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Republika Srpska
Republika Srpska (Serbian Cyrillic: a, pronounced [repblika srpska] ( listen); literally "Serb
Republika Srpska
Republic") is one of two constitutional and legal entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being the Federation of
Bosnia and Herzegovina.[7] The entities are largely autonomous.[8] The administrative centre is Banja Luka.
Contents
Flag
1 Name Seal
8 Notes
Capital Sarajevo[2] (de
jure)
9 References Banja Luka (de
10 Bibliography facto;
administrative
11 External links
centre)
Largest city Banja Luka
Between 1992 and 2008, the Constitution of Republika Srpska was amended 121 times. Article 1 states that Republika Srpska
is a territorially unified, indivisible and inalienable constitutional and legal entity that shall independently perform its
[28]
constitutional, legislative, executive, and judicial functions.
Impact of war
The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina resulted in major changes in the country, some of which were quantified in a 1998
UNESCO report. Some two million people, about half the country's population, were displaced. In 1996 there were some
435,346 ethnic Serb refugees from the Federation in Republika Srpska, while another 197,925 had gone to Serbia. In 1991,
Serbian Autonomous Provinces from
27% of the non-agricultural labor force was unemployed in Bosnia and this number increased due to the war.[29] By 2009, the
1991-92, created in rebellion against
unemployment rate in Bosnia and Herzegovina was estimated at 29%, according to the CIA's The World Factbook.[30] the government of Bosnia and
Republika Srpska's population of Serbs had increased by 547,741 due to the influx of ethnic Serb refugees from the Federation Herzegovina
of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the former unrecognised state of the Republic of Serbian Krajina in the new Republic of
Croatia.[31]
In Eastern Bosnia, Bosnian Serbs besieged the town of Srebrenica, among others. Srebrenica was declared a UN "Safe Area" in
1993 and it served as an enclave for Muslim refugees for the final years of the Bosnian War. In the meanwhile, Bosniaks and
Croats committed atrocities against the Serbian population in the villages surrounding the town. In the middle of July 1995,
more than 8,000 Muslim Bosniaks, mainly men and boys, in and around the town of Srebrenica, were killed in what became
known as the Srebrenica massacre.
The number of Croats was reduced by 135,386 (the majority of the pre-war population), and the number of Bosniaks by some
434,144. Some 136,000 of approximately 496,000 Bosniak refugees forced to flee the territory of what is now Republika
Srpska have since returned home.[32]
Territories which were controlled by
As of 2008, 40% of Bosniaks and 8.5% of Croats had returned to Republika Srpska, while 14% of Serbs who left their homes in
Army of Republika Srpskaduring the
territories controlled by Bosniaks or Croats, also returned to their pre-war [33]
communities. war compared with current borders.
In the early 2000s, discrimination against non-Serbs was alleged by NGOs and the Helsinki Commission. The International
Crisis Group reported in 2002 that in some parts of Republika Srpska a non-Serb returnee is ten times more likely to be the victim of violent crime than is a local Serb.[34] The
Helsinki Commission, in a 2001 statement on "Tolerance and Non-Discrimination", pointed at violence against non-Serbs, stating that in the cities of Banja Luka[35] and
Trebinje,[36] mobs attacked people who sought to lay foundations for newmosques.
Non-Serbs have reported continuing difficulties in returning to their original homes and the assembly has a poor record of cooperation in apprehending individuals indicted for
war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide.[37]
Organizations such as theSociety for Threatened Peoples, reporting to the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2008, have made claims of discrimination against non-Serb
V such as Srebrenica, Bratunac, Viegrad, and Foa.[38]
refugees in the Republika Srpska, particularly areas with high unemployment in the Drinaalley
According to the Ministry for Human Rights and Refugees of Bosnia and Herzegovina, European Union Police Mission, UNHCR, and other international organizations,
security in both Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is at present satisfactory, although some minor threats, real or perceived, can still influence the
[33]
decision of individuals as to whether they will return to their pre-war addresses or not.
