ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY

Unit I: Air Pollution

Classification and properties air pollutants Pollution source Effects of air pollutants
on human beings Animals, Plants and Materials Automobile pollution Hazards and Air
pollution Concept of clean coal combustion technology Ultraviolet radiation, infrared
radiation, radiation from sun Hazards due to depletion of ozone.

Deforestation:

Ozone coals Automobile exhausts Chemical factory, stop emissions CFC (Chloro
Fluro Carbon).

Unit II: Water Pollution

Classification of water pollutants Health Hazards Sampling and analysis of water

treatment Different industrial effluent their treatment and disposal Advanced waste water
treatment Effluent quality standard and laws Chemical industries tannery, textile effluents
common treatment.

Unit III: Hazards Waste Management

Hazards waste management in India Waste identification, characterization and

classification Technological options for Collection, Treatment and Disposal of hazardous waste
Selection cheats for the treatment of different hazardous waste Methods of collection and
disposal of solid waste Health hazards Toxic and radioactive waste Incineration and
vitrification Hazard due to Bio process delectation Standard and Restriction Recycling and
Pause.

Unit IV: Environmental Measurement and Control

Sampling and analysis Dust monitor Gas analysis Partial size analysis Lux meter
Gas chromatograph Atomic absorption spectrometer Gravitation, setting chambers
Cyclone, separators Scrubbers Electrostatic precipitation Bag fitter Maintenance
Control of gaseous wire, Emission by Absorption, Ado sorption and combustion methods
Population control board - Laws.

Unit V: Pollution Control in Process Industries

Pollution control in process industries like cement, paper, petroleum products Textile,
tanneries, thermal power plants Tying and Pigment industries Eco friendly energy.
 UNIT I
AIR POLLUTION
What is mean by Air pollution?

When there is a change affected in the composition of air, either by physical or chemical
methods, results in harmful effect on health is called air pollution.

1.1 Classification and Properties of Air pollution:

1. Primary pollutant
2. Secondary air pollutants

Primary pollutants:

The primary pollutant are those that are emitted directly from the source

Ex:
Ash, smoke, dust, fumes, mist and spray, organic chemical and sulphur dioxide,
hydrogen sulphite, Nitric acid, ammonia.

Secondary pollutants:

The secondary pollutants are those that are formed in atmosphere by chemical
interaction.

Ex:
Sulphur trioxide (SO3), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Chlore Floro Carbon (CFC).

1.2 Pollution Source:

S. No Pollutants Source
1 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Burning of coal, auto exhaust, industrial
boiler
2 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Oil and coal burning, crackers
3 Smoke, fumes Steel Furness, cake ovens
4 Hydro Carbon (HC) auto exhaust, fuel burning (combustion)
5 Chloride Chemical industries
6 Chloro Floro Carbon (CFC) Refrigeration, Air condition plants
7 Nitrogen Oxide Sulphur oxide plants
8 Ammonia (NH4) Fertilizer and ammonia planet
9 Vapor Odor Dust Food processing and packaging
10 Unsafe transport of Mines cement line Dust and Minute particles
powder
1.3 Effects of air pollutants on human beings, animals, plants and materials:

This is particularly true for Urban and Industrial Region, where the pollutants adversely
affect the health of human and animals and cast of plant and material damage.

Harmful effects on human health:

The cement factories cause major air pollution in the atmosphere. The cement dust
released by the industries by spread over to neighboring villages and settles down on the plant
and houses.

S. No Pollutants Harmful effect of Human health

1 Oxide of nitrogen (NOX)
2 Oxides of Sulphur (SO)
3 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
4 Ammonia (NH4)
5 Fluoride compounds
Respiratory lung disease
Headache vomiting and chest troubles
Decreases of Oxygen carrying capacity of
blood
Inflames, upper respiratory diseases
Which have serious effect on human beings
and animals causes irritation of eye parts

Effect of animals:

The cement dust, lime dust, crusher dust, soil dust is deposit in the plant leaf surfaces.
The animals have eaten the dust leaves (Plants). The animals are effect stomach problem. Its
also effect lungs problem.

Effects of plants:

The most effect on vegetation in the leaf structure. The leaf surface is penetrated by a
large number of openings called the stomata. Air pollution is the stomata through with gases
affected the surface of the cells within the leaf, the dead areas on the leaf structure are
referred to as Necrosis. The leaf having losses are reduction Chlorophyll and yellowing of the
leaf.

