entered, the relay starts only when the following conditions are valid
Ik"(L1, L2, L3) >= I limit and
impedance Z inside polygon respectively circle.
The value I limit must be entered related to the current transformers primary
current Ir.
Input
After having selected the option a polygon or a circle (dependent on the activated
option in the menu) can be entered. A polygon can be entered with mouse clicks
in the R/X-diagram. The input terminates after a double click. The program
connects the first and the last entered point to a closed polygon. During the input
the mouse position is given:
R / Ohm
In addition to the mouse position (R, X, and Phi) the angle Beta is also given. The
angle Beta represents the angle between the last entered section and the section,
which would be built with the next entered point. In the mask for dimensions the
drawing area (minimum and maximum values in vertical and horizontal direction),
the grid, etc. can be defined. The mouse position will also be displayed in the Z/T-
and X/T-diagram.
A circle will be defined with the input of a center (mouse click). With dragged
mouse the radius can be entered.
Delete, Undo
After having selected this option the characteristic can be deleted. Option Undo
undeletes the last deletion.
Displayed Stage
The stage, which characteristic is entered or displayed, must be defined. For
starter this input is meaningless.
Fault Type
Gives the fault type the input values are for (L-L: line-line, L-E: line-earth faults).
Characteristic Type
The user has to define the characteristic type (circle or polygon). Dependent on
the activated radio button different input fields are available. A circle is defined by
a center and the radius. A polygon is defined by the input of a sequence of x,y-
points. The polygon can be changed with the push buttons "Insert" and "Delete".
The polygon points are displayed in a list. The first point must be different than
the last point. The polygon will be closed by the program itself.
If there is no earth faults detection, no values may be entered here. The earth
faults detection works additionally to other starter systems.
as starter characteristic for line-earth faults in the R/X-diagram. The values can
be entered with the mouse or in a mask. If the measured impedance will be inside
the polygon or inside the circle the relay will start. The menu options are the same
as in section "Starter Characteristic L-L" on page 10-6.
Tripping
This menu option is available, when the option "View - Tripping" is activated. The
tripping can be entered for user defined relay
with impedance values (settings) or
as a characteristic (polygon or circle) for line-line or line-earth faults and
for predefined relay directly with its setting parameters
The kind of input can be chosen under the menu option "Tripping". Additionally an
overcurrent-time function with 2 stages as back-up protection can be defined.
The tripping stages can be automatically set by the program.
The characteristics can be displayed in the R/X-, Z/T- or X/T-diagram (see "Relay-
Specific Parameters" on page 10-26).
as tripping characteristic for line-line faults in the R/X-diagram. The values can
be entered with the mouse or in a mask. The input can be done for 4 stages, 1
transition stage and 1 backward stage in the same way as for the input of the
starter characteristics (see "Tripping Characteristic L-E" on page 10-11). The only
difference is the deletion of a stage. After having selected "Delete" the character-
istic, which has to be deleted, can be clicked. Undo undeletes the last deleted
characteristic.
as tripping characteristic for line-earth faults in the R/X-diagram. The values can
be entered with the mouse or in a mask. The input can also be done for 4 stages,
1 transition stage and 1 backward stage (see "Tripping Characteristic L-L" on
page 10-11).
The input mask will appear when selecting "Characteristic L-L faults" or
"Characteristic L-E faults" in the "Starter" or "Tripping" menu. The parameters for
starting and tripping can be entered in the mask. The documentation and the
automatic setting of the relay can be done directly in the mask. For automatic
setting the fault type should be set to asymmetrical fault in the global
parameter mask. In this case the impedances of the zero sequence are also
calculated.
ABB REL316
Starter characteristic:
X
XA
RLoad
RB R
AngleLoad RA
-RLoad
XB
27
-X / 8 RR R
27 RRE
-RR / 2
-RRE / 2
For each stage the k0-factor has to be entered (amount and angle):
k0 = (Zst(0) - Zst(1)) / (3*Zst(1))
X-A
X1
R1 RE1 R
RE1 R1 45
X
110
Xv
Zv
R
Beta Rv L-E
Rv L-L
Zr
70
-135
-RL-E Alpha R
RL-L
-RL-L
RL-E
-X
Tripping characteristic circle with or without arc compensation (only for 1st stage)
Delta
Alpha
Phi R
For the overreach stage the factor ku for L-L and L-E faults must be entered.
Back-up Protection
The distance protection relay can also be defined as an overcurrent relay. The
input values are:
1. stage I (*Ir) Current setting value of 1. stage related to the current
transformers primary current Ir.
1. stage t Tripping time of 1. stage in seconds.
2. stage I (*Ir) Current setting value of 2. stage related to the current
transformers primary current Ir.
2. stage t Tripping time of 2. stage in seconds.
Earth current Ie (*Ir) Current setting value for line-earth faults related to the
current transformers primary current Ir. Tripping condition
(Ik"(L1) + Ik"(L2) + Ik"(L3)) >= Ie.
t (earth current) Tripping time for line-earth faults in seconds.
When evaluating the relay settings and if the relay has not been started by the
distance protection relay, the values of the back-up protection are checked (see
Relay evaluation). If there is no overcurrent functionality in the relay no values
have to be entered here.
The arbitrary number of schedules are reduced to a single schedule with the
smallest impedances. For the setting, only the relay nodes are considered.
Relay location A
R
R
Generated schedules
1. 2. 3. Stage
R Resulting schedule
B C D
Z / Ohm
With the minimum impedance path the relay in location R will be set. The setting
of the stages are made according to the following rules:
with:
RAB, XAB Impedance between station A and B
RBC, XBC Impedance between station B and C
RCD, XCD Impedance between station C and D
RR, XR Stages 1 to 3 of the relay R
p1, p2, p3 Parameter for setting the stages (p = 0.85 .. 0.9).
The calculated impedance values are corrected with the arc resistance and the
resistance for tower footing path. These values can be entered in the relay
specific parameters.
with:
RfL-L Arc resistance for line - line faults
(see "Relay-Specific Parameters" on page 10-26)
RfL-E Arc resistance for line - earth faults
(see "Relay-Specific Parameters" on page 10-26)
RM Tower resistance for tower footing earth path
(see "Relay-Specific Parameters" on page 10-26)
The calculated setting values are rounded to the snap entered in the mask
for dimensions.
Tripping Time
Input
The input values are:
Stage 1, 2, 3, 4: Tripping time of 1., 2., 3., 4. stage in seconds for line-
line faults and line-earth faults.
Measuring direction: Measuring direction of the stages 1 to 4 and of the
end times. The check boxes are for:
pos: positive measuring direction
neg: negative measuring direction
block: corresponding stage is blocked
If a stage is bi-directional then both checkboxes
("pos" and "neg") must be activated.
Backward stage: Tripping time of backward stage in seconds.
Directional end time: Directional end time of relay in seconds.
Bi-directional end time: Bi-directional end time of relay in seconds. Is only
valid, if no value for directional end time is entered.
View
have to be displayed in the relay window. Additionally the dimensions can also be
entered.
Starter
The overcurrent starting values, the under impedance starting values or the char-
acteristic is shown in the U/I-diagram respectively R/X-diagram.
Tripping
The tripping characteristics are displayed in the R/X-, Z/T- or X/T-diagram,
dependent on the input in the relay-specific parameters. The input of characteris-
tics can only be done in the R/X-diagram. The calculation of the impedance
values from the R/X- to Z/T- or X/T-diagram is done with the help of the complex
line impedance. The crossing points of the line impedance and the characteristics
(polygon or circle) are taken in the Z/T- or X/T-diagram. The distance of these
crossing points to the origin (0,0), represents the impedance, which is shown in
the Z/T-diagram:
X/Ohm
Line
1. Stage
P2 P3
R/Ohm
Phi L P4
P1
t/s
1. Stage
Z/Ohm
Fig. 10.4 Calculation of the impedance values from the R/X- to the Z/T-diagram
If working with the X/T-diagram, only the reactance will be taken instead of the
impedance.
Tripping Schedule
After having selected this option a list of tripping schedules is displayed. These
are automatically generated by the program. It is advisable to build up the tripping
schedules with "Tripping Schedules - Build-up" and to look at these with "Tripping
Schedules - Edit". The distance of the nodes from the relay location, which should
be considered in the schedules, can be entered in the global parameters, input
fields "Fault distance positive direction" and "Fault distance negative direction".
The time step characteristics are always displayed in the Z/T- or X/T-diagram.
Additionally to the time step characteristics of the relays in the tripping schedule,
the node impedances are displayed (vertical lines). The characteristics of the
current relay are in the same color as the node impedances, which are seen by
the relay. The vertical lines are dashed. The characteristics of the other relays are
drawn in other colors. If a relay see an already drawn node with a different imped-
ance, the node (vertical line) will be drawn again with the same color as the relay
characteristics. This can happen in meshed networks or when there are one or
several feeders in that part of the network, which is represented by the schedule.
It is also possible to select only one schedule in positive and/or one in negative
direction. In this case only the nodes of the selected schedule are displayed.
Dimensions
For the representation of the starter and tripping characteristics the following
values can be entered:
Xmin: Minimum value for the x-axis resp. horizontal direction. It could be for
a current value I/Ir or an impedance or reactance value in Ohm.
Xmax: Maximum value for the x-axis resp. horizontal direction. It could be for
a current value I/Ir or an impedance or reactance value in Ohm.
Ymin: Minimum value for y-axis resp. vertical direction. It could be for a
voltage value U/Ur, an impedance or reactance value in Ohm or a
time value in seconds.
Ymax: Maximum value for y-axis resp. vertical direction. It could be for a
voltage value U/Ur, an impedance or reactance value in Ohm or a
time value in seconds.
Scaling: Scaling of x- and y-axis.
Grid: Mouse grid for the input of characteristics in the R/X-diagram.
The quantities to be displayed in the x- and y-axis could be entered in the mask
for relay-specific parameters.
For the representation of the tripping schedules the following values can be
entered:
Parameter (DP)
With this menu option the global and the relay-specific parameters can be
defined.
Tolerance time: Tolerance time in seconds is the time between the tripping
time of a overcurrent-time relay or fuse (in an out leading
branch) and the fastest tripping time of the DP-relay. This
input is only for the automatic settings of the tripping times
(see "Automatic Time Setting" on page 10-19).
ZfL-L(R,X): Fault impedance (resistance and reactance) in Ohm for
line-line faults. These values are only for the evaluation,
not for automatic impedance setting.
ZfL-E(R,X): Fault impedance (resistance and reactance) in Ohm for
line-earth faults. These values are only for the
evaluation, not for automatic impedance setting.
Text file: Name of result text file (*.TXT-file). This file will be needed
to list the results of the evaluation (see "Checking the
Relay Settings" on page 10-33).
Result file: Name of ASCII-file (*.RDS-file). This file can be read by
external programs such as Excel for evaluation purposes.
