Snakes and ladders in chemistry (eamcet special)

Order of energies: gamma rays > X rays > UV rays

visible> I.R> micro wavws > T.V waves > T.V waves >
radio waves

Note: energy frequency /wave length wave number

Order of energies of list line in H- spectrum

:Lyman>balmer>paschen>brackett>pfund.

:in a given series,1st line has least energy or longest

wave length and last line has highest energy or least wave
length

In an atom as the n (orbit no.) value increases

1. K.E
2. P.E
3. Total energy
4. Velocity
5. Energy difference between adjacent orbits
decreases ()
6. Distance between adjacent orbits increase es()
Distance between two successive orbits = 0.529
(m+n)A.,m and n are orbit numbers in increasing
order
If the velocities of electron (e), proton (P) neutron
(n), o2, H2molecules are same, then the order of
 their deBrogiles wave length is > > >
2 > 2
Order of filling up of sublevels in 6th period: 6s, 4f,
5d, 6p

Order of sizes:A - > A > A+. i.e, anion > >neutral
atom>cation

Order of radii:N-3>O-2>F>Na+Mg+2>A1+3
Order of different radii:vander waals> crys
tal>covalent
Order of ionisation potentials of 3rd period
elements: Na< Mg>A1>Si<P>S<C1<Ar.

Note:

1. I.P of Si>I.P of Mg
2. In e given period a) II A group element(ns) has
greater I.P then IIIA group element b)VA group
element (nsnp) has greater I.P then corresponding
VI A group element
Order of I.P: He>Ne>F>Ar>N>O>H;

Order of I.P:Al+3>Mg+2>Na+

Note: in ISO electronic ions, the ion with grater

atomic number is 1. Smaller in size 2. Having greater I.P

Order of 2ndionisation potentials is carbon ,

nitrozen, oxygen and flourine is: O>F>N>C.

Note: for 2nd IP, consider preceding element.

 Order of electron affinity: Cl>F>Br>I>S;
Elements with maximum electron affinity: chlorine
Order of E>A:IV Agroup elements > VA group
elements (i.e carbon > nitrogen)
Order of E.A(VI A)

s>Se>Te>O(EA2:O>S>Se>Te)

IIA group elements and Nitrogen have positive E.A

Order of E.N:

Fluorine (4) > oxygen(3.%)> Nitrogen (3.0) = Chlorine

(3.0); (H - 2.1, C 2.5, P = 2.1; C= S = 1 = 2.5)

Elements with maximum electronegativity is

fluorine and lowest is Cs.
= 2.8x (X= electro negativity)
rder of E>N in IVA:C> Si = Ge = sn= Pb;
Order of E.Nin IIIA:B >Tl>In>Ga>Al

Order of ease of formation and stability of
cations:Na+>Mg+2>Al+3
Anions:F>O-2>N-3

Note: smaller is charge on ion, greater is stability.

Order of size of orbitals:sp3>sp2>sp.

Order of ionic character: CsCI> RbCI> KCL>NaCl> LiCl
Order of C-C bond length

Ethane = diamond > graphite> benzerne> C2H4 > C2H4

(sp3-s) (sp2- s) (sp-s)

Order of O-Obond length H2O2>O3>o2

Order of C-O bond length:
32 >Co2>CO
Order of bond energy ( single)
C- C > -N-N->F-F>-O-O
O-H bond length is 0.978Awhere as O---- H (H-
bond) bond length is 1.76A
Order of strengths of Hydrozen bond:
F..H-F>F.H-F>OH-O>N..H-N
Order of stength of the bond:
> >
Order of B.Pts among the Hydrides of
1. IVA group: Sn4 >Ge4 > 4 > 4 (No Hydrozen
bond)
2. VA group:Sb3 >N3 > 3 > 3
3. VIA: H2O> H2Te> H2e H2s
4. VIIA group:HF>HI>HBr>HCl
Order of ratesof diffusion: H2>He>CH4.
Order of molecular velocities: > >Cp
Order of number of molecules processing different
velocities: CP > >
: : =1:1.128 : 1.224 or 0.816 :0.921:1
of D2O is graeter then 7 (at 250C) but it is
neutral because of D2o is > 14 at 25C
Order of radii of alkali metal ions in H2o:
Li+ (aq)>Na+(aq)>K+(aq)>Rb+(aq)>Cs+(aq)

Order of S.O.P of IIA: Ba>Sr = Ca>Mg>Be;E.N. ofCa =

Sr
Order of solubility of carbonates and hydroxides of
IA group

Li2CO3<Na2Co3<K2CO3<Rb2CO3<Cs2CO3LiOH<NaOH<KO
H<RbOH<CsOH

IIIA ghroup: highest M.Pts;Boron (2300C) because it

exists as giant covalent polymer in both liquid and
soild states. Latest M.Pt;gallium because it consists
of Ga2molecules and laest B.P = Tl.
The element with maximum liquid range is gallium
IVA group element with highest M.Ptand B.Pt is
carbon
IV A group element with least M.Pt:sn(Tin) and least
B.P = Pb
Order of 1st I.P in IVA group:C>Si>Ge>Pb>sn
Order of M-M bond energies and catention:

C-C>Si-Si>Ge-Ge>Sn-Sn

Order of calorific value:

