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Coordinates: 44.75N 17.

316667E

Republika Srpska
Republika Srpska (Serbian Cyrillic: a, pronounced [repblika srpska] ( listen); literally "Serb
Republika Srpska
Republic") is one of two constitutional and legal entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being the Federation of
Bosnia and Herzegovina.[7] The entities are largely autonomous.[8] The administrative centre is Banja Luka.

Contents
Flag
1 Name Seal

2 History Anthem: [1]


2.1 Impact of war Moja Republika
My Republic
3 Geography
3.1 Boundary
3.2 Municipalities
3.3 Mountains
3.4 Hydrology
3.5 Protected areas
4 Demography
4.1 Ethnic composition
5 Economy
5.1 Foreign investment
5.2 External trade
5.3 Taxation and salaries
6 Politics
6.1 External relations
6.2 Representative offices
6.3 Holidays Location of the Republika Srpska (blue)
7 Culture and Brko District (green) within Bosnia
7.1 Education and Herzegovina .a

8 Notes
Capital Sarajevo[2] (de
jure)
9 References Banja Luka (de
10 Bibliography facto;
administrative
11 External links
centre)
Largest city Banja Luka

Name Official languages Serbian, Bosnian


and Croatianb
In Serbo-Croatian, Republika Srpska means "Serb Republic". The second word is a nominalized adjective derived by Ethnic groups 82.22% Serbs
adding the suffix '-ska' to 'srb-', the root of the noun 'Srbin', meaning Serb. The '-ps-' sequence rather than '-bs-' is a (2013 census[3]) 14.10% Bosniaks
result of voicing assimilation. Although the name 'Republika Srpska' is sometimes glossed as Serb Republic[9] or 2.43% Croats
Bosnian Serb Republic,[10] and the government of Republika Srpska uses the semi-Anglicized term Republic of Srpska in 1.25% other
English translations of official documents, the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina originally written in English as
Government Parliamentary
well as western news sources such as the BBC,[11] The New York Times,[12] and The Guardian[13] generally refer to the system
entity as the Republika Srpska. President Milorad Dodik
Prime Minister eljka Cvijanovi
In a July 2014 interview for Press, Dragoslav Bokan claimed that he, Goran Mari, and Sonja Karadi (daughter of
Radovan Karadi) came up with the name Srpska as requested of them by Velibor Ostoji, then-Minister of Information Legislature National
Assembly
of the entity.[14]
Formation
Proclaimed 9 January 1992
History Recognized as 14 December
part of Bosnia 1995
In a session on 1415 October 1991, the People's Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina approved the "Memorandum on and Herzegovina
Sovereignty", as had already been done by Slovenia and Croatia. The memorandum was adopted despite opposition from
Area
83 Serb deputies belonging to the Serb Democratic Party (most of the Serb parliamentary representatives) as well as the
Total 24,525.5 km2
Serbian Renewal Movementand the Union of Reform Forces, who regarded the move as illegal.[15][16] (9,469.3 sq mi)
Water (%) n/a
On 24 October 1991, the Serb deputies formed the Assembly of the Serb People in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Skuptina
srpskog naroda u Bosni i Hercegovini) to be the highest representative and legislative body of the Bosnian Serb Population
population,[17][18] ending the tripartite coalition.
2013 census 1,218,107 d[4]
Density 53/km2
The Union of Reform Forces soon ceased to exist but its members remained in the assembly as the Independent Members (137.3/sq mi)
of Parliament Caucus. The assembly undertook to address the achievement of equality between the Serbs and other Currency Republika Srpska
peoples and the protection of the Serbs' interests, which they contended had been jeopardized by decisions of the Bosnian dinar (1992-1994)
parliament.[17] On 9 January 1992, the assembly proclaimed the Republic of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina Yugoslav dinar
(1994-1998)
(Republika srpskog naroda Bosne i Hercegovine), declaring it part of Yugoslavia.[19]
convertible mark
(1998-present)
On 28 February 1992, the assembly adopted the Constitution of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the
(BAM)
name adopted instead of the previous Republika srpskog naroda Bosne i Hercegovine), which would include districts,
municipalities, and regions where Serbs were the majority and also those where they had allegedly become a minority Time zone CET (UTC+1)
Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
because of persecution during World War II. The republic was part of Yugoslavia and could enter into union with political
[20]
bodies representing other peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Calling code +387
ISO 3166 code [[ISO 3166-2:|]]
The Bosnian parliament, without its Serb deputies, held a referendum on the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina on
29 February and 1 March 1992, but most Serbs boycotted it since the assembly had previously (910 November 1991)
a. Although the Brko District is formally
held a plebiscite in the Serb regions, 96% having opted for membership of the Yugoslav federation formed by Serbia and held in condominium by both entities, it is
Montenegro.[21] a de facto third entity, as it has all the
same powers as the other two entities
The referendum had a 64% turnout and 92.7% or 99% (according to different sources) voted for independence.[22][23] On and is under the direct sovereignty of
BiH.
6 March the Bosnian parliament promulgated the results of the referendum, proclaiming the republic's independence from
b. The Constitution of Republika Srpska
Yugoslavia. The republic's independence was recognized by the European Community on 6 April 1992 and by the United avoids naming the languages, instead
States on 7 April. On the same day the Serbs' assembly in session in Banja Luka declared a severance of governmental ties listing them as "the language of the Serb
with Bosnia and Herzegovina.[24] The name Republika Srpska was adopted on 12 August 1992.[25] people, the language of the Bosniak
people and the language of the Croat
people" (because there is no consensus
The political controversy escalated into theBosnian War, which would last until the autumn of 1995.[26]
whether this is the same language or
The war was ended by the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, reached at Wright- three different languages).[5]
c. Including refugees abroad
Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio, on 21 November and formally signed in Paris on 14 December 1995.
d. Excluding Republika Srpska's 48% of the
Annex 4 of the Agreement is the current Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, recognising Republika Srpska as one of
Brko District
its two main political-territorial divisions and defining the governmental functions and powers of the two entities. The
[27]
boundary lines between the entities were delineated in Annex 2 of the Agreement.