The generation of this file can be prevented. The
description of the fields can be activated with checkbox
"Description". They are the same as in section "Checking
the relay settings".
Description: The fields in the result file are described.
Phases: Gives the phases (L1 or L123 or 120) of the results to be
listed in the text file. For symmetrical faults only the results
of phase L1 will be given.
Time / Impedance For the automatic relay setting the default values can be
values: entered here. Section Automatic impedance setting shows,
how the relay stages are set in dependence on the here
entered parameters (percentage values). If a stage should
not be set automatically, the corresponding values must
not be entered. It is not allowed to leave out one stage, that
means e.g. to enter the values for stage 1 and 3 without
entering the values for stage 2.
Tripping The impedance values in the tripping schedules can be
schedules: primary or secondary values. The input can be done here.
Header: The header in the listing can be activated or deactivated.
Relay-Specific Parameters
The parameters are:
Relay type: Type of relay. The same input can be done in the mask of
section "Distance Relay Data" in chapter "Element Data Input
and Models".
Description: Relay description.
RfL-L Arc resistance in Ohm for line-line faults in order to make an
automatic setting of the impedance stages (see "Automatic
Impedance Setting" on page 10-16).
RfL-E Arc resistance in Ohm for line-earth faults in order to make an
automatic setting of the impedance stages (see Automatic
impedance setting).
Rm Tower resistance in Ohm for tower footing earth path in order
to make an automatic setting of the impedance stages (see
"Automatic Impedance Setting" on page 10-16).
Impedance The impedance values can be entered or displayed as
values: primary or secondary values. The network impedances are
also displayed according to this input.
Tripping Dependent on this input, the relay settings and the network
characteristic: impedances are displayed in the following diagrams:
R/X: x-axis: resistance R in Ohm
y-axis: reactance X in Ohm
Z/T: x-axis: impedance Z in Ohm
y-axis: tripping time in seconds
X/T: x-axis: reactance X in Ohm
y-axis: tripping time in seconds
The input for Z/T and X/T is also valid for the representation
of the tripping schedules.
Tripping Schedules
Build-up
This function generates automatically the tripping schedules for the selecting relay
in dependence on the fault distance in positive and negative direction. The fault
distances are entered in the mask for global parameters. The tripping schedules
of all relays, which are in the schedule of the selected relay, are also built.
When opening the relay window (clicking "Characteristics" in the DP-relay mask),
the program asks, whether the tripping schedules should be rebuilt or not, if the
schedules have been built already. The schedules must be rebuilt, when the
network data or the topology has been changed.
Edit
The tripping schedules of the selected relay can be edit. After having selected this
option the generated schedules are listed. All nodes are listed, which are
connected with the ending node of the protected line. The relay location is not
displayed, because it will always be the first node in the schedules. The available
options are:
D.backward, D.forward
Pressing this option the schedules in forward or backward direction are displayed.
Edit
With this option the selected tripping schedule can be edit. All nodes of this
schedule (incl. relay location and ending node of the protected line) are listed.
With the functions Delete the marked node can be deleted from the schedule. The
first two nodes can not be deleted.
With function Append a new node can be appended in the schedule. The program
lists all possible nodes, which can be appended. These are nodes, which are
connected through an element with the last node in the schedule. The element is
also displayed. In general only the nodes, which are in the predefined fault
distance in positive and negative direction from the relay location are listed
respectively can be appended. A node (in the predefined distance from the relay)
will no more be listed, if this node has been deleted from all schedules. Therefore
it is advisable to build-up first the desired schedule and afterwards to delete nodes
or whole schedules.
Append
This option appends a new schedule. With "Edit" the desired schedule can be
built-up (see above).
Delete
A tripping schedule can be deleted with this option.
Scrolling forward/backward
This option scrolls the pages of the tripping schedule, if the schedule is displayed
in different pages (see number of pages in section "Dimensions" on page 10-22).
For the input and setting of a relay the following procedure has to be done:
Step: Insert all distance protection relay in the network. This can be done
graphic- or list-oriented. Each relay has an identifier.
Step: Insert to each DP-relay current (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs).
The VTs are also assigned to an element and not to a node. If several
elements leads to a node, it is sufficient, to insert one VT to one of these
elements.
Step: Select a relay (mask and afterwards relay window) and look at the
parameters. In the global parameters the input values "fault type" and "fault
distances" are important. In the relay-specific parameters the user can
choose, whether he likes to work with primary or secondary impedance
values.
Step: Let the program generate the tripping schedules. Check the tripping
schedules and if necessary change or delete them. It is important that the
relay location will not appear twice in a schedule. This can happen in
meshed networks. With the delete function the relay location and/or
undesired nodes can be eliminated.
Step: With correct tripping schedules, the starter and tripping characteristics
can be entered. Especially for the automatic relay setting, a correct tripping
schedule is important.
When generating the tripping schedule, all nodes, which are reducable, are
not considered (see "Node Data" in chapter "Element Data Input and Models").
Remark:
A DP-relay, which is located in a node (sleeve) between a disconnect/load switch
and a line, will be relocated to the correct bus bar by the program, if the sleeve
respectively the switch will be reduced.
A B
H1
DP
DP
Relay Documentation
With the menu option "Relay - Documentation - Present relay" the documentation
of the present relay can be done. To get zero sequence impedances set the fault
type to asymmetrical fault in the global parameters. The documentation consists
of three pages.
Relay settings
**************
Relay name : DSR-41
Description :
Relay type : ABB-REL316
Relay location : ONODE 1
Branch : L-002
Line length /km : 5.0
Network impedances(primary):
----------------------------
1.stage 2.stage 3.stage 4.stage
X(1)tot /Ohm : 1.088 2.169 (see below)
R(1)tot /Ohm : 3.202 7.383
Z(1)tot /Ohm : 3.382 7.695
Phi(1) /G : 18.763 16.370
Relay location
Z / Ohm
1. 2. 3. Stage
The impedance values of stage 1 represent the line impedance or the impedance
to the next relay node. The impedance values are given for the positive and zero
system. To get the values of the zero the fault type in the global parameters
must be set to an asymmetrical fault.
In order to get the line impedance between stage 1 and 2 a subtraction of the
impedance values of stage 2 and 1 must be done. The following values for each
stage are also given:
k0 = (Z(0) - Z(1)) / (3*Z(1))
RE/RL = 1/3*(R(0)/R(1) - 1)
XE/XL = 1/3*(X(0)/X(1) - 1)
The second page shows the set values for a general relay, that means independ-
ent of its type.
2.stage
X1 /Ohm : 2.098 0.525 0.600 0.600
R1 /Ohm : 6.195 1.549
R1+RfLL/2 /Ohm : 6.195 1.549
R1+RfLE+RM /Ohm : 6.195 1.549
X0 /Ohm : 4.886 1.222
R0 /Ohm : 6.004 1.501
Overreach stage
X1 /Ohm : 1.305 0.326
R1 /Ohm : 3.842 0.961
R1+RfLL/2 /Ohm : 3.842 0.961
R1+RfLE+RM /Ohm : 3.842 0.961
The third page will only be displayed when working with the predefined relay
types. The values for the setting parameters are shown, e.g. ABB REL316.
Starter
-------
XA /Ohm : 9
XB /Ohm : -8
RA /Ohm : 8
RB /Ohm : -6
Rload /Ohm : 5
AngleLoad /G : 45.0
Remarks:
--------
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
After having set all relays, the settings can be checked. Several variants (different
fault locations, faults on lines, arbitrary fault types) can be calculated now and the
program calculates the tripping times of the relays. The evaluation can be done
according to:
fault location
relay location.
Fault Locations
The input of fault locations is described in chapter "Short Circuit".
Line Faults
See chapter "Short Circuit".
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| Fault location: AU_BB12 |
| |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|DP-Relay (prim.)|Di| I/kA | AI/D | U/kV | AU/D | Z/Ohm | AZ/D | t/s |
| | |L1,2,3 | |L1,2,3 | | 120 | 120 | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|DSR-5 | 1| 0.247| 75.3| 4.205| 110.6| 5.08| 18.7|0.600|
| | | 0.022| -69.6| 37.680| 198.9| 5.08| 18.7| |
| | | 0.026| 233.4| 43.799| 143.1| 19.93| 43.7| |
| | |- 120 -|------|- 120 -|------| X/Ohm | R/Ohm|-----|
| | | 0.096| 76.6| 22.433| -3.1| 1.62| 4.81| |
| | | 0.083| 74.6| 0.874| -78.9| 1.62| 4.81| |
| | | 0.068| 74.4| 24.792| 165.9| 13.78| 14.40| |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|DSR-41 | 2| 0.158| 77.6| 5.647| 109.8| 11.07| 17.1|1.200|
| | | 0.045| -71.3| 37.783| 198.4| 11.07| 17.1| |
| | | 0.051| 237.0| 44.241| 143.1| 40.91| 40.3| |
| | |- 120 -|------|- 120 -|------| X/Ohm | R/Ohm|-----|
| | | 0.079| 80.2| 22.348| -2.0| 3.26| 10.58| |
| | | 0.055| 75.7| 0.554| -75.2| 3.26| 10.58| |
| | | 0.024| 73.6| 25.281| 164.8| 26.45| 31.21| |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|DSR-42 | 2| 0.086| 74.1| 5.647| 109.8| 21.69| 21.7|3.000|
| | | 0.024| -69.5| 37.783| 198.4| 21.69| 21.7| |
| | | 0.029| 226.3| 44.241| 143.1| 71.96| 44.1| |
| | |- 120 -|------|- 120 -|------| X/Ohm | R/Ohm|-----|
| | | 0.044| 76.7| 22.348| -2.0| 8.01| 20.16| |
| | | 0.028| 70.7| 0.554| -75.2| 8.01| 20.16| |
| | | 0.014| 73.3| 25.281| 164.8| 50.06| 51.70| |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| Relay : DSR-41 |
| Relay location : ONODE 1 |
| To node : ONODE 2 |
| Branch : L-002 |
| |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|Fault location |Di| I/kA | AI/D | U/kV | AU/D | Z/Ohm | AZ/D | t/s |
| | |L1,2,3 | |L1,2,3 | | 120 | 120 | |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|ONODE 1 | 0| 0.230| 86.3| 0.000| 0.0| 0.00| 0.0|0.100|
| | | 0.040| -61.1| 38.391| 207.1| 0.00| 0.0| |
| | | 0.042| 236.9| 39.723| 148.1| 0.00| 0.0| |
| | |- 120 -|------|- 120 -|------| X/Ohm | R/Ohm|-----|
| | | 0.100| 86.9| 22.428| -1.8| 0.00| 0.00| |
| | | 0.076| 85.7| 0.506| -63.7| 0.00| 0.00| |
| | | 0.053| 86.0| 22.671| 177.0| 0.00| 0.00| |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|ONODE 2 | 1| 0.149| 85.4| 1.344| 115.9| 3.38| 18.8|0.100|
| | | 0.045| -64.9| 38.320| 205.0| 3.38| 18.8| |
| | | 0.047| 241.0| 40.852| 147.0| 9.11| 39.1| |
| | |- 120 -|------|- 120 -|------| X/Ohm | R/Ohm|-----|
| | | 0.076| 86.6| 22.412| -1.9| 1.09| 3.20| |
| | | 0.051| 84.7| 0.515| -66.2| 1.09| 3.20| |
| | | 0.022| 82.9| 23.319| 174.1| 5.75| 7.06| |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|AU_BB12 | 2| 0.158| 77.6| 5.647| 109.8| 11.07| 17.1|1.200|
| | | 0.045| -71.3| 37.783| 198.4| 11.07| 17.1| |
| | | 0.051| 237.0| 44.241| 143.1| 40.91| 40.3| |
| | |- 120 -|------|- 120 -|------| X/Ohm | R/Ohm|-----|
| | | 0.079| 80.2| 22.348| -2.0| 3.26| 10.58| |
| | | 0.055| 75.7| 0.554| -75.2| 3.26| 10.58| |
| | | 0.024| 73.6| 25.281| 164.8| 26.45| 31.21| |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
Additionally the relay location, the protected element and its ending node are
listed. The branch impedance in Ohm is also given. The factor k0 (amount, angle)
gives the complex ratio between the branch impedances of the zero sequence
and the positive sequence system.
