Culprit:
WhyNicotine
smoking causes cancer? It's because
tobacco and tobacco smoke contain more than 60
Increases the level of the
carcinogenic compounds. In general, more than 4,000
neurotransmitter dopamine, which is
individual substances have beenin the
a chemical identified in tobacco
brain responsible for
smoke, including carbon monoxide,
feelings hydrogen cyanide,
of pleasure.
ammonia and other toxic irritants.
5
Why coffee keeps you awake?
Caffeine
Adenosine
Having affection for our other living beings, and feeling that All
life should be preserved.
A B
POACHING
Illegal trade of wildlife (Hunting)
Smuggling of wildlife: Herbal products
Elephant tusks: $100/Kg: Leopard fur
coat $ 100,000 in japan
Conservation of Biodiversity
In-situ conservation
Ex-situ conservation
In situ conservation
Biosphere reserves
National Parks
Wildlife sanctuaries
Conservation reserves
Tiger reserves
Plus trees
Ex-situ conservation
Botanical gardens
Arboreta
Herbal gardens
Clonal repositories
Plant herbarium
Provenance trials
Seed orchards
In-situ conservation
1. Biosphere reserves
Following the man and biosphere approach advocated
by the UNESCO, 14 sites have been identified a Biosphere
reserves covering area of 49012.62 sq. Km
Eg: Thar Desert, Sunderbans, Kaziranga etc
2. National Parks
There are 97 existing national parks in India covering an
area of 38,199.47 km2, which is 1.16% of the geographical area
of the country.
In addition to the above 74 national parks are proposed
covering an area of 16,630.08 km2 in the Protected Area
Network Report. Eg: silent valley, eravikulam etc
In-situ conservation
3.Wild Life Sanctuaries
There are 508 wildlife sanctuaries covering an area of
118,236.94 km2,which is 3.60% of the geographical area. Another
217 sanctuaries are proposed in the Protected Area Network Report
covering an f 16 669 44 k 2 area of 16,669.44 km2.
Eg: nilgiries, Gir, Wayanad etc
4. Tiger reserves
Project Tiger was launched in the year 1973 to save the tiger.
endangered species of Starting from nine (9) reserves in 1973-74 the
2006 number is grown up to 29 in 2006. A total of 38,620 km2 is
covered by these project tiger areas, which is 1.17% of
the total geographical area.
Eg: periyar, Kanha, Srisailam etc
In-situ conservation
5. Seed stands and seed production areas
The best natural stands or plantations that are near full stocking
are used for the development of seed production areas.
One of the important component is the improvement of seed
quality.
6. Plus trees
tree Plus selection is one of the methods to conserve diversity at
species level. Plus tree is a phenotypically superior tree.
It is the utilization part of gene conservation
Ex-situ conservation
1. Botanical gardens
India has more than 100 botanical gardens under different
management systems located in different bio-geographical regions.
Central and state governments manage 33 botanical gardens that
maintain the diversity in the form of plants or plant populations.
2. Arboreta
An arboretum generally refers to a place established for
conservation of tree species.
FRI Dehradun has established an arboretum with 130 tree species
forest species, a bamboosetum of 53 species.
NBPGR at Bhubaneswar has established an arboretum with 1,430
species of trees, a palmeretum of 100 different types of palms, a
bamboosetum with 61 collection of bamboo, and an orchidarium
housing 220 species of orchids.
Ex-situ conservation
3. Herbal gardens
Refers to the gardens that conserve herbs, shrubs that are of
medicinal value and aromatic value.
The concept of herbal gardens has been picked up by the NGOs in
India.
Several institutions, State Forest Departments and NGOs in different
parts of the country, have established herbal gardens.
4. Clonal repositories
Institutions dealing with perennial plants have field repositories for
conservation of FGR.
ICFRE has established field repositories in the form of VMGs
(Vegetative Multiplication Gardens), clonal banks and germplasm
banks at its institutes regional institutes.
Also such repositories have been established in the jurisdiction of the
state forest departments for their use.
Ex-situ conservation
5. Plant herbarium
Plant diversity preserved in the form of herbarium.
The Botanical Survey of India has the largest holding of 1,500,000
specimens.
The Forest Research Institute, Dehradun has collection of more than
3.0 lakh specimens.
There are many more herbaria, such as Presidency College Madras
( 100,000); The Blater Herbarium at St. Xaviers College, Bombay
(100,000); St. Josephs College, Tiruchirapally (60,000) etc.
6. Provenance trials
Provenance trials help in exploration of gene resources called
genecological exploration.
More than ninety species provenance trials have been established in
different parts of India to screen out best provenance for raising new
plantations with increased productivity.
Provenances are collected from different geographical, ecological
and environmental conditions and play an important role in gene
conservation
Ex-situ conservation
7. Seed Orchards
Seed orchards contribute greatly to the production of quality
planting stock of the desired species.
These are plantations established primarily for the production of
seed of proven genetic quality.
These orchards can be put under selective conservation the
objectives in ex-situ conservation, as one of ex conservation.
Establishment of seed orchards is part of long-term conservation
management programme and also a long-term breeding
programme.
Some important Terms:
Endangered species: Dodo
Extinct: passenger pigeon
Vulnerable:
Rare:
NBPGR: National Bureau of Plant Genetic
Resources(New Delhi)
NBAGR:National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources(Karnal)
NFPTCR: National Facility for Plant Tissue Culture Repository
Genetically modified crops
Traditional cross breeding - an
artificial selection
Used to modify genetic characteristics of populations
of species
Example: Dogs, cats, cows, mangoes, flowers
It is a slow process
Can be done only between species that are genetically
close
Genetic engineering is also an
artificial selection
Isolation, modification, multiplication and
recombination of genes from genetically different
organisms possible
Enables transfer of genes from different species
that never interbreed result is genetically
engineered or genetically modified organism
Advantages of genetic
engineering
Faster than traditional cross breeding
Costs lesser
Allows transfer of traits between
genetically different plants or animals
Some achievements by genetic
engineers
Pest-resistant plants
Genetically modified bacteria to clean oil
spills
Chickens that lay less cholesterol eggs
Tomatoes with genes to prevent some types
of cancer
Cloning?
Gene therapy?
Genetically modified (GM) crops
GM crops gain increasing popularity
USA, Canada, Argentina, Brazil and China produce
GM crops
Two types of GM crops
- Herbicide tolerant crops farmers can us herbicides
to wipeout weeds
- Pest-resistant crops produce some toxins to kill
insects
How are GM crops made?
How are GM crops made?
Why GM crops?
GM crops are needed to
feed growing population
GM crops are healthier
GM crops are produced
in more efficient,
environmental friendly
way
Mahyco-Monsanto Biotech
What does GM brinjal contain?
GM brinjal has a foreign gene from Bacillus
thuringenesis
The plant can produce its own pesticide to kill
fruit and shoot borer