Between 1992 and 2008, the Constitution of Republika Srpska was amended 121 times. Article 1 states that Republika Srpska
is a territorially unified, indivisible and inalienable constitutional and legal entity that shall independently perform its
[28]
constitutional, legislative, executive, and judicial functions.

Impact of war
The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina resulted in major changes in the country, some of which were quantified in a 1998
UNESCO report. Some two million people, about half the country's population, were displaced. In 1996 there were some
435,346 ethnic Serb refugees from the Federation in Republika Srpska, while another 197,925 had gone to Serbia. In 1991,
Serbian Autonomous Provinces from
27% of the non-agricultural labor force was unemployed in Bosnia and this number increased due to the war.[29] By 2009, the
1991-92, created in rebellion against
unemployment rate in Bosnia and Herzegovina was estimated at 29%, according to the CIA's The World Factbook.[30] the government of Bosnia and
Republika Srpska's population of Serbs had increased by 547,741 due to the influx of ethnic Serb refugees from the Federation Herzegovina
of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the former unrecognised state of the Republic of Serbian Krajina in the new Republic of
Croatia.[31]

In Eastern Bosnia, Bosnian Serbs besieged the town of Srebrenica, among others. Srebrenica was declared a UN "Safe Area" in
1993 and it served as an enclave for Muslim refugees for the final years of the Bosnian War. In the meanwhile, Bosniaks and
Croats committed atrocities against the Serbian population in the villages surrounding the town. In the middle of July 1995,
more than 8,000 Muslim Bosniaks, mainly men and boys, in and around the town of Srebrenica, were killed in what became
known as the Srebrenica massacre.