Harmonic Analysis
The calculation parameters are entered with the help of a "Parameters" dialog. It
consists of the three tabs Frequency Scanning, Harmonic Level Calculation and
Options, which are explained here.
Frequency scanning
Frequency scanning
Frequency Indicates, if Frequency scanning will be done when selecting the
scanning calculation.
Frequency Starting frequency for the calculation in Hz.
start
Frequency Ending frequency for the calculation in Hz.
end
Frequency Frequency step for the calculation in Hz
step (see "Theory of Harmonic and Audio Frequency Analysis" on
page 11-3).
Variable step If active, the frequency step will be adjusted automatically
length control during impedance calculation if large impedance changes
occur. If not active, the impedances are calculated with given
and constant step.
Scanning Frequency scanning can be done according to
according to Z: Scanning a node impedance
I: Scanning a current of one harmonic current source (only
one must be present and active in the network)
U: Scanning a voltage of one harmonic voltage source (only
one must be present and active in the network).
Harmonic Load flow
Harmonic Indicates, if a Harmonic Load flow will be done when selecting
load flow the calculation.
calculation
Harmonic for The harmonic for which the load flow must be calculated.
Harmonic
load flow
Options
Reduction of switches circuit breakers and couplers
Reduce If this option is checked, all switches, circuit breakers and
busbar couplers are reduced.
Result file
File File name, which can be selected.
Write after If checked, the result file will be created after the calculation.
calculation
Format 4.x If checked, the result file will be created as in program version
4.x.
Select To select the nodes and elements, whose variable should be
stored and displayed.
Network elements
The network elements are represented by their equivalent circuit elements: resis-
tance (R), inductance (L) and capacitance (C). A balanced three-phase system is
assumed, so that a single-phase representation of the network in the positive
sequence system will be examined.
Sources
There is a difference between current and voltage sources. Current sources inject
the source current into the network. Voltage sources engrave a source voltage on
the network node. The sources are need to reproduce the
equipment with non-linear current-voltage-characteristic
AF ripple control transmitters.
1
Ik = I
k 1
with: k = n p 1; n = 1,2,3,....
It means:
Ik: k-th harmonic current
I1: first harmonic current
p: pulse number of converter
Calculation Algorithm
For a harmonic calculation the following steps for each interesting frequency will
be made:
Determination of the equivalent-circuit elements R (f), L(f) (frequency
dependent) and C.
Creating of the admittance matrix for the network
Solution of the linear equation system I(f)=Y(f) U(f)
It means:
I(f): vector of node currents at frequency f
Y(f): Y-matrix at frequency f
U(f): vector of node voltages at frequency f
For impedance calculation the program will take a fictious current source (1.0 pu)
for the interesting node. A constant amplitude, a constant phase angle and a
frequency range will be related to the source. For all frequencies in this range the
program calculates the voltage at the interesting nodes. With the ratio of voltage
and current for all frequencies the program calculates the impedances (amount
and angle). The impedance calculation is made with the following frequencies,
which will be calculated with the calculation parameters.
It means:
If the corresponding check box in the calculation parameter mask is checked, the
program will examine the amount and the angle of the impedance for large differ-
ences between two successive frequency steps. If large differences occur the
frequency step will be automatically adjusted according to following formulas:
Zalt
K1 = 5 log
Zneu
If it is valid
K1 > 2, that means Zold / Znew > 2,5 or Zold / Znew < 0,4
or
K2 > 2, that means alt neu > 40 ,
the automatic frequency adjustment occurs. K will be set to the larger value of K1
and K2:
K = Maximum (K1, K2).
fdelta
fdelta =
K
As soon as the condition
K>2
is no more fulfilled, the frequency step will be calculated according to the users
input with fstep.
It means:
Zold: impedance value (amount) at old frequency
Znew: impedance value (amount) at new frequency
Phiold: angle of impedance at old frequency
Phinew: angle of impedance at new frequency.
For each harmonic source and each harmonic the network equation
I ( f ) = Y ( f ) U ( f ) will be solved. The angle given in the harmonic sources are not
considered for all calculations, except for vectorial sum calculation. After having
calculated all voltages for each source and harmonic the sum can be built:
Vectorial
The sum is built up vectorial: U h = U h1 + U h 2 + U h3 + ...
Geometrically
The sum is built up geometrically: U h = U h1 2 + U h 2 2 + U h 3 2 + ...
IEC 1000-2-6
The sum is built up according to IEC-1000-2-6: U h = k1 U h1 + k 2 U h 2 + k 3 U h3 + ...
Arithmetically
The sum is built up arithmetically: U h = U h1 + U h 2 + U h 3 + ...
The size of ki is dependent on the harmonic order h and the ratio between the
node voltage Uhi caused by the single harmonic source i and the arithmetically
calculated node voltage Uh. For further information please refer to IEC 1000-2-6.
The vectorial sum is mathematically the correct one, but because of unknown
angles of the harmonics maybe in practice very incorrect. The geometrical sum
gives the smallest value, the arithmetical sum the highest value.
If the node voltage for the h-th harmonic is known the harmonic currents for all
branches can be calculated.
Characteristics
The following characteristics are important for harmonic analysis:
Uh
uh =
Un
3
It means:
Uk: r.m.s.-value of the k-th harmonic voltage (phase-to-earth)
Un: nominal system voltage
U = U 1 + U 2 + U 3 + ...
2 2 2
I = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + ...
2 2 2
U = U 2 + U 3 + U 4 + ...
2 2 2
I = I 2 + I 3 + I 4 + ...
2 2 2
U 2 + U 3 + ....
2 2
I 2 + I 3 + .... Un Un
2 2
TIF:
(I Wh )
2
Un Un
TIF = with I 1 = and Wh=5Phhfn
h
I1 STHDi
IT:
(I Wh )
2
IT = h
It means:
U1: amount of voltage of first (fundamental) harmonic
U2: amount of voltage of second harmonic
U3: amount of voltage of third harmonic
I1: amount of current of first (fundamental) harmonic
I2: amount of current of second harmonic
I3: amount of current of third harmonic
STHDi: input value (see calculation parameters)
Wh: single frequency TIF weighting factor at frequency f = hfn according to
IEEE 519
fn: nominal system frequency
h: harmonic
Ph: C message weigthing factor at frequency f = hfn according to IEEE 519
Filter characteristics
Three types of filters can be defined (see description of filter dialog):
- normal filter
- HP-filter
- C-filter.
The following values are calculated for filters:
IL(FH) fundamental harmonic (nominal system frequency fn) current value
of the inductance L
+IL(RMS): rms current value of the inductance L.
+IL(ari): total current value (calculated arithmetically) of the inductance L.
IC(FH): fundamental harmonic (nominal system frequency fn) current value
of the main capacitance C
+IC(RMS): rms current value of the main capacitance C.
+IC(ari): total current value (calculated arithmetically) of the main
capacitance C.
Ird(FH): fundamental harmonic (nominal system frequency fn) current value
of the damping resistance Rd.
Ird(RMS): rms current value of the damping resistance Rd.
PRd(FH): fundamental harmonic (nominal system frequency fn) resistive
losses in kW in the damping resistance Rd.
PRd(tot): total resistive losses in kW in the damping resistance Rd caused by
Ird(RMS), PRd(tot) = 3RdIrd(RMS)2
PL(tot): total resistive losses in kW in the reactor caused by caused by
IL(RMS), PL = 3RvIL(RMS)2
UCsu: Arithemic sum of fundamental harmonic voltage and r.m.s-value of
harmonic voltage at auxiliary capacitance Cs (only for C-filters).
UCsu = UCs1 + UCs
2
h for h = 2, 3,
UCsi: Minimum rated capacitance voltage at which ICs can be transmitted
(IEC 871). ICs is 1.3 times the current at nominal system frequency
fn, which is calculated if UCsi is applied at the auxiliary capacitance
Cs (only for C-filters).
ICs
UCsi =
1.3 2 f n Cs
UCsq: Voltage at nominal system frequency fn, which causes the same
reactive power at the auxiliary capacitance Cs, as the arithmetic
sum of all reactive powers caused by the nominal system frequency
and the harmonic frequencies (only for C-filters).
UCsq = h f UCs h
2
0 for h=1, 2, 3,
UCu: Arithemic sum of fundamental harmonic voltage and r.m.s-value of
harmonic voltage at main capacitance C.
UCu = UC1 + UC
2
h for h = 2, 3,
UCi: Minimum rated capacitance voltage at which IC can be transmitted
(IEC 871). IC is 1.3 times the current at nominal system frequency
fn, which is calculated if Uci is applied at the main capacitance C.
IC
UCi =
1 .3 2 f n C
UCq: Voltage at nominal system frequency fn, which causes the same
reactive power at the main capacitance C, as the arithmetic sum of
all reactive powers caused by the nominal system frequency and
the harmonic frequencies.
UCq = h f UC h
2
0 for h=1, 2, 3,
Results (HA)
Select Results
The nodes and elements to be presented in the result table, may be selected
here.
The values displayed at the diagram can be selected in the Harmonic Analysis tab
of the Edit Diagram Properties dialog.
Results Table
The results can be represented in different tables, each with its specifique
information.
Node impedances The node impedances are shown for the pre-selected nodes.
This is a result getting from a frequency scanning Z-
impedance.
Node results The results of the nodes will be displayed. This is a result of
either a frequency scanning U/I or a level calculation or or a
harmonic load flow.