Coal gas > carburetted water gas > water gas

(21000KJ/m) (15045KJ/m) (13000KJ/M)
 N2 is the major constituent in semi water gas and
producer gas
H2 is the major constituent in coal gas, carburetted
water gas, water gas
Order of abundance of noble gases in air by vol: Ar>
Ne>Kr>Xe>He
In noble gases, density, B.Pt, heat of vapourisation
and solubility in water increases down the group.
Among the hydrides of VA, VIA, VIIA group
1. stability
2. reducing character
3. second hydrides is more volatile (PH3, H2, HCL)
4. ease of formation decreases
5. bond angle
among the hydrides of VA group
1. basiccharacter
2. ease of substitution (replacement of hydrogen by Cl
or alkyl)
acidic character: N2O5> NO2>N2O3
(+5) (+4) (+3)
N2O, NO neutral
order of basicity: H4P2O7 (P-O-P bond)

>H3PO4>H3PO3>H3PO2;

(H4P2O6 contains P-P bond)

order of acidic nature among hydrides of VIA group:

H2Te>H2Se>h2S>H2O

order of reactivity , I.P, E.N, oxidising power, non

metallic nature:

F2>Cl2>Br2>I2

order of size, M.pt, B.pt, density and vander walls

forces: I2>Br2>Cl2>F2
order of electron affinity : Cl>F>Br>1
order of bond energy: Cl2>Br2>F2>I2
order of acidic nature:
1. HI>HBr>HCl>HF
2. Cl2O7>Cl2O6>ClO2>Cl2O
3. HclO4>HclO3>Hclo2>HOCl
Order of basic nature:
1. F> Cl> Br>
2. ClO> Clo2> Clo3> Clo4
Order of Ci O bond length in oxyacids of chlorine:

HOCI>HclO2>HclO3>HCIO4

Order of Ci O bond energy:

Clo4> Clo3> Clo2> Clo

Among oxyacids of chlorine:

1. Strongest acid: perchloric acid (HciO4)
2. Strongest oxidant: hypochlorous acid(HOCI)
 Order of acidic strengths:
HF>HNO2>CH3COOH>H2CO3>H2S>HCN.
In elecetro chemical series from Li to F2
1. S.R.P
2. Reducing character
3. Oxidising character
Order of electro chemical equivalent of Na, Mg and
Al: ena>eMg>eAl(e = gram equivalent weight/96500)
Order of heat of absorption: chemical> physical

(40 400Kj. mol -1)(20-40K.J mol-1)

Order of solute particle size: suspension (>10-6m)>

colloid(10-6m to 10-9m)> true solutions(<10-9m)
Most basic: secondary alphatic amines
Least basic: teritary aromati amines

Acids bases (chemistry)

Acid base pair differing by proton is called

conujgate acid base pair

Acid -H+ conjugate base;base + H+ conjugate
acid
HCOO-, H2PO2, 32 will act as proton accptors
only.
Lewis acids: cation, BCl3, BF3, SiCl4, SF4, AnCl2, CO2,
SO2, Cl2O7, atomic oxygen and sulphur.
Lewis bases: anions, NH3, H2S, ROH, RNH2, SCl4, Sf4,
C2H4, C2H2, Co, No etc.
 All lewis bases are bronsted bases but all lewis
acids need notbe bronsted acids eg. BF3
PH = - log [ + ] = /log 1[ + ] = 14 - POH
POH = - log[ ] = log1/[ ]

If PH = x.y then [ + ] = antilog (1-0.y) 10-(X+1)

If equal volumes of two acids with different PH
values are mixed, then PH of resulting solution =
lowest PH + 0.3
If equal volumes of bases with different PH values
are mixed then PH of resulting solution = highest PH
0.3
If equal volumes of one acid and one base are
mixed, then PH of resultinmg solution is 7, if sum of
their PH values is equal to 14, eg: PH = 2 and 12; PH =
4, 10
The mixture ofweek acid and strong base will acts
as acid buffer , if the number of equivalents of
weak acid are grater than that of strong base. Eg:
100ml. 0.1M HCN+50ml 0.1M NaoH
The mixture of weak base and strong acid will act
as basic buffer, if the no.of equivalents of weak
base are graeter then that of strong acid. Eg:
100ml. 0.1 M NH4OH + 20ml 0.2M HCl
Aqueous solution os salts of weak acid and weak
base will act as neutral buffers eg: CH3COONH4
 Buffer capacity = no. of moles of acid or base
added per lt. solution. Change in pH
A salt undergoes hydrolysis only if the
corresponding acid or base or both of a salt are
weak eg: NaCN, CuSO4, NH4Cl, (NH4)2CO3 etc.

Relationship beween solubility (s) and solubility

product (ksp)

ksp = xx, yy (s)x+y (mol/lit)x+y

x = number of cations given by one molecule

y= number of anions given by one molecule

s = solubility of salt in mol/litre [ =

. 1/]

The product of concentration of ions of a salt in a

given solution is called Ionic product.

Precipitation of a salt from a solution takes place only

when its ionic product exceeds solubility product.

Kinetics

Rate of a reaction
1. Can be expreseed interms of reactants or products
2. Is equal either w.r.t to any reactant or product at a
given instant
3. Decreases exponentially with time
4. Depends on nature of reactants, concentration,
temperature and catlyst.
Order of a reaction
1. Can be whole number or fraction
2. Can be deduced from rate equation (experimental
quantity)
3. Can be changed by changing experimental
conditions
4. Can not be deduced from stichiometric equation.
In a reaction if a ractnt is taken in large excess, then
order with respect to that reactant becomes zero
Can be 910 1,2,3 and it cannot be zero or fraction
(2) deduced from reaction mechanism (3) need not
be equal to order

Heat change (H) of forward reaction = - ,
and are the activationenergies of forward and
backward rections respectively.
Units of rates constant for order raction
(Mol)1-n(lit)n-1 sec-1
Units of reaction rate does not chenge with order of
reaction
The units of reaction rate and rate constant are
same for zero order reactions i.e mol.lit-1. Time -1