The number of Croats was reduced by 135,386 (the majority of the pre-war population), and the number of Bosniaks by some
434,144. Some 136,000 of approximately 496,000 Bosniak refugees forced to flee the territory of what is now Republika
Srpska have since returned home.[32]
Territories which were controlled by
As of 2008, 40% of Bosniaks and 8.5% of Croats had returned to Republika Srpska, while 14% of Serbs who left their homes in
Army of Republika Srpskaduring the
territories controlled by Bosniaks or Croats, also returned to their pre-war [33]
communities. war compared with current borders.

In the early 2000s, discrimination against non-Serbs was alleged by NGOs and the Helsinki Commission. The International
Crisis Group reported in 2002 that in some parts of Republika Srpska a non-Serb returnee is ten times more likely to be the victim of violent crime than is a local Serb.[34] The
Helsinki Commission, in a 2001 statement on "Tolerance and Non-Discrimination", pointed at violence against non-Serbs, stating that in the cities of Banja Luka[35] and
Trebinje,[36] mobs attacked people who sought to lay foundations for newmosques.

Non-Serbs have reported continuing difficulties in returning to their original homes and the assembly has a poor record of cooperation in apprehending individuals indicted for
war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide.[37]

Organizations such as theSociety for Threatened Peoples, reporting to the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2008, have made claims of discrimination against non-Serb
V such as Srebrenica, Bratunac, Viegrad, and Foa.[38]
refugees in the Republika Srpska, particularly areas with high unemployment in the Drinaalley

According to the Ministry for Human Rights and Refugees of Bosnia and Herzegovina, European Union Police Mission, UNHCR, and other international organizations,
security in both Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is at present satisfactory, although some minor threats, real or perceived, can still influence the
[33]
decision of individuals as to whether they will return to their pre-war addresses or not.
Geography

Boundary
The Inter-Entity Boundary Line (IEBL) between Bosnia and Herzegovina's two entities essentially follows the front lines at the
end of the Bosnian War with adjustments (most importantly in the western part of the country and around Sarajevo) defined by
the Dayton Agreement. The total length of the IEBL is approximately 1,080 km. The IEBL is an administrative demarcation
uncontrolled by military or police and there is free movement across it. Radovan Karadi (left), former
president of Republika Srpska, and
Ratko Mladi (right), former Chief of
Municipalities Staff of the Army of the Republika
Under the Law on Territorial Organization and Local Self-Government, adopted in 1994, Republika Srpska was divided into 80 Srpska, both charged withwar
crimes, including genocide, by the
municipalities. After the Dayton Peace Agreement the law was amended to reflect changes to borders: it now comprises 63
International Criminal Tribunal for the
municipalities.
Former Yugoslavia in The Hague.

The largest cities in Republika Srpska are (2013 census):[4]

Banja Luka, population 199,191


Bijeljina, population 114,663
Prijedor, population 97,588
Doboj, population 77,223
Istono Sarajevo, population 64,966
Zvornik, population 63,686
Gradika, population 56,727
Tesli, population 41,904
Prnjavor, population 38,399
Laktai, population 36,848 Panoramic view of Banja Luka.
Trebinje, population 31,433
Derventa, population 30,177
Modria, population 27,799
Kozarska Dubica, population 23,074
Foa, population 12,334

Mountains
The Dinaric Alps dominate the western border with Croatia. Mountains in Republika Srpska include Kozara, Romanija,
Jahorina, Bjelanica, Motajica and Treskavica. The highest point of the entity is peak Magli at 2,386 m, near the border with
Montenegro.
Mehmed Paa Sokolovi Bridge,
UNESCO World Heritage Site, over
the Drina
Hydrology
Most rivers belong to the Black Sea drainage basin. The principal rivers are the Sava, a tributary of the Danube that forms the
northern boundary with Croatia; the Bosna, Vrbas, Sana and Una, which flow north and empty into the Sava; the Drina, which
flows north, forms part of the eastern boundary with Serbia, and is also a tributary of the Sava. Trebinjica is one of the longest
sinking rivers in the world. It belongs Adriatic Sea drainage basin. Skakavac Waterfall on the Peruica is one of the highest
waterfalls in the country, at about 75 metres (246 feet) in height. The most important lakes are Bilea Lake, Lake Bardaa and
Balkana Lake.