Ex:

Banana, Grapes, Papaya, Coconut etc.

Effects materials:

The most pollutant responsible for metallic corrosion is sulphur dioxide it has been
corrosion of hard metal such as steel begins at annual mean pollutant of 0.02 PPM (Parts per
Millennium).
Ex:

Leather, clothes and paints

Sulphur acid mist in the atmosphere causes deterioration of structural materials such as
marble and lime stone, due to high concentration of industrial discharges and solid salinity and
humidity in the air corrosion rates in Mumbai are reported to be three to six Time higher than
the other Coastal areas of the country.

1.4 Auto mobile pollution:

Modern technological developments have multiplied the hazards to which human

beings are exposed. The major air pollutants emitted varies Global sources but most of part is
automobile pollutants.

How ever the air pollution in urban areas has changed with the liberalization policies of
the Government of India allowing more two wheelers and car manufacturing to enter the India
market in year 1990.

Now motor vehicles, cars, buses, trucks, two wheeler and three wheeler which
contribute nearby 65 to 70 percentages to the total air pollution of the cities.

Ex:

1. Bangalore had one lakhs vehicles in 1976 1977. But, 1996 this number has
increased to nearby 9 lakhs vehicles, which released a pollution load of 1145
tones, per day of CO, NOX, CO2, SO2 and Hydro carbons. But a span of just 2
year the contribution of two and three wheelers had increased to nearby
76%.
2. Similarly Delhi vehicular pollution control board contributes about 70 80%
of the overall pollution load in the city.
3. According to Maharashtra pollution control board the amount of air pollution
in Mumbai due to Auto exhaust in 1999 was 501 tones the total 818 tons per
day.

Reason:

For increasing vehicular pollution are the type of engine used, age of vehicles congested
traffic, poor road condition and traffic management system.
The greatest impact of air pollutants on human health. However result from condinute
exposure to low concentration under unexceptional conduction.
 The pollutant may enter the body by number of ways. They can cause eye and skin
irriation. The primary mode of pollutant transfer into the Human Body through the
respiratory system.
The effects of automobile pollutant on the respiratory system depend on the
concentration. Highly soluble gas such as SO2, where as relatively un soluble gas
absorbed in the upper part of the respiratory system, penetrate and reach the alveoli of
the lungs.
It is effects of these pollutants include pulmonary diseases and asthma and prevention
of oxygen transfer blood, impared performance.

Noise pollution:

Noise is unwanted, unpleasant sound. The unit for measuring sound is decided.

Sound of 20db is whisper, 60db is normal conversion. The vehicle makes the noise like
horn more than 60db become un hearable and irritating. The sudden horn in near the
hospital, church, mosque and temple and school etc sound is affected the human being.
Noise pollution the health physiologically affect the sense of ear, more irritable
condition may occur hearing defects. The heart trouble people and small baby also
affected more the noise pollution.

Act:

In Indian penal code 1860 (Under section 268). There is provision to prosute anyone
causing public nuisance, noise is actionable as public nuisance.

The nuisance cause by Noise is not considered as a serious offence Under Indian Penal
code.

In police act of 1861

The police has the authority to regulate the extent to which loudspeaker can be
used.
Violation of condition of permission can be lead to penalty.

1.5 Hazards of air pollution:

The air pollution affected human being, plant and materials.

The mostly affected the dust from the cement factory and crusher.
The dust release by industries spread over to neighboring village and settles down on
the plants and houses.
The sulphur acid produce by the sulphur acid factory its emits sulphur dioxides.
 Automobile exist carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide.

Ex:

In 1991 Gulf war had destroyed Iraq and Kuwait for over hundred oil field is fired nearby
10 months.

It is reported the 80 million tones of CO2 and 36 million tons of SO2 went into the
atmosphere daily as black smoke.
In December 3rd 1984 Bhopel disaster the Union carbote factory leak poisonour gas
Methyl Iso Cyanate (MIC).
More than 10,000 people lost their eye sit more of 1,00,000 people affected skin
disease, throdle pain, lungs disease suffocation, vomiting.
Asbestos is made by hydrated silicate which separate into strong fixable fiber upon
cruping and processing used mainly.
In halation of arbeto dust or fibre can cause a disabling lung disease.
Asbestos has also been implicated in lung cancer.
I have been observed who smoke worker among the non smoker.
But asbestos in the atmosphere comes for many uses, asbestos cement, insulating
material and break lining.