Element results General results of elements will be displayed. This is a result
of either a frequency scanning U/I or a level calculation or a
harmonic load flow.
Filter results All results of the filters will be displayed. This is a result of a
level calculation.
Result files Its possible to export results to a *.ros file by selecting the file
and pressing the respective button.
These result files can be read by external programs, such as
Excel and the results can be evaluated in an arbitrary way.
The File can be written in the old Format 4.x or in a new
Format for V5.x.
Below you find a description of the output variables in the result tables:
Node impedances:
f Frequency in Hz.
Z Impedance in Ohm.
Z ang Angle of impedance in .
Node results:
ID Identification number (ID) of the node.
Name Node name.
THD Distortion factor in %.
f Frequency in Hz.
U Node voltage in V (line-line value)
u [%] Node voltage in % in respect to nominal node voltage.
U ang Voltage angle in .
Description Description of the node.
Zone Zone, the node belongs to.
Area Area, the node belongs to.
Partial Number of the partial network, the node belongs to.
network
Element results:
ID Identification number (ID) of the element.
From Name of starting node of element (From node)
To Name of ending node of element (To node)
Element name Name of the element.
Type Type of element.
THDi Current distortion factor in %.
TIF TIF factor.
IT IT factor.
F Frequency in Hz.
I1, I2, I3 Current at From node, To node, Tertiary node in A.
I1ang, I2ang, Current angle at From node, To node, Tertiary node in .
I3ang
U12, U31, U23 Voltage (line-line values) between From node and To
node and Tertiary node in V.
U12ang, U31ang, Angle of voltages between From node and To node and
U23ang Tertiary node in .
Description Description of the element.
Filter results:
Please see section Filter characteristics.
Graphical Results
To open the graphical result window choose "Analysis Harmonic Analysis -
Graphical Results...".
Subchart settings:
Chart name Name of chart.
Add, Edit Delete Push buttons to add, edit and delete curves in the diagram.
curve
Harmonic Analysis Results
Curve name Name of curve
Variant Name of Variant or Rootnet.
Variable name The variable name can be selected. Three options are
available:
- Nodes variable
- Elements variable
- Level limit curve.
Element name, ID Name of element, whose results are displayed.
Variable Variable to be displayed.
File path File name and path for limit curve.
Limit curve Limit curve to be displayed. In the file several curves can
be stored. To display all curves in the file, please add new
curve.
Axis properties
Select axis Select axis whose settings have to be displayed / changed.
Title Axis title. Only enabled if the corresponding check box
Automatic is not checked.
Resolution Specifies the resolution of the steps in between labels.
Only enabled if the corresponding check box Automatic is
not checked.
No of digits Number of label digits. Only enabled if the corresponding
check box Automatic is not checked.
Min Sets the axis minimum value. Only enabled if the
corresponding check box Automatic is not checked.
Max Sets the axis maximum value. Only enabled if the
corresponding check box Automatic is not checked.
Grid If checked grid lines are displayed.
Legend
Show legend If checked, legend will be displayed
Height Height of legend in % of sub chart size
Motor Starting
The calculation parameters are entered with the help of a "Parameters" dialog,
which is explained here.
Time simulation
End time End time for the simulation in s.
Time interval Time interval for the simulation in s.
Reduction Factor for reducing the time interval. During the simulation, the
factor for time time interval will be reduced by this factor, when the motor slip s
interval will be less than 0.2. After reaching the steady state point the
time interval will be reset to entered value.
Transformer Time delay for regulating transformers in s. After the given time
regulation the automatic regulation of the transformers will be activated.
considered This value is only important, if the parameter "Automatic
after time transformer regulation is checked in the load flow parameters.
Result storage
Points to be The user can enter the number of points to be saved for the
saved per marked elements during the simulation. In this way the
variable graphical output will be influenced (layout and speed).
Result display
Result display Output units. For low voltage in "V, A, kVA" or high voltage in
"kV, kA, MVA".
Only the results of the pre-selected nodes and elements are stored and can be
displayed. The selection can be done with the menu option Analysis Motor
Starting Select results or the push button Select results. The motor starting is
dependent on the parameters set in the load flow. To change load flow
parameters press push button LF-parameters.
R1 X1 X2(s)
Xh R2(s)/s
For more information about this model see Asynchronous Machine Model of
the chapter Element Data Input and Models.
For every infeed element a dummy node will be created. Between the real
network node and the dummy node the reactance Xd = 1.5 * Xd" (Xd":
Me - Ml = - 2 Pi J n0 / p ds/dt
with
Me: Electromagnetic torque
Ml: load torque
J: moment of inertia
n0: synchronous speed
p: numbers of pole pairs
s: Slip
Me = p / (2 Pi n0) R2 I22 / s
with
I 2: rotor current in circuit (R2, X2)
Ml = M0 + (1 - s) M1 + (1 - s) 2 M2 (parabola)
or
Ml = Ml(s) (characteristic)
with
M0, M1, M2: input values (see "Theory of Motor Starting Calculation" on page
12-2)
Ml(s): starting load characteristic, input values as well (see "Theory of
Motor Starting Calculation" on page 12-2)
The calculation of the steady state point with the help of the load characteristic
consists also of a sequence of load flow calculations. The steady state point that
means the crossing of the torque curves will be calculated with the Newton-
Raphson algorithm.
Voltage Drop
Selecting the corresponding menu option the voltage drop at time t=0.0 due to
starting motors is calculated. The calculation will be done as explained in section
"Theory of Motor Starting Calculation" on page 12-2. The difference is, that less
data have to be entered for the motors. For example the moment of inertia J, all
time data, load characteristics can be dropped.
Results (MS)
Select Results
The nodes and elements to be presented in the result table, may be selected
here.
Results tables
The results are represented in a table.
Graphical Results
To open the graphical result window choose "Analysis Motor Starting -
Graphical Results...".
Subchart settings:
Chart name Name of chart.
Add, Edit Delete Push buttons to add, edit and delete curves in the diagram.
curve
Network Reduction
Introduction
This program module allows to reduce any network to any number of boundary
nodes, thus the behavior of the reduced network will be the same as the original
one. This is for short circuit and load flow calculation. The reduced network will be
represented with the help of series (see "Series Equivalents Data" in chapter
"Element Data Input and Models") and shunt (see "Shunt Equivalents Data" in
chapter "Element Data Input and Models") equivalents as well as equivalent
infeeds. Depending on the type of network reduction there are equivalents for
short circuit and for load flow. The same equivalent can't be valid for load flow
and short circuit.
When quitting the dialog box, the boundary nodes are set automatically.
Important remarks:
1. Boundary nodes are represented as PQ-nodes without voltage control. The
node type and/or the voltage control become active if there is a synchronous
machine connected to the boundary node.
2. Reduced automatically regulated tap changing transformers have no influ-
ence on changes in the reduced network. If the influence should be consid-
ered the initial and ending node of these transformers should not be
reduced.
The network can be reduced dependent on the short circuit parameters for differ-
ent short circuit faults and short circuit methods (see "Short Circuit Parameter" in
chapter "Short Circuit"):
Superposition method
The nodal admittance matrix will be built up and reduced according to superposi-
tion method. In the reduced network only short circuits according to the mentioned
method should be calculated (see "Theory of Short Circuit Calculation" in chapter
"Short Circuit").
ANSI/IEEE
The nodal admittance matrix will be built up and reduced according to ANSI/IEEE
method. In the reduced network only short circuits according to the mentioned
method should be calculated (see "Theory of Short Circuit Calculation" in chapter
"Short Circuit").
If the original network should not be overwritten, the reduced network must
be stored with an other file name.
Voltage Stability
Calculation Parameters
U-Q Curves
P-U Curves
The voltage stability analysis can be started selecting "Analysis - Voltage Stability
- Calculation" from the menu. To perform voltage stability analysis for a partial
network choose "Analysis - Voltage Stability - Partial Network...".
Result Files
Results
Graphical Results
To open the graphical result window choose "Analysis - Voltage Stability -
Graphical Results...".
Subchart settings:
Subchart type Select results to be displayed
Add curves If checked, curves have to be added using the tab
manually Curves. If not checked, tab Curves isnt visible and
curves of the actual variant are automatically added
according to the following 4 subchart settings.
Select eigenvalue Eigenvalue selection (for participation charts)
Select bus Bus selection (for mutual bus sensitivity chart)
Select U-Q curves Select U-Q curves to be displayed (for U-Q curve chart)
Select P-U curves Select P-U curves to be displayed (for P-U curve chart)
Axis properties
Select axis Select axis whose settings have to be displayed / changed.
Title Axis title. Only enabled if the corresponding check box
Automatic is not checked.
Resolution Specifies the resolution of the steps in between labels.
Only enabled if the corresponding check box Automatic is
not checked.
No of digits Number of label digits. Only enabled if the corresponding
check box Automatic is not checked.
Min Sets the axis minimum value. Only enabled if the
corresponding check box Automatic is not checked.
Max Sets the axis maximum value. Only enabled if the
corresponding check box Automatic is not checked.
Grid If checked grid lines are displayed.
Legend
Show legend If checked, legend will be displayed
Height Height of legend in % of subchart size
The tab Curves is visible only if Add curves manually is checked. Press the
Add Curve button to add a new curve to the subchart. Press the Edit Curve
button to change the settings of the selected curve.
Curve settings:
Curve name Curve name used for the legend. This field is enabled only
if Create name automatically is not checked.
Create name Create curve name automatically
automatically
Variant Select variant
P-U computation Select P-U computation. Enabled only for P-U curve
charts.
Node name, ID Select node. Enabled only for mutual bus sensitivity charts,
U-Q curve charts and P-U curve charts.
Eigenvalue Select eigenvalue. Enabled only for participation charts.
Result Tables
To open the result tables choose "Analysis - Voltage Stability Result Tables".
The result tables display all calculated and stored numerical results.
Theory
Introduction
The analysis of voltage stability can be done using two different methods, time
simulations and static methods. Time simulations capture the events and their
chronology leading to instability. The computer tries to solve the differential
equations describing the power system. Time simulations are useful for detailed
study of specific voltage collapse situations and coordination of protection and
controls. The Dynamic Analysis module can be used for such time domain
simulations.
Many aspects of voltage stability problems can be effectively analyzed by using
static methods, which examine the viability of the equilibrium point represented by
a specified operating condition of the power system. The static analysis
techniques allow examination of a wide range of system conditions, can provide
much insight into the nature of the problem and can identify the key contributing
factors. The Voltage Stability module contains 4 static methods: U-Q Sensitivity
Analysis, Q-U Modal Analysis, U-Q Curves and P-U Curves. Static voltage
stability analysis is based on the conventional load flow model.
The elements of the inverse of the reduced Jacobian matrix J R are the U-Q
sensitivities. The diagonal components are the self sensitivities U i / Qi and the
nondiagonal elements are the mutual sensitivities U k / Qi . The sensitivities of
voltage controlled buses are equal to zero.