Protected areas
In Republika Srpska are located two national parks, Sutjeska National Parkand Kozara National Park, and one protected nature Trebinjica, one of the longest
park, Bardaa. Peruica is one of the last remainingprimeval forests in Europe.[39] sinking rivers in the world

Demography
The first post-war census was the2013 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina
, earlier figures are estimates.

Natural demographic change in


Republika Srpska, 1996-2015
Population composition[40]
Year Total Males Females Births Deaths
1996 1,391,593 12,263 10,931
1997 1,409,835 13,757 11,755
1998 1,428,798 679,795 749,003 13,527 12,469

1999[note 1] 1,448,579 689,186 759,351

2000[note 1] 1,469,182 14,191 13,370

2000 1,428,899 695,194 733,705

2001[note 1] 1,490,993 13,699 13,434

2001 1,447,477 704,197 743,280


Ethnic structure of Republika Srpska
2002 1,454,802 708,136 746,666 12,336 12,980 according to the 1991 census.
2003 1,452,351 706,925 745,426 10,537 12,988
2004 1,449,897 705,731 744,166 10,628 13,082
2005 1,446,417 704,037 742,380 10,322 13,802
2006 1,443,709 702,718 740,991 10,524 13,232
2007 1,439,673 700,754 738,919 10,110 14,146
2008 1,437,477 699,685 737,792 10,198 13,501
2009 1,435,179 698,567 736,612 10,603 13,775
2010 1,433,038 697,524 735,514 10,147 13,517
2011 1,429,668 695,884 733,784 9,561 13,658
2012 1,425,571 9,978 13,796
2013 1,326,991 603,027 625,396 9,510 13,978
Ethnic structure of Republika Srpska
according to the 2013 census.
Ethnic composition
Ethnic Composition, 1991
Year Serbs % Muslims % Croats % Yugoslavs % Others % Total
1991 [41] 869,854 55.4 440,746 28.1 144,238 9.2 75,013 4.8 39,481 2.5 1,569,332
Ethnic Composition, 2013
Not
declared
Year Serbs % Bosniaks % Croats % Others % % Total
&
unknown
2013 [42] 970,857 82.95 148,477 12.69 26,509 2.27 14,641 1.25 9,858 0.84 1,170,342
2013 1,001,299 81.5 171,839 14.0 29,645 2.4 15,324 1.25 1,228,423
There has been a controversy around who is counted in the population census. The first row reflects the total population present in Republika Srpska, while the second row
includes additional people who live and work abroad.

Economy
The currency of Republika Srpska is the Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark (KM). It takes a minimum of 23 days to register a business there. Gross domestic product
[43]
(PPP) was estimated in 2010 at about US$7,895 per capita, but growth in the particular area was measured as being the highest in Bosnia, with 6,5%.

GDP of Republika Srpska 20062011 (mil.KM)[44]


2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
3,373 3,666 4,208 4,560 5,116 5,763 6,546 7,352 8,490 8,236 8,318 8,682 8,584 8,760 8,831
Participation in total BiH economy
28.54% 28.92% 30.10% 30.98% 31.98% 33.47% 33.56% 33.44% 34.10% 33.98% 33.54% 33.78% 33.36% 33,32% 32.66%

Foreign investment
An agreement on strategic partnership has been concluded between the Iron Ore Mine Ljubija Prijedor and the British company LNM (a major steel producer, now part of
ArcelorMittal). Yuzhuralzoloto Gruppa Kompaniy OAO from Russia signed a strategic partnership with the Lead and Zinc Mine Sase, in Srebrenica.[46] Recent foreign
investments include privatisation ofTelekom Srpske, sold to the Serbian Telekom Srbija for 646 million, and the sale of the petroleum and oil industry, based in Brod, Modria
[47]
and Banja Luka, to Zarubezhneft of Russia, whose investment is expected to total US$970 million in coming years.