Geography
Boundary
The Inter-Entity Boundary Line (IEBL) between Bosnia and Herzegovina's two entities essentially follows the front lines at the
end of the Bosnian War with adjustments (most importantly in the western part of the country and around Sarajevo) defined by
the Dayton Agreement. The total length of the IEBL is approximately 1,080 km. The IEBL is an administrative demarcation
uncontrolled by military or police and there is free movement across it. Radovan Karadi (left), former
president of Republika Srpska, and
Ratko Mladi (right), former Chief of
Municipalities Staff of the Army of the Republika
Under the Law on Territorial Organization and Local Self-Government, adopted in 1994, Republika Srpska was divided into 80 Srpska, both charged withwar
crimes, including genocide, by the
municipalities. After the Dayton Peace Agreement the law was amended to reflect changes to borders: it now comprises 63
International Criminal Tribunal for the
municipalities.
Former Yugoslavia in The Hague.
Mountains
The Dinaric Alps dominate the western border with Croatia. Mountains in Republika Srpska include Kozara, Romanija,
Jahorina, Bjelanica, Motajica and Treskavica. The highest point of the entity is peak Magli at 2,386 m, near the border with
Montenegro.
Mehmed Paa Sokolovi Bridge,
UNESCO World Heritage Site, over
the Drina
Hydrology
Most rivers belong to the Black Sea drainage basin. The principal rivers are the Sava, a tributary of the Danube that forms the
northern boundary with Croatia; the Bosna, Vrbas, Sana and Una, which flow north and empty into the Sava; the Drina, which
flows north, forms part of the eastern boundary with Serbia, and is also a tributary of the Sava. Trebinjica is one of the longest
sinking rivers in the world. It belongs Adriatic Sea drainage basin. Skakavac Waterfall on the Peruica is one of the highest
waterfalls in the country, at about 75 metres (246 feet) in height. The most important lakes are Bilea Lake, Lake Bardaa and
Balkana Lake.
Protected areas
In Republika Srpska are located two national parks, Sutjeska National Parkand Kozara National Park, and one protected nature Trebinjica, one of the longest
park, Bardaa. Peruica is one of the last remainingprimeval forests in Europe.[39] sinking rivers in the world
Demography
The first post-war census was the2013 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina
, earlier figures are estimates.
Economy
The currency of Republika Srpska is the Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark (KM). It takes a minimum of 23 days to register a business there. Gross domestic product
[43]
(PPP) was estimated in 2010 at about US$7,895 per capita, but growth in the particular area was measured as being the highest in Bosnia, with 6,5%.
Foreign investment
An agreement on strategic partnership has been concluded between the Iron Ore Mine Ljubija Prijedor and the British company LNM (a major steel producer, now part of
ArcelorMittal). Yuzhuralzoloto Gruppa Kompaniy OAO from Russia signed a strategic partnership with the Lead and Zinc Mine Sase, in Srebrenica.[46] Recent foreign
investments include privatisation ofTelekom Srpske, sold to the Serbian Telekom Srbija for 646 million, and the sale of the petroleum and oil industry, based in Brod, Modria
[47]
and Banja Luka, to Zarubezhneft of Russia, whose investment is expected to total US$970 million in coming years.
On 16 May 2007, the Czech power utility EZ signed a 1.4 billion contract with the Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske, to renovate the Gacko I power plant and build a
second, Gacko II.[48]
As of September 2012, the President of Republika Srpska, Milorad Dodik, has signed an agreement with the Russian company
.[49]
Gazprom to build a part of the South Stream pipeline network and two gas power plants in the entity
External trade
Although the constitution names Sarajevo as the capital of Republika Srpska, the northwestern city of Banja Luka is the
headquarters of most of the institutions of government, including the parliament, and is therefore the de facto capital. After the war,
Milorad Dodik, the president of
Republika Srpska retained its army, but in August 2005, the parliament consented to transfer control of Army of Republika Srpska the Republika Srpska
to a state-level ministry and abolish the entity's defense ministry and army by 1 January 2006. These reforms were required by
NATO as a precondition of Bosnia and Herzegovina's admission to the Partnership for Peace programme. Bosnia and Herzegovina
joined the programme in December 2006.[52]
External relations
In September 2006, Republika Srpska officials signed a "special ties agreement" with Serbia aimed at promoting economic and institutional cooperation between Serbia and
Republika Srpska (RS). The accord was signed by Serbia's President Boris Tadi and Prime Minister Vojislav Kotunica, former RS President Dragan avi, and RS Prime
Minister Milorad Dodik. Tadi and Kotunica, accompanied by several ministers and some 300 businessmen, arrived in Banja Luka on two special planes from Belgrade, in
what was seen as the biggest-ever boost to strengthening ties in all spheres of life between the Republika Srpska and Serbia. The Serbian Komercijalna banka and the Dunav
osiguranje insurance company opened branches in Banja Luka and the Serbian news agency
Tanjug also inaugurated its international press center in Banja Luka.