Positive sensitivities: Stable operation; the smaller the sensitivity, the more stable
the system. As stability decreases, the magnitude of the sensitivity increases,
becoming infinite at the stability limit (maximum loadability).
Using modal analysis techniques the original problem (see chapter U-Q
Sensitivity Analysis)
U = J R1 Q
is transformed into
u = 1 q
Positive eigenvalue: The system is voltage stable. The smaller the magnitude, the
closer the ith modal voltage is to being unstable. The magnitude of the
eigenvalues can provide a relative measure of the proximity to instability.
Zero eigenvalue: The ith modal voltage collapses because any change in that
modal reactive power causes infinite change in the modal voltage.
Negative eigenvalue: The system is voltage unstable.
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the reduced Jacobian matrix for all practical
purposes are real. If for Buses without load elements the option Q=0, constant
is selected, Q = 0 is introduced for buses without any active bus elements. In
this case the variable U of these buses is dependent only on other bus voltage
magnitudes and is eliminated.
Bus participation factors: The relative participation of a bus in a certain mode is
given by the bus participation factor. Bus participation factors determine the areas
with each mode. Thus, voltage weak areas or unstable (not controllable) areas
are identified. The sum of all the bus participations for each mode is equal to
unity. The size of bus participation in a given mode indicates the effectiveness of
remedial actions applied at that bus in stabilizing that mode.
Branch participation factors: The relative participation of branch j in a certain
mode is given by the participation factor
Qloss j
Pj =
[
max Qloss j
j
]
Branch participation factors indicate, for each mode, which branches consume the
most reactive power in response to an incremental change in reactive load.
Branches with high participations are either weak links or are heavily loaded.
Branch participations are useful for identifying remedial measures to alleviate
voltage stability problems and for contingency selection.
Generator participation factors: The relative participation of machine m in a
certain mode is given by the generator participation factor
Qm
Pm =
max[Qm ]
m
Generator participation factors indicate, for each mode, which generators supply
the most reactive power in response to an incremental change in system reactive
loading. Generator participations provide important information regarding proper
distribution of reactive reserves among all the machines in order to maintain an
adequate voltage stability margin.
U-Q Curves
The U-Q curves are produced by running a series of load flow cases. U-Q curves
show the necessary amount of reactive power Q to achieve a specified voltage
level U. The minimum point of a U-Q curve (reactive power injection positive) is
the critical point, i.e. all points of the curve to the left of the minima are assumed
to be unstable. The points to the right of the minima are assumed to be stable. If
the minimum point of the U-Q curve is above the horizontal axis, the system is
reactive power deficient. Additional infeed of reactive power is required to prevent
voltage collapse. If the critical point is below the horizontal axis, the system has
some VAR margin. Additional infeed of reactive power is required if a greater
margin is desired.
Voltage collapse starts at the weakest bus and then spreads out to other weak
buses. Therefore the weakest bus is the most important in the voltage collapse
analysis using U-Q curve techniques. The weakest bus is one that would exhibit
one of the following conditions: a) has the highest voltage collapse point, b) has
the lowest reactive power margin, c) has the greatest reactive power deficiency,
or d) has the highest percentage change in voltage.
P-U Curves
The P-U curves are produced by running a series of load flow cases. P-U curves
relate bus voltages to load within a specified region. The benefits of this
methodology are that it provides an indication of proximity to voltage collapse
throughout a range of load levels.
The nature of voltage collapse is that as power transfers into well-bounded region
are increased, the voltage profile of that region will become lower and lower until a
point of collapse is reached. The voltages at specific buses in the region can vary
significantly, and some specific bus voltage could appear acceptable. The point-
of-collapse at all buses in the study region, however, will occur at the same power
import level, regardless of the specific bus voltages.
Calculation Parameters
Calculation
Result Files
The small signal stability analysis can be started selecting "Calculation - Small
Signal Stability - Calculation" from the menu. To perform small signal stability
analysis for a partial network choose "Calculation - Small Signal Stability - Partial
Network...".
Results
Graphical Results
To open the graphical result window choose "Analysis Small Signal Stability -
Graphical Results...".
Subchart settings:
Subchart type Select results to be displayed
Axis properties
Select axis Select axis whose settings have to be displayed / changed.
Title Axis title. Only enabled if the corresponding check box
Automatic is not checked.
Resolution Specifies the resolution of the steps in between labels.
Only enabled if the corresponding check box Automatic is
not checked.
No of digits Number of label digits. Only enabled if the corresponding
check box Automatic is not checked.
Min Sets the axis minimum value. Only enabled if the
corresponding check box Automatic is not checked.
Max Sets the axis maximum value. Only enabled if the
corresponding check box Automatic is not checked.
Grid If checked grid lines are displayed.
Legend
Show legend If checked, legend will be displayed
Height Height of legend in % of subchart size
Choose the tab Curves in order to add or edit curves. Press the Add Curve
button to add a new curve to the subchart. Press the Edit Curve button to
change the settings of the selected curve.
Curve settings:
Curve name Curve name used for the subchart legend. This field is
enabled only if Create name automatically is not
checked.
Create name If checked, curve name is automatically created
automatically
Variant Select variant
Eigenvalue Select eigenvalue. Enabled only for mode shape charts
and eigenvalue participation factor charts.
State variable Select state variable. Enabled only for state variable
participation factor charts
Result Tables
To open the result tables choose "Analysis Small Signal Stability Result
Tables". The result tables display all calculated and stored numerical results.
Theory
Introduction
Small signal stability is the ability of a power system to maintain synchronism
when subjected to small disturbances. Disturbances are said to be small if the
equations that describe the resulting response of the system may be linearized for
the purpose of analysis. The linear equations are derived from the corresponding
nonlinear equations. That is done trough linearization at a specified operating
point. An operating point corresponds to a steady-state load flow condition.
Eigenvalue analysis (modal analysis) is a valuable tool in analysis of power
system small signal stability. It provides information about the inherent dynamic
characteristic of the power system and assists in its design. It is typically used in
studies of interarea oscillations.
Eigenvalue Theory
The linearized state space equations of a nonlinear system are
x& = A x + B u
y = C x + D u
The stability in the small is given by the eigenvalues i of the state matrix A . For
any eigenvalue i , there exists at least one nonzero column vector ri which
satisfies
A ri = i ri
AT li = i l i
Complex eigenvalues occur in conjugate pairs (since the state matrix is real), and
each pair correspond to an oscillatory mode. The real component of the
eigenvalues gives the damping, and the imaginary component gives the
frequency of oscillation. A negative real part represents a damped oscillation
whereas a positive real part represents oscillation of increasing amplitude. For a
complex pair of eigenvalues = j the frequency of oscillation in Hz is given
by
f =
2
=
2 +2
Mode shape
A right eigenvector gives the mode shape, i.e., the relative activity of the state
variables when a particular mode is excited. For example, the degree of activity of
the state variable xk in the ith mode is given by the element k of the right
eigenvector ri . The magnitudes of the elements of ri give the extents of the
activities of the state variables in the ith mode, and the angles of the elements
give phase displacements of the state variables with regard to the mode. Because
different system variables have different units, it is inconvenient to compare
elements of an eigenvector for different types of variables. Generally, only
variables of a same type (e.g rotor speed) are compared.
Participation factor
For the kth state variable and the ith eigenvalue, the associated participation
factor is calculated by
where lki and rki are the kth entries in left eigenvector li and right eigenvector ri
respectively. A participation factor is a measure of the relative participation of the
kth state variable in the ith mode, and vice versa. Since rki measures the activity
of the state variable k in the ith mode and lki weighs the contribution of this activity
to the mode, the product measures the net participation.The effect of multiplying
the elements of the left and right eigenvectors is also to make the participation
factor dimensionless (i.e. independent of the choice of units).
n
pki = 1 + j0
k =1
n
pki = 1 + j0
i =1
Algorithm
The NEPLAN small signal stability calculation procedure contains the following
main steps:
1. Load flow calculation
2. Linearization of the state space equations of all power system elements
(e.g. generators, loads, etc.)
3. Build system state matrix A .
4. Calculation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors using an LR-QR algorithm
5. Calculation of participation factors, etc.
Results are only available if no error occurred.
Transient Stability
General Remarks
Simulation method
The simulation method's job in calculating electro-mechanical transient phenom-
ena is to simultaneously solve the algebraic equations of the network and the sys-
tem equations of the dynamic elements at any one point in time.
The algebraic equations of the network are the model equations of the quasi-
steady-state elements in the electricity network. These elements are: lines, trans-
formers, constant compensators, and loads with constant impedance. The model
equations are formed from complex admittances and/or admittance matrices. The
model equations for the individual quasi-steady-state elements are put together to
form the network admittance matrix YN so as to reflect the network topology. The
network admittance matrix is a square matrix with complex matrix elements, with
the order of the matrix corresponding to the number of nodes in the network.
The matrix equation of the electricity network is thus obtained as
1
u = YN i
If the node currents i are known, then the unknown node voltages u can be calcu-
lated. During simulation, the network admittance matrix is constant for as long as
there are no changes to the topology. The network admittance matrix is altered
only by switching operations in response to network disturbances, or in the event
of tripping of faults. The inverse of YN is determined by factorizing, and to mini-
mize the computation work the sequence of the nodes is specified by dynamic or-
dering.
The incoming node currents i are the output variables for the system equations of
the dynamic elements and are mostly voltage-dependent. Node currents are also
caused by loads which do not represent an impedance pure and simple. These
node currents, too, are voltage-dependent. The matrix equation of the electricity
network is thus non-linear and has to be solved iteratively.
System equations are used for all pieces of equipment which are simulated by
algebraic and differential equations. The system equations generally read in the
state form
dx
= A x + B u
dt
y = C x + D u
A and B are given, x0 is the starting point of the state variables. If the input vari-
ables U(s) were also known, then re-transformation into the time domain would
produce an accurate solution of the state equations. If the input variables are ap-
proximated between two integration points by means of a first-order polynomial
(straight line), the following integration formulas are obtained (see [1])
The integration method is an implicit single-step method, and is stable for all inte-
gration step sizes, irrespective of the sizes of the time constants involved.
The integration formula contains one part, which depends only on the variables at
the beginning of the interval. This part must be calculated only once per interval,
and is then constant during the iterative solution process. The input variables u at
the end of the integration interval are estimated at the beginning of the iteration
and then continuously improved as iteration proceeds.
The coefficient matrices P, W1 and W2 are constant for as long as the integration
interval remains unchanged. The coefficient matrices are determined analytically,
or by series development, in dependence on the size and the structure of system
matrix A. To avoid excessive computation work, the system equations are divided
into subsystems, with an order of up to three or four. The subsystems are then
solved consecutively, block by block, thus arriving at a solution to the entirety of
all system equations within the iterative solution process.