On 16 May 2007, the Czech power utility EZ signed a 1.4 billion contract with the Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske, to renovate the Gacko I power plant and build a
second, Gacko II.[48]
As of September 2012, the President of Republika Srpska, Milorad Dodik, has signed an agreement with the Russian company
.[49]
Gazprom to build a part of the South Stream pipeline network and two gas power plants in the entity

External trade

Real GDP growth rates in Republic


of Srpska and Federation of Bosnia
and Herzegovina 20062014

Employed persons in Republika


Srpska 20002015[45]

External trade of Republika Srpska (mil.euros)


(not including trade with theFederation of Bosnia and Herzegovinaand the Brko District)[50][51]
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Exports 306 289 312 431 578 788 855 983 855 1,114 1,309 1,214 1,331 1,376 1,337 1,467
Imports 868 1,107 1,165 1,382 1,510 1,411 1,712 2,120 1,824 2,072 2,340 2,294 2,330 2,529 2,334 2,263
Total trade 1,174 1,396 1,477 1,813 2,088 2,199 2,566 3,103 2,680 3,186 3,650 3,509 3,662 3,905 3,570 3,730
Coverage (%) 35 26 27 31 38 56 50 46 47 54 56 53 57 54 60 65

Taxation and salaries


Since 2001, Republika Srpska initiated significant reforms in the sector of the tax system, which lowered the tax burden to
28.6%, one of the lowest in the region. The 10% rate of capital gains tax and income tax are among the lowest in Europe and
could theoretically stimulate foreign investment, and there are no limits on the amount of earnings. Increasing the number of
taxpayers and budgeted incomes, and creating a stable fiscal system, were necessary for further reforms in the fields of taxation
and duties; this area is a priority goal of the RS authorities. VAT has been introduced in 2006. These tax advantages have led to
.[43]
some companies moving their business to RS from the other entity

Average net wages (KM) in


Politics Republika Srpska 19962015
According to its constitution, Republika Srpska has its own president, people's assembly (the 83-member unicameral People's
Assembly of Republika Srpska), executive government (with a prime minister and several ministries), its own police force,
supreme court and lower courts, customs service (under the state-level customs service), and a postal service. It also has its
symbols, including coat of arms, flag (a variant of the Serbian flag without the coat of arms displayed) and entity anthem. The
Constitutional Law on Coat of Arms and Anthem of the Republika Srpska was ruled not in concordance with the Constitution of
Bosnia and Herzegovina as it states that those symbols "represent statehood of the Republika Srpska" and are used "in accordance
with moral norms of the Serb people". According to the Constitutional Court's decision, the Law was to be corrected by September
2006. Republika Srpska later changed its emblem.

Although the constitution names Sarajevo as the capital of Republika Srpska, the northwestern city of Banja Luka is the
headquarters of most of the institutions of government, including the parliament, and is therefore the de facto capital. After the war,
Milorad Dodik, the president of
Republika Srpska retained its army, but in August 2005, the parliament consented to transfer control of Army of Republika Srpska the Republika Srpska
to a state-level ministry and abolish the entity's defense ministry and army by 1 January 2006. These reforms were required by
NATO as a precondition of Bosnia and Herzegovina's admission to the Partnership for Peace programme. Bosnia and Herzegovina
joined the programme in December 2006.[52]