Carbon Monoxide:

Carbon Monoxide when inhaled passes through lungs and diffuse directly into the
Hemoglobin Carboxi Hemoglobin (COHb). The carbon monoxide for hemoglobin in 210
times greater than that of oxygen and as a result. The amount of oxygen and as a result.
The amount of oxygen is carry to the issues is reduced. They death could result.
The concentration of up to 500 PPM (Part Millennium) in the air, when inhaled for one
hour produces no observation symptoms. But similar exposure 1000 PPM can be
dangerous.

Effects on vegetation:

The most effect on air pollution in vegetation is the leaf surface is penetrated by large
number openings called the stomata. Air pollution of the stomata through with gas, dust,
affected the surface of the cells. In the general pollutant enter in the inner tissues through
the stomata, where destroy the chlorophyll and disturb photosynthesis. It is affected
reduction in growth rate to deep of the plant.
Arsenic and fluorides their affect on the leaves, can poison to the animals.
Sulphur dioxide:-
The most pollutant responsible for metallic corrosion is sulphur dioxide. It has been
corrosion of hot metal such as steel materials in use construction at level of sulphur
dioxide 0.09 to 1ppm. It affects leather, paint and steel.
Sulphur acid mist in the atmosphere cause of structural material such as marble and
limestone.
Example:
Due to high construction of industrial discharges and salinity and humidity in the air
corrosion rates in Mumbai are report 3 to 6 times higher than the other coastal areas of the
country.

1.6 Concept of clean coal combustion technology:

If a particular raw material is responsible using high sulphur raw material in places low
sulphur fuel or material fuel desulphurization is an alternative. But removal of sulphur from
fuels such as coal for middle technical problem. Burning of natural gas produce us less,
pollution that of coal, but a major drawback of such low sulphur fuels is their limited
availability for whole sale use.

What is Clean Coal Technology (CCT)?

Clean Coal Technology is generations of technological advantages that have lead to
move efficient combustion of coal with reduce emission of Sulphur Di Oxide and Nitrogen
Oxide.
Coal gasification can be carried out into possible steps.
i. Gas can be produced by destructive distillation of coal. They greater part of
the variable matter is driven of coke is left as a byproduct.
ii. Gasification of the coke residues of the carbonization process can be done
with stream, carbon di oxide, oxygen, air (or) mixture of the gases. The main
products are H2, CO, CO2 and un decomposed stream. Hydrogen can also be
used by a gasifying medium. In the gas of Hydro gasification methane is
produced, However high pressure are required to these operation.

Ex:

Involving Process

Reduction of the formation of Nitric oxide in combustion chambers by low

excess air combustion in two stages, Flue gases recirculation and water
injection.
Washing the coal before pulverization to reduce the fly ash emissions.
 Substitution of bauxite flux for fluorine containing flours in the open health
method.

1.7 Ultra violet radiations, infrared radiation from sun:

In atmosphere the sun light emits radiation, Ultra violet radiation (UV), Infrared
radiation (IR) and Visible tight and radio waves.

Ultra Violet Radiation:

From the sun emitted the Ultra Violet rays, Ultra violet radiation is not visible to the
human eye and is produce naturally by the sun and artificially by electrical arc.
Occupational exposure to Ultra violet radiation includes UV emission from welding (or)
hot bodies and for the utilization of UV sources in industries such as an chemical
processing.
Ex:
i. Circuit board production, diction fluorescent material and UV losers.
ii. The skin and eye are principal organs involved in the hazards of UV.

The following things are product from UV radiation:

1. Shielding the sources of radiation

2. Use of proper goggles or eye shield
3. Use of protective cloth
4. For special purposes use of absorbing or reflecting skin greams.

Ex:

Chloro Floro Carbon, Nitrogen Monoxide Nitro dioxide, Chbride

These all gases are affecting the ozone layers.

Antarctic area 50% of ozone layer removed the gas due to 20 million square / miles
ozone layer having holes.

Infrared radiation:

It is also emitted from sun.