The iterative solution process looks like this:
a) Start with initial load flow or with the result of the last integration step, estimate
the input variables for the end of the interval.
b) Solve the system equations for the dynamic elements and for loads not repre-
senting a constant impedance. Determine the incoming currents I.
c) Solve the network equations and calculate the new node voltages
d) Check the convergence by comparing the node voltages prior to and after itera-
tion. When convergence has been reached, iteration will be aborted and the
next integration interval started. Otherwise continue with iteration at b).
This iterative solution of the network equations and system equations will supply a
simultaneous solution for the entire system without any interface error.
A control function for the integration's step size is superimposed onto the iteration
process described above. The step size is changed in dependence on the devia-
tion between the estimated and the actually computed variables for rotor angle
and electric active power of synchronous machines. A logic function increases or
decreases the step size between specified values. Thanks to this step-width con-
trol, the computation work required for a long simulation period can be signifi-
cantly reduced.
Function block
A function block is the smallest function unit of a control circuit. Each function
block is described by a transfer function, which forms the output signal(s) from the
input signals. A transfer function can be independent of time (algebraic equations
only) or dependent on time (algebraic and differential equations).
Variable
An variable is the analog or binary output variable of a network element which var-
ies in time. A variable can be selected for outputting and display, or can serve as
input variable for a control circuit or a protective device. The user can change a
variable's value by forming absolute values, by negation and/or inversion.
Controller signal
A controller signal is an analog or binary output of a function block of a control cir-
cuit. A controller signal is available as a variable both within the control circuit
concerned and outside it as well.
Switching operation
A switching operation is a change in the state of a network element. There is more
than one type of switching operation for each type of element. A switching opera-
tion is triggered at a preset point in time by the user or automatically by the trigger
function of a protective device.
Per-Unit System
Internally, the Transient Stability module calculates with referenced variables, with
per-unit variables. The nominal values of the network elements are converted into
"per-unit" with the reference power SB and with the reference voltage UB which is
specified for each node. Reference power and reference voltages are read in us-
ing the LoadFlowFile.
Referenced powers
Nominal values:
Per-unit:
S P Q
s = p + j q = + j
SB SB SB
Referenced voltages
Nominal values:
U[ kV ] = U re [kV] + j U im [kV]
Per-unit:
U U re U
u = u re + j u im = + j im
UB UB UB
Referenced currents
Nominal values: Reference current:
SB
I[ A ] = I re [A] + j I im [ A ] IB =
3 UB
Per-unit:
I I I
i = i re + j i im = re + j im
IB IB IB
Referenced impedances
Nominal values: Reference impedance:
U 2B
Z[ ] = R[] + j X[] ZB =
SB
Per-unit:
Z R X
z = r + j x = + j
ZB ZB ZB
UB UB
( )
ufB =
UE U N 1 + A e 0,2B
Exciter-per-unit:
UB
u fE = u fB
( )
ufE
U N 1 + A e 0,2B
Network Elements
Controlled Admittance
Controlled admittances are the most general form of a simulation model in the
Transient Stability module. Controlled admittances in combination with controller
models of any desired structure give users complete freedom to choose the na-
ture and complexity of the mathematical model to be simulated.
Basically, a controlled admittance is a constant admittance ycad, which has been
permanently incorporated in the network admittance matrix. The constant admit-
tance's value is entered through Dynamic Data file, and is independent of the
value of the admittance in the initial load flow. The effective admittance is gener-
ated by an injected current into the admittance matrix.
The effective admittance (in [Ohm-1]) can be controlled by any desired controller
model. Active and reactive components of the admittance can be controlled inde-
pendently of each other.
A controlled admittance is primarily intended for modeling static reactive power
compensators. In these cases, it is only the reactive component that is controlled,
the active component (if it does not equal 0) remains unchanged. The controlled
admittance corresponds to the "Interface" block of Fig. 11.67 in [7].
However, controlled admittances can also be used to model (above and beyond
static compensators) dynamic load models, special synchronous-machine models
and the like.
The use of controlled admittances requires a good knowledge of the effect of the
admittance concerned and of the supply current on the solution of the network
equations. Since plausibility checks are not run, divergence or numerical instabil-
ity can easily be achieved!
SB
G 2 ycad uk
UB
Iterations
uk
SB
B 2 j
UB y ik
icad
ycad
Variables
All variables of a controlled admittance are analog variables.
A Voltage magnitude [pu]
B Voltage angle [degree]
C Current magnitude [A]
D Current angle [degree]
E Active power [MW]
F Reactive power [MVAr]
G Magnitude of the effective admittance [Ohm-1]
H Angle of the effective admittance [degree]
I Active component of the effective admittance [Ohm-1]
J Reactive component of the effective admittance [Ohm-1]
Switching operations
none
Function Generators
A .... Step
If the generator is switched off, the output sig-
nal is 0.
If the generator is switched on at the time t0, the output signal equals the
constant value K.
B .... Ramp
If the generator is switched off, the output sig-
nal is 0.
If the generator is switched on at the time t0,
the output signal is computed, using the func-
tion
y = Min K , ( t t 0 )
K
T
If |T| < 0.0001, the ramp function corresponds to a jump function of the size K.
C .... Sine
If the generator is switched off, the output signal
is 0.
If the generator is switched on at the time t0, the
output signal is computed, using the function
2
y = K sin
T ( )
t t 0 + T .
If |T| < 0.0001, the sine function corresponds to a jump function of the size
K.
Variables
Switching operations
A .... Generator ON
Parameters: none
The function generator is switched on.
B .... Generator OFF
Parameters: none
The function generator is switched off.
Simulation
The simulation sequence can be controlled in dependence on the computed re-
sults using a fictitious network element called "Simulation".
Variables
None
Switching operations
A Abort simulation
Parameter: none
Maximum-minimum relays
Maximum-minimum relays monitor a measured variable for over or under violation
of a preset measured value. If the measured variable of a maximum relay ex-
ceeds the threshold value (Starting), a time counter is started, which defines a
time interval. If the measured variable concerned remains above the threshold
value during this time interval, then a trip command will be output at the end of the
interval. If the measured variable falls back below the threshold value, the time
counter will be reset, and no trip command will be output. If a trip command is
given, the associated trip function will be executed on expiry of a breaker opening
time.
Examples of maximum-minimum relays are
- overcurrent relays
- overvoltage relays
- undervoltage relays
- power relays
- impedance relays (central impedance circuit)
- frequency relays
The concept of a monitored measured variable is not restricted to the measured
variables listed above. Any variable can be used as monitored measured variable.
Up to four relay stages can be operated by one measured variable.
Any desired switching operation can be triggered as a trip function assigned to a
relay stage. More than one trip function can be assigned to one relay stage. Start-
ing or trip signals can be utilized as signal connections for other relays.
The monitoring of specific variables can advantageously be utilized for controlling
the simulation run. To determine the stability limits, for example, the rotor angle
Variables
All variables of max/min relays are binary variables.
A Trip, Stage 1
B Trip, Stage 2
C Trip, Stage 3
D Trip, Stage 4
Switching operations
None
Distance protection
The simulation model for distance protection equipment processes analog and bi-
nary input signals, and sends out binary output signals. The signal flow plan is
shown on Page 15.
x
The analog input signals are current and voltage of the branch element as-
signed. Additionally, and independent of all subsequent functions, the current is
monitored for over violation of a minimum value and the voltage for under violation
of a maximum value. If there is no over or under violation, none of the subsequent
time counters will be started.
In the "direction" block, the direction of the fault is determined from current and
voltage. If the measured impedance in the r/x diagram is in the hatched area (see
picture on right), then the decision will be for forward direction. Otherwise, it is a
case of backward direction. The effect of the direction can be set as positive,
negative or inoperative both for starting and for the measuring stages. This means
Each of these functions can be associated with the following impedance charac-
teristics. More than one characteristic of the same type or different types can be
associated with one function.
Overcurrent starting
The use of overcurrent starting is predominantly intended for the "Starting" func-
tion.
The overcurrent starting function evaluates only the current of the branch element,
and is voltage-independent. It is thus an "impedance characteristic" only in a very
general sense. If the current of the branch element exceeds the minimum-current
value, the time counter of the function assigned will be started.
Circular characteristic x
The circular characteristic in the r/x diagram is shown in
the adjacent picture. If the impedance point measured is
located inside the circle, then the associated time counter Z
will be started. The circle has a diameter of Z, and is offset X
R
from the coordinate center by (R,X). r
Polygonal characteristic
The polygonal characteristic in the r/x diagram is x (R3,X3)
shown in the adjacent picture. If the impedance (R2,X2)
point measured is located inside the polygon,
then the associated time counter will be started.
gon will be interpreted as a triangle. Polygons with more than 4 corner points can
be created by combining several 4-cornered polygons.
Binary signals
Binary signals can be used to influence the behavior of the distance protection
model by external events.
The binary input signals can be binary output signals from other distance relays or
from other types of relays as well. These signals can be altered both at the signal
source and at the input of the distance relay.
For controlling the time dependent signal flow, binary signals can be provided at
the source with a pick-up delay TAS and/or with a drop-out delay TAF. For the
time of signal transmission between the signal source and the destination, the
signal can be assigned a transmission time TL.
Signal source
TAS
Pick-up delay
TAF
Drop-out delay
TL
Transmission time
The illustration above shows the basic manner in which the signal is influenced.
When the signal arrives at the distance relay, it can be altered as follows:
Note that a binary signal can have the following functions in the distance protec-
tion model (see illustration at the end of this chapter):
Blocking
A trip command to the circuit-breaker will be given only when this signal is not be-
ing received.
Enable
The time counter of Stage 1 will not be started until the external signal is being re-
ceived. The start of Stage 1 time counter will, however, be blocked only until the
time, TFG, has elapsed. On expiry of
TFG, Stage 1 time counter will be started even if no enable signal is being re-
ceived.
Intertripping
If a signal is being received, a trip command will be sent provided that the direc-
tional starting has been activated.
Range extension
When an external signal is being received, the Stage 1 extended is activated.
External starting
Starting function begins when an external signal is being received.
Auto-reclosure blocking
The time counter for a trip using the characteristic for auto-reclosure will be
started only when no external signal is being received.
Variables
All variables of the distance relay are binary variables.
B General starting
C Directional starting
D General tripping
E Tripping, Stage 1
F Tripping, Stage 1 extended
G Tripping, Stage 2
H Tripping, Stage 3
I Tripping, directional starting
J Tripping, non-directional starting
K OFF command (signal to circuit breaker)
L Forward direction
M Auto-reclosure
Switching operations
None
T3 7
&
Starting 3
6 1
T2 1 10
& & TLS Circuit-breaker
opened
T1E 5
&
11
Direction
T1 4
&
&
Auto-reclosure blocking
TWE 12
&
&
WE
3
Current
Messung
Voltage
2
Internal Signals:
1E 1 .....General starting
& 2 .....Directional starting
3 .....General tripping
4 .....Tripping Stage 1
1 TFG 5 .....Tripping Stage 1 extended
1
6 .....Tripping Stage 2
Range extension 7 .....Tripping Stage 3
Enable 8 .....Tripping directional starting
&
9 .....Tripping non-directional starting
Intertripping 10 ....OFF command
11 ....Forward direction
Blocking 12 ....Auto-reclosure
ZA
ZC
ZB
The relay's trip function can be specified separately for Stage 1 and Stage 2.
