Anatomy of the
Endocrine System
the Endocrine System
The
endocrine
system
is
made
up
By : Chodidjah
of
seven
dierent
glands
that
make
chemicals
called
HORMONES.
HORMONES
are
substances
that
act
as
mesenger
to
control
many
body
funcAon.
The
endocrine
system
makes
more
the
20
GLANDS
OF
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
mayor
hormones
that
help
control:
Hypothalamus
Growth
.
Pituitary
ReproducAon
Pineal
Sexsual
development
Thyroid
Para thyroid
Use
and
Storage
of
energy
Thymus
Responses
to
physical
stress
or
trauma
Adrenal
Level
of
uid
salt
and
sugar
in
blood
Pancreas
Gonade ( Ovarium and Testis)
HYPOTHALAMUS
The
hypothalamus
is
located
in
the
center
of
the
brain.
It
makes
hormones
that
increase
or
decrease
the
release
of
the
hormones
made
in
the
pituitary
gland
it
also
makes
hormones
that
help
to
control
water
balance,
sleep,
temperature,
appeAde
and
blood
pressure.
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Optic chiasma
Mamillary body
Body of sphenoid
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SUPERIOR:
Diaphragma sellae
INFERIOR: Sphenoidal
air sinuses
LATERAL: Cavernous
sinuses
SUBDIVISIONS
OF
PITUITARY
GLAND
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal
tract
BLOOD
SUPPLY
OF
PITUITARY
DISTRIBUTION
OF
ARTERIES
GLAND
a hypothalamo-
hypophseal
portal vessel
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Hormones
which
producing
of
anterior
pituitary
glands
- Growth hormone
( GH)
- Luteinizing hormone
(LH)
- Follicle Stimulating
hormone (FSH)
- Thyrotropin hormone
(TSH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Adrenocorticotropic
hormone ( ACTH)
- Melanocye-
stimulating hormone
( MSH)
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The
Thyroid
PINEAL
gland/
pineal
body
Gland
The
pineal
gland
Brownish-red and soft
during life .
located
in
the
centre
Located in the neck below
of
the
brain,
to
the
the larynx , and anterior to
between
the
cerebral
the trachea
hemisphere
aXached
Each lobe
to
the
third
ventricle
pear-shaped and ~5cm long
Usually weighs about 25-30g
(larger inwomen)
It
produced
the
melatonin
hormone,
with
is
used
the
body
to
keep
normal
body
sleep
cycle
.
Recurrent laryngeal
nerveis ( branch of vagus
ARTERIAL
SUPPLY
nerve) an important
structure lying between
Arterial supply from
trachea and thyroid
superior and inferior
thyroid arteries may be injured during
thyroid surgery
lie between capsule and ipsilateral paralysis, of
pretracheal fascia (false vocalis plica, hoarse voice .
capsule)
Thyroid gland produce :
- all thyroid arteries
T3 ( Triiodotyronin),
anastomose with one
T4 (Thyroxin) and
another on and in the
Calcitonin
substance of the thyroid,
but little anastomosis
across the median plane .
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PARATHYROID
GLAND
Four parathyroid gland
Calcitonin
a
hormones
that
sHmulates
are found near the
posterior aspect of the
deposiHon
of
calcium
from
the
blood
into
the
thyroid gland.
bones,
balancing
the
acHon
of
parathyroid
They are small 20 -40 mg
and have a bean like shape.
Thyroid
hormones
they
control
the
Basal
Parathyroid glands usually
Metabplic
Rate
(BMR),
Inuence
cell
lie between posterior
dierenHaHon
and
growth
border of thyroid gland
and its sheath
ADRENAL
GLAND/
SUPRARENAL
GLAND
These 4 glands produce parathyroid hormone The adrenal gland is a small
tri angular gland located on
(PTH), which help to maintain calcium homeostasis top of the kidney.
by acting on the renal tubule as well as calcium Adrenal glands are orange
colored endocrine glands
store in the skeletal system and by acting indirectly that are about
on the gastointestinal tract thiough the activation of 1,5 x 3 inch.
The gland consist s of a
vit D. medulla and is surrounded
by cortex.
It is responsible for
producing epinephrin and
nor epinephrin , as well as
the hormones related with
stress thought the process of
corticosteroids.
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NERVE
SUPPLY
The adrenal gland
have a rich nerve
supply , branch from
Coeliac plexus and
the thoracicus
splancnic
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PANCREATIC
DUCT
- Wirsungi duct runs
the entire length of
pancreas
-Santorini duct drains
superior portion of
head and empties
separately into 2nd
portion of duodenum
- Common Bile duct
behind first portion of
duodenum then through
head of pancreas
Terminates at ampulla of
vater
BLOOD SUPPLY
The pancreas is an endocrine gland which has exocrine Blood supply from Splenic
artery, Hepatic artery and
and endocrine tissue. Superior Mesenteric Artery
The exocrine secretes pancreatic juice, a solution Celiac Common Hepatic
Artery Gastroduodenal
containing enzyme for carbohydrat, protein and triacyl Artery Superior
glycerol digest. pancreaticoduodenal artery
which divides into anterior
Pancreatic juice drains into the small intestine. and posterior branches
The endocrine part secretes hormones for the SMA Inferior
pancreaticoduodenal artery
regulation of blood glucose concentration, include which divides into anterior
insulin, glucagon and somatostatin . and posterior branches
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