Representative offices
In February 2009, Republika Srpska opened a representative office in Brussels. While European Union representatives were not
present at the ceremony, top Republika Srpska officials attended the event, saying it would advance their economic, political and
cultural relations with the EU. This notion has been strongly condemned by Bosniak leaders, saying that this is further proof of
Republika Srpska distancing itself from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The president of Republika Srpska, Rajko Kuzmanovi, told
reporters that this move did not jeopardise Republika Srpska's place within Bosnia and Herzegovina. He added that Republika
Srpska merely used its constitutional right "to open up a representation office in the center of developments of European Representative offices of the
relevance". Republika Srpska maintains official offices in Belgrade, Moscow, Stuttgart, Jerusalem, Thessaloniki, Washington D.C., Republika Srpska worldwide.
Brussels, and Vienna.[53][54][55]
Holidays
According to the Law on Holidays of Republika Srpska, public holidays are divided into three categories: entity's holidays, religious holidays, and holidays which are marked
but do not include time off work. The entity holidays include New Year's Day (1 January), Entity Day (9 January), International Workers' Day (1 May), Victory over Fascism
Day (9 May) and Day of theGeneral Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina(21 November).[56]
Religious holidays include Christmas and Easter according to both the Julian and the Gregorian calendars for, respectively, Serbian Orthodox Christians and Roman Catholics,
as well as Kurban Bajram and Bajram for Muslims. Holidays which are marked but do not include time off work include School Day (the Feast of Saint Sava, 27 January), Day
of the Army of the Republika Srpska(12 May), Interior Ministry Day (4 April), and Day of theFirst Serbian Uprising(14 February).[56]
The most important of the entity holidays is Dan Republike, which commemorates the establishment of Republika Srpska on 9 January 1992. It coincides with Saint Stephen's
Day according to the Julian calendar. The Orthodox Serbs also refer to the holiday as the Slava of Republika Srpska, as they regard Saint Stephen as the patron saint of
Republika Srpska. The holiday has therefore a religious dimension, being celebrated with special services in Serbian Orthodox churches.[57] Republika Srpska does not
[58]
recognize the Independence Day of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1 March).
Culture
Education
The oldest and largest public university in Republika Srpska isUniversity of Banja Lukaestablished in 1975. The second of two public
universities in Republika Srpska isUniversity of East Sarajevo. After the end of the Yugoslav wars several private institutions of higher
education were established, including: American University in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slobomir University and University Sinergija.
The Academy of Sciences and Arts of the Republika Srpska is the highest representative institution in the Republika Srpska of science
and art founded in 1996. National and University Library of the Republika Srpska is a national library, located in Banja Luka. The
Museum of Contemporary Art(MSURS) houses a collection of Yugoslav and international art and is located in Banja Luka.
Faculty of Economics,
Notes University of Banja Luka
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Bibliography
Batakovi, Duan T. (1996). The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics
. Dialogue Association.
External links
Government of Republika Srpska(in Serbian)
President of Republika Srpska(in Serbian)
People's Assembly of Republika Srpska(in Serbian)
RS Institute of Statistics(in Serbian)
The Constitution of Republika Srpskaofficial document
Republika Srpska ~ Moja Republika(in Serbian)
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