External relations
In September 2006, Republika Srpska officials signed a "special ties agreement" with Serbia aimed at promoting economic and institutional cooperation between Serbia and
Republika Srpska (RS). The accord was signed by Serbia's President Boris Tadi and Prime Minister Vojislav Kotunica, former RS President Dragan avi, and RS Prime
Minister Milorad Dodik. Tadi and Kotunica, accompanied by several ministers and some 300 businessmen, arrived in Banja Luka on two special planes from Belgrade, in
what was seen as the biggest-ever boost to strengthening ties in all spheres of life between the Republika Srpska and Serbia. The Serbian Komercijalna banka and the Dunav
osiguranje insurance company opened branches in Banja Luka and the Serbian news agency
Tanjug also inaugurated its international press center in Banja Luka.
Representative offices
In February 2009, Republika Srpska opened a representative office in Brussels. While European Union representatives were not
present at the ceremony, top Republika Srpska officials attended the event, saying it would advance their economic, political and
cultural relations with the EU. This notion has been strongly condemned by Bosniak leaders, saying that this is further proof of
Republika Srpska distancing itself from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The president of Republika Srpska, Rajko Kuzmanovi, told
reporters that this move did not jeopardise Republika Srpska's place within Bosnia and Herzegovina. He added that Republika
Srpska merely used its constitutional right "to open up a representation office in the center of developments of European Representative offices of the
relevance". Republika Srpska maintains official offices in Belgrade, Moscow, Stuttgart, Jerusalem, Thessaloniki, Washington D.C., Republika Srpska worldwide.
Brussels, and Vienna.[53][54][55]

Holidays
According to the Law on Holidays of Republika Srpska, public holidays are divided into three categories: entity's holidays, religious holidays, and holidays which are marked
but do not include time off work. The entity holidays include New Year's Day (1 January), Entity Day (9 January), International Workers' Day (1 May), Victory over Fascism
Day (9 May) and Day of theGeneral Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina(21 November).[56]

Religious holidays include Christmas and Easter according to both the Julian and the Gregorian calendars for, respectively, Serbian Orthodox Christians and Roman Catholics,
as well as Kurban Bajram and Bajram for Muslims. Holidays which are marked but do not include time off work include School Day (the Feast of Saint Sava, 27 January), Day
of the Army of the Republika Srpska(12 May), Interior Ministry Day (4 April), and Day of theFirst Serbian Uprising(14 February).[56]

The most important of the entity holidays is Dan Republike, which commemorates the establishment of Republika Srpska on 9 January 1992. It coincides with Saint Stephen's
Day according to the Julian calendar. The Orthodox Serbs also refer to the holiday as the Slava of Republika Srpska, as they regard Saint Stephen as the patron saint of
Republika Srpska. The holiday has therefore a religious dimension, being celebrated with special services in Serbian Orthodox churches.[57] Republika Srpska does not
[58]
recognize the Independence Day of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1 March).

Culture

Education
The oldest and largest public university in Republika Srpska isUniversity of Banja Lukaestablished in 1975. The second of two public
universities in Republika Srpska isUniversity of East Sarajevo. After the end of the Yugoslav wars several private institutions of higher
education were established, including: American University in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slobomir University and University Sinergija.
The Academy of Sciences and Arts of the Republika Srpska is the highest representative institution in the Republika Srpska of science
and art founded in 1996. National and University Library of the Republika Srpska is a national library, located in Banja Luka. The
Museum of Contemporary Art(MSURS) houses a collection of Yugoslav and international art and is located in Banja Luka.

Faculty of Economics,
Notes University of Banja Luka

1. Includes Brko District

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Bibliography
Batakovi, Duan T. (1996). The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics
. Dialogue Association.

External links
Government of Republika Srpska(in Serbian)
President of Republika Srpska(in Serbian)
People's Assembly of Republika Srpska(in Serbian)
RS Institute of Statistics(in Serbian)
The Constitution of Republika Srpskaofficial document
Republika Srpska ~ Moja Republika(in Serbian)
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