Usually encounded source are hot or incandescent (reflection of the sun due to
summer) bodies that produce a continuous broad spectrum of IR radiation.
There is subdivision into near Infrared region.
Skin damage IR radiation is essentially thermal in nature and no long term low level
effects are know.
 The threshold damage level is essentially similar to those for skin damage from visible
radiation.
The skin and eye is the critical organ for IR radiation effects.
Production from IR radiation is provided by the use of productive eye wear and face
shields.
They lasers are also emitted Infrared visible and Ultra violet region of spectrum and
concentrate the large amount of energy in a small cross section area.
Lasers can be project over long distance and their use in the workplace is increasing.
Potential Biological effect exposure to laser are due to the interaction of the Ultra violet,
visible light and Infrared energies but because of the high power density and the short
pulse character of this radiation, different and more catastrophic effect on human
tissues can occur. Also the use of protective eye wear specifically designed for the type
of beer involved would be where potential laser exposure exit. Education and training
are also mandatory when working around laser.

Radiation from sun:

The sun emits light rays of varying wavelength.

Thus ray having varying effects on earth surface on its living beings on its eco system.
The radiation from sun is classified two type of ways, Ultra violet (UV), Infrared
Radiation (IR).
Unless the ozone layer is very strong. So the UV and IR will easy enter the entire.
Hence the thickness of the layer is very important.
The atmosphere ozone is present, ozone means O3. Blue colour odour gas its the at
around the each more than the 60kms of height and 3mm thickness.
The sun rays having UV rays coming to earth is power of UV is less, because the ozone
layer is cases the earth just like Umbrella and filter the UV rays becoming to reach the
earth before.
Recently the thickness the ozone layer has been depleted by dangers chemical called
CFC (Chloro Fluro Carbon) and also by flying supersonic aircraft.
The ozone layer has been pictured and ozone hole have appeared over different region
of the earth.
The holes in the ozone layer allow the Ultra violet rays to enter the lower atmosphere
which can affect all living things.
The ozone layer depletion will not change the climate. The main purpose at the ozone
layer is to protect the earth from harmful Ultra violet then can cause skin cancer and
damage plants and animals.
 The UV can penetrate the surface of the occur with the result that the marine light and
entire food chain in affected small plant (Phytoplantion) and animals (zoo plantation)
lives in sea get by UV radiation UV radiation in sea get reach the depth of 90 feet.

Hazards due to depletion of zone:

The sun emits Ultra violet, Infrared and visible light and but because of the high power
density and the short pulse characters of the radiation is effect on human tissues or
skin.
The atmosphere the ozone is present ozone means O3. Ozone is Blue colour gas. It is the
around the earth more than 60km height from earth. The 3mm thickness (Ozone layer).
The sunrise having UV rays, IR rays coming to earth is power of less.
Because the ozone layer cover the earth just like umbrella and filter the UV, IR rays
becoming to reach earth before.
The depletion in the ozone layer created by (CFC) Chloro Fluro Carbon gas which is used
in refrigerator and AC and industrial application.
This gas reacted warming and the ozone destruction can cause cooling effect.
The Ultra violet are released from the sun in the form sun light they are extremely
harmful and will affect the health.
When the originate sun due to the wave length.
When these rays enter the earth upper atmosphere their layer ozone gas acting as
protective shield, defect back the harmful rays and allows only the beneficial rays enter.
Hence the thickness of the ozone layer very important.
Recently the thickness of ozone layer has been detected by danger chemical called (CFC)
and compounds and also flying supersonic aircraft.
The ozone layer depletion will not change the climate.
The main purpose of the ozone layer thickness is protecting the earth from harmful.
Ultra violet rays than can cause skin cancer and damage plant and animals.
Chloro Fluro Carbon is rice through atmosphere to upper layer where they cause ozone
depletion.
Chloro Fluro Carbon area whole family of chemical and contain chlorine and Fluorine.
The most common are CFC 12, CFC 13, CFC 22 and CFC 113 are broken by solar
radiation releasing their Chlorine Atoms which in turn break ozone.
These Fluorine atoms are capable of destroying ozone molecules repeatedly.
A single molecule can break up 1000 of ozone molecules.
There is another family of compounds called Halons which contain bromine.
This compound is hundred times more potent in destroying ozone than CFCs. it may be
worth mentioning the CFC when first discovered and useful substance especially to
 refrigeration industries because these are neither inflammable non-toxic also this
compounds are used as aircraft as solvent for Grease as a compound of foam packaging
extra.

Cause:

The