More than one trip function can be defined for each level. Any switching operation
can be assigned as the trip function. For a description of the trip functions, see
under "Maximum-minimum relays".
Variables
All variables of the pole slip relay are binary variables.
A Trip, Stage 1
B Trip, Stage 2
Switching operations
None
Overcurrent protection
Functional description
In electricity networks, an overcurrent protection feature monitors a measured cur-
rent, and sends a trip command to a circuit-breaker when the current meets de-
fined starting and trip conditions.
Simulation of an overcurrent protection feature in the Transient Stability module is
accordingly divided up into
measured variable
starting condition
trip condition
trip function
An overcurrent protection feature possesses a measured variable, a starting con-
dition and a trip function. An overcurrent protection feature can, however, have
more than one trip condition (e.g. independently time-delayed high-current level,
dependently time-delayed overcurrent level).
Measured variable
The measured variable can be a current magnitude from any network element.
Other variables are not permissible (error message).
Starting condition
The starting condition is the over violation of a starting current IA, which is the mul-
tiple KA of the set current IE. After starting, the trip time begins to run (trip condi-
tion). If the current drops below a reset current IR (which is the multiple KR of the
set current IE), before the trip time has elapsed, the trip time will be reset and no
trip will be executed.
IA = K A IE
IR = K R IE
Trip condition
Different characteristics can be selected for the trip time, as the trip condition. An
overcurrent protection feature can be associated with more than one trip charac-
teristic.
t A = TE
tA K1
=
TE I K 2
1
IE
By means of K1 and K2, the trip characteristics can, for example, be formed in ac-
cordance with IEC 255:
If the current is more than the multiple KB of the set current IE, the trip time will not
be reduced any
I
further; ( max = K B ). KB is, for example, equal to 20.
E
I
Trip function
If the measured current remains above the reset current IR longer than the trip
time after the starting current IA has been exceeded, the trip function will be initi-
ated. In the Transient Stability module, the trip function is any desired switching
operation. More than one switching operation, can also be assigned to a single
trip function.
On expiry of a breaker opening time which can be set for each switching opera-
tion, the switching operations will be executed.
Variables
The variables of an overcurrent relay are analog or binary variables.
A Measured current I [A]
B Effective trip time tA [s]
C Starting condition fulfilled [binary]
D Trip condition fulfilled [binary]
Switching operations
No switching operations can be performed at an overcurrent protection feature.
This must NOT be confused with switching operations which are caused by an
overcurrent protection feature.
Pickup Conditions
Subroutine REGS gives as currents the square of per unit currents:
2
I SB
i =
2
IB current base of network element
IB 3 UB
i2 IB2 > (K A IE )
2
I > IA I2 > I2A
2
K I
i2 > A E i2 > pcka
IB
where
2 2
K I K I U
pcka = A E = 3 A E B
IB SB
I i IB 2 IB
2 2
= = i
IE IE IE
tA K1 tck1
= =
TE
I
K2
2 2 (i 2
pcie )
tck 2
1
i2 B 1
IE
where
2 2
I 1 SB
pcie = B =
IE 3 IE UB
tck1 = K1
K2
tck2 =
2
Program control
Simulation duration
Default value: XDT0 (when TEND < XTD0)
Simulation parameters
Number of sub-intervals for control circuits
The system equations for the control circuits are solved NSI times within one inte-
gration step. Minimum value is 2.
Default value: 5 (when NSI < 2 or > 100)
Maximum number of iterations for the implicit solution after which the step
length to be reduced
Number of steps to further increase the step length after the last increase of
the step length
Default value: 3 (when NVIINC < 1 or > 20)
Number of steps to increase the step length after the last decrease of the
step length
Default value: 10 (when NVIDEC < 1 or > 20)
Symbol Library
Overview
Basic Concepts
In the main application you can select the network and the protection device sym-
bols with "Input - Symbol Selection".
To draw a "drawing symbol" you have to select "Draw - Symbol...".
Select the symbols for the disconnection symbol and flow indicator with "Options -
Symbols".
Connecting Point
the node. The disconnection symbol will be shown, if the display of the "logical
switches" is not selected (see "Drawing parameters").
Drawing Symbols
The drawing symbols are not connected to any other element. They can be scaled
in the main application.
Mouse Buttons
Select Mode
Pressing the left mouse button selects and deselects the graphic objects.
Holding down the "Shift-key" allows multiple selection.
Press the left mouse button while moving the mouse to move selected objects.
Drawing Mode
To enter new objects press the left mouse button while moving the mouse.
Double-Click
A double-click on an objects brings up the property dialog box.
Graphical Elements
References
Additional References
/1/ L. Busarello
ber die Entwicklung eines Programmsystems zur Analyse und Planung
elektrischer Energieversorgungsnetze fr Arbeitsplatzcomputer
Dissertation Nr. 8319, Eidgenssische Technische Hochschule Zrich,
1987
/2/ VDE0102 Teil 100
Berechnung von Kurzschlussstrmen in Drehstromnetzen
Entwurf April 1985, VDE-Verlag, D-Berlin 12
/3/ H. Happolt, D. Oeding
Elektrische Kraftwerke und Netze
Springer-Verlag
/4/ O. I. Elgerd
Electric Energy System Theory. An Introduction
McGraw-Hill, 1971
/5/ Elektrische Energietechnik, Bnde 1-3
Springer-Verlag, 29. Auflage, 1988
/6/ L. Busarello, G. Balzer, K. Reichert
Die Kurzschlussstromberechnung nach IEC 909
SEV-Bulletin, Heft 9, 1989
/7 / Xiao-Ping Zhang
Fast three phase load flow method
IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, Vol. 11, No. 3. August 1996
/8 / Funk, Hantel
Frequenzabhngigkeit der Betriebsmittel von Drehstromnetzen
ETZ-Archiv Band 9 (1987), Heft 11, Seiten 349-356
/9/ W. Tenschert
Simulation elektromechanischer Ausgleichsvorgnge in elektrischen
Energienetzen mit Nachbildung von Schutzeinrichtungen.
Dissertation Technische Universitt Wien, 1988
/ 10 / I.M. Canay
Determination of model parameters of synchronous machines.
IEE Proc., Vol.130, Pt.B., 1983, H.2, S.86-94
/ 11 / Polschlupfschutz GZX 104 - Technische Beschreibung.
BBC, CH-ES 31-58 D
/ 12 / Excitation System Models for power system stability studies.
IEEE Committee Report
IEEE Transactions, Vol. PAS-100, 1981, S.494-509
/ 13 / P.M. Anderson, A.A. Fouad
Power System Control and Stability
The Iowa State University Press, 1977
/ 14 / S. Ertem, Y. Baghzouz
Simulation of Induction Machinery for Power System Studies
IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol.4, 1989, S.88-94
/ 15 / P. Kundur
Power System Stability and Control
EPRI Power System Engineering Series
McGraw-Hill, Inc.
/ 16 / G. Hosemann (Hrsg.)
Htte - Taschenbcher der Technik;
Band3: Netze Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1987
ISBN 3-540-15359-4
/ 17 / H.-J. Haubrich (Hrsg.)
Zuverlssigkeitsberechnung von Verteilungsnetzen.
1. Auflage, Aachen, Verlag der Augustinus-Buchhandlung1996
(Aachener Beitrge zur Energieversorgung, Bd. 36)
ISBN 3-86073-492-X
Appendix
EDT-File
With the help of the EDT-file, topological and electrical data can be imported and
exported. This File can be generated and read by MS-Excel (see "Interfaces to
NEPLAN - Import/Export" in chapter "Tutorial" and "File - Import/Export" in chapter
"Menu Options"). When exporting the file, the user will be asked about the field
seperator to use in the EDT-file. The structure and the description of the file are
found below:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data field| Elements |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|Name |Type | Line |Coupling|Reactor |2-w.Tran|3-w.Tran|Shunt |Net.feed|
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| id | N2 | [1] | [2] | [3] | [4] | [5] | [50] | [51] |
| l1 | L |Switch 1|Switch 1|Switch 1|Switch 1|Switch 1|Switch 1|Switch 1|
| l2 | L |Switch 2| |Switch 2|Switch 2|Switch 2| regul ?| |
| l3 | L | | | |regulate|Switch 3| | |
| l4 | L |Cable ? | | |Unit Tr.| | | |
| c1 | C8 |No.nam 1|No.nam 1|No.nam 1|No.nam 1|No.nam 1|No.nam 1|No.nam 1|
| c2 | C8 |No.nam 2|No.nam 2|No.nam 2|No.nam 2|No.nam 2| | |
| c3 | C8 | | | | |No.nam 3| | |
| c4 | C8 |Elem.nam|Elem.nam|Elem.nam|Elem.nam|Elem.nam|Elem.nam|Elem.nam|
| c5 | C10 | | | |Vectorgr|Vectorgr| | |
| c6 | C24 | Type | | | Type | | | |
| c7 | C8 |Freq.dep| |Freq.dep|Freq.dep|Freq.dep|Freq.dep|Freq.dep|
| r1 | N8 | Un | Un | Un | Un1 | Un1 | Un | Un |
| r2 | N8 | B1(1) | | | Un2 | Un2 | | |
| r3 | N8 | B1(0) | | | Delta U| Un3 | | |
| r4 | N8 | G1(1) | | Ur | Ur1 | Ur1 | | |
| r5 | N8 | G1(0) | | | Ur2 | Ur2 | | |
| r6 | N8 | | | | Beta | Ur3 | | |
| r7 | N8 | Ir max | | | Sr | Sr12 | P(1) | Sk"max |
| r8 | N8 | X(1) | X(1) | ukr(1) | ukr(1) |ukr(1)12| | Sk"min |
| r9 | N8 | X(0) | X(0) | | ukr(0) |ukr(1)23| | |
| r10 | N8 |Per.temp| | |reg.side|ukr(1)13| | |
| r11 | N8 | R(1) | R(1) | uRr(1) | uRr(1) |uRr(1)12| | |
| r12 | N8 | R(0) | R(0) | | uRr(0) |uRr(1)23| | |
| r13 | N8 | Y(0) | Y(0) | | Tap act|uRr(1)13| | |
| r14 | N8 | Y(1) | Y(1) | | XE1 | XE1 | | |
| r15 | N8 | Number | Ir | | XE2 | XE2 | | |
| r16 | N8 | ir min | Ipmax | | RE1 | RE1 | | Ik"max |
| r17 | N8 | red.fac| | | RE2 | RE2 | | Ik"min |
| r18 | N8 | C(1) | | Ir | I0 |ukr(0)12| P(0) | R1/X1 |
| r19 | N8 | C(0) | | | Tap min|ukr(0)23| Q(1) | Z0/Z1 |
| r20 | N8 | Length | | | Tap max|ukr(0)13| Q(0) | C |
| r21 | N8 | B2(1) | | | P Fe | Sr23 | Umin | |
| r22 | N8 | B2(0) | | | Tap mit| Sr13 | Umax | |
| r23 | N8 | Q | | | Preg | RE3 | Qmin | |
| r24 | N8 | Units | | | | XE3 | Qmax | |
| r25 | N8 | G2(1) | | | |reg.side| Imax | |
| r26 | N8 | G2(0) | | | | Delta U| | |
| r27 | N8 | | | | |Tap min | | |
| r28 | N8 | | | | |Tap max | | |
| r29 | N8 | Ltg_sec| | | |Tap mit | | |
| r30 | N8 | Num_sec| | | |Tap akt | | |
| c8 | C31 |Descr.N1|Descr.N1|Descr.N1|Descr.N1|Descr.N1|Descr.N1|Descr.N1|
| c9 | C31 |Descr.N2|Descr.N2|Descr.N2|Descr.N2|Descr.N2| | |
| c10 | C31 | | | | |Descr.N3| | |
| c11 | C31 |Descr.El|Descr.El|Descr.El|Descr.El|Descr.El|Descr.El|Descr.El|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table (continue):
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data field| Elements |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|Name |Type |Synchron|Asynchro|PS-Unit | Series |Filter |Parallel| Series |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| id | N2 | [52] | [53] | [54] | [6] | [55] | [7] | [56] |
| l1 | L |Switch 1|Switch 1|Switch 1|Switch 1|Switch 1|Switch 1|Switch 1|
| l2 | L |Unit Gen|Conv dri|Turbo ? |Switch 2| |Switch 2| |
| l3 | L | | | | | | | |
| l4 | L | | | | | | | |
| c1 | C8 |No.nam 1|No.nam 1|No.nam 1|No.nam 1|No.nam 1|No.nam 1|No.nam 1|
| c2 | C8 |Turbo |Ml(s) | |No.nam 2| |No.nam 2| |
| c3 | C8 | |Me(s) | | | | | |
| c4 | C8 |Elem.nam|Elem.nam|Elem.nam|Elem.nam|Elem.nam|Elem.nam|Elem.nam|
| c5 | C10 | |I(s) |Vectorgr| | | | |
| c6 | C24 | Type | Type | | | | | |
| c7 | C8 |Freq.dep|Freq.dep|Freq.dep|Freq.dep|Freq.dep|Freq.dep|Freq.dep|
| r1 | N8 | Un | Un | Un1 | Un | Un | Un | Un |
| r2 | N8 | |Start.de| Un2 | | | | |
| r3 | N8 | |P oper. | xd" | | | | |
| r4 | N8 | Ur | Ur | Ur1 | Ur | Ur | Ur | Ur |
| r5 | N8 |Ufmx/Ufr| Mk/Mr | Ur2 | | | | |
| r6 | N8 | | M0 | x(2) | | | | |
| r7 | N8 | Sr | Pr | SrT | | Qr | Sr | |
| r8 | N8 | mue | Number | ukr(1) | L1 | L1 | L1 | L1 |
| r9 | N8 | RE | Ir | ukr(0) | | | | |
| r10 | N8 | XE | M1 | xdsat. | | | p | |
| r11 | N8 | | M2 | uRr(1) | R1 | R1 | R1 | R1 |
| r12 | N8 | |Q oper. | uRr(0) | | | | |
| r13 | N8 | | |Cos(phi)| | | | |
| r14 | N8 | X(0) | J | XE1 | | | | |
| r15 | N8 | RG | sr | RE1 | | f0 | f0 | |
| r16 | N8 | Ikk | ETA | | | G | G | |
| r17 | N8 |cos(phi)|Polepair| | | | | |
| r18 | N8 | xd" |Cos(Phi)| SrG | C1 | C1 | C1 | C1 |
| r19 | N8 | x(2) | Ia/Ir |Ufmx/Ufr| | | | |
| r20 | N8 | xdges. | Ma/Mr | | | | | |
| r21 | N8 | Pmin |t switch| | | | | |
| r22 | N8 | Pmax |cos sta.| | | | | |
| r23 | N8 | Qmin | RM | | | | | |
| r24 | N8 | Qmax | | | | | | |
| r25 | N8 | | | | | | | |
| r26 | N8 | | | | | | | |
| r27 | N8 | | | | | | | |
| r28 | N8 | | | | | | | |
| r29 | N8 | | | | | | | |
| r30 | N8 | | | | | | | |
| c8 | C31 |Descr.N1|Descr.N1|Descr.N1|Descr.N1|Descr.N1|Descr.N1|Descr.N1|
| c9 | C31 | | | |Descr.N2| |Descr.N2| |
| c10 | C31 | | | | | | | |
| c11 | C31 |Descr.El|Descr.El|Descr.El|Descr.El|Descr.El|Descr.El|Descr.El|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table (continue):
-------------------------------
| Data field| Elements |
|-----------------------------|
|Name |Type |Serie Eq|Shunt Eq|
|-----------------------------|
| id | N2 | [11] | [12] |
| l1 | L |Switch 1|Switch 1|
| l2 | L | | |
| l3 | L |Eq.Type |Eq.Type | Eq.Type: 1: Loadflow 2: Short circuit
| l4 | L | | |
| c1 | C8 |No.nam 1|No.nam 1|
| c2 | C8 |No.nam 2| |
| c3 | C8 | | |
| c4 | C8 |Elem.nam|Elem.nam|
| c5 | C10 | | |
| c6 | C24 | | |
| c7 | C8 | | |
| r1 | N8 | Un1 | Un |
| r2 | N8 | Un2 | |
| r3 | N8 | | |
| r4 | N8 | | |
| r5 | N8 | | |
| r6 | N8 | | |
| r7 | N8 | R12(1) | R(1) |
| r8 | N8 | X12(1) | X(1) |
| r9 | N8 | R21(1) | R(2) |
| r10 | N8 | X21(1) | X(2) |
| r11 | N8 | R12(2) | R(0) |
| r12 | N8 | X12(2) | X(0) |
| r13 | N8 | R21(2) | P gen |
| r14 | N8 | X21(2) | Q gen |
| r15 | N8 | R12(0) | P loa |
| r16 | N8 | X12(0) | Q loa |
| r17 | N8 | R21(0) | |
| r18 | N8 | X21(0) | |
| r19 | N8 | | |
| r20 | N8 | | |
| r21 | N8 | | |
| r22 | N8 | | |
| r23 | N8 | | |
| r24 | N8 | | |
| r25 | N8 | | |
| r26 | N8 | | |
| r27 | N8 | | |
| r28 | N8 | | |
| r29 | N8 | | |
| r30 | N8 | | |
| c8 | C31 |Descr.N1|Descr.N1|
| c9 | C31 |Descr.N2| |
| c10 | C31 | | |
| c11 | C31 |Descr.El|Descr.El|
-------------------------------
As seen above a record consists of 42 data fields. Each data field is described by
its name and its type. The following types exist:
The first data field "id" gives the type of element. For example with [1] a line will
be described. The file is an ASCII-file. The description of the data fields are given
in chapter "Element Data Input and Models".
The load and disconnect switches are also exported/imported. Their identifica-
tions are:
id = 8: disconnect switch (node-node)
id = 9: load switch (node-node)
id = 10: circuit breaker (node-node)
For these elements the logical switches "L3" and "L4" indicate, if the node 1
(starting node) or/and node 2 (ending node) should be reduced during the calcu-
lation. "T" means reduce, "F" means not reduce (see "Disconnect Switch" in
chapter "Element Data Input and Models").
The data fields are the same as for couplings.
The data of network equivalents are only exported, if the module network reduc-
tion is available.
Line Sections:
Line sections are also included in the EDT-file. The data field "Ltg_sec" gives the
information if the record is for a line or a line section:
0: normal line
1: line section.
For a line consisting of several sections the data field "Num_sec" must contain the
number of sections. For example, if a line consists of 3 sections the data field
"Num_sec" must contain the number 3. The following data fields are not important
for line sections: "l1" to "l3" and "c1" to "c5" and "c7" as well as "r1", "r21" and
"r22". The program will calculate the total length and the parameters of the lines,
which consist of several sections, when reading the EDT-file (import).
NDT-File
In the NDT-file the node data (load data) are imported or exported. The File can
be generated and read by MS-Excel. When exporting the file, the user will be
asked about the field seperator to use in the EDT-file. The structure and the
description of the record fields are:
------------------------
| Data field| |
------------------------
|Name |Type | Node |
------------------------
| c1 | C8 |Node name |
| c2 | C2 | LF-Type |
| p | L | HV/LV |
| r1 | N8 | Poper inp|
| r2 | N8 | Qoper inp|
| r3 | N8 | Umin |
| r4 | N8 | Umax |
| r5 | N8 | U |
| r6 | N8 | WU |
| c3 | N8 | El.Name |
| r8 | N8 | Si.factor|
| r9 | N8 | Poper cal|
| r10 | N8 | Qoper cal|
| c4 | C24 | Type |
| p2 | L | Lineload |
| r11 | N8 | Distance |
| r12 | N8 | DU |
| r13 | N8 | xp |
| r14 | N8 | xq |
| r15 | N8 | P0 |
| r16 | N8 | Q0 |
| r17 | N8 | Ureg | Regulated or nominal node voltage
| r18 | L | Switch | Indicates, if the Load is connected (T) or not (F)
| c5 | C31 | Descr.El.|
| r19 | L | No.Info | Indicates, if only the nominal node voltage (T) is
------------------------ read in
The same is valid as in the ELD file. The fields c1 and c3 can be 8 or 17 charac-
ters long. The field p indicates, if the numerical values are given for low (kVA, A,
V) or high (MVA, kA, kV) voltage:
p1: "T" means: Input for high voltage.
p1: "F" means: Input for low voltage.
The load type is saved in the field "Type". "Line load" indicates, whether it is a line
load or not:
p2: "T" means: line load.
p2: "F" means: load/generator/feeder/motor.
The distance of the line load in meter from the line starting node is saved into
"Distance". The number of domestic units for the loads and line loads are saved in
"DU".
The first data row consists of only 1 field (year). It is not counted. The following
data rows (maximum 10) consist of 2 tabulator-separated fields.
Year Year (4 digits: e.g. 2003)
Value >= 0
Example
File with 2 records (1 year factor, 1 day factor):
1. sub title
2. sub title
h Harmonic
value Current or voltage value in %.
Example
File with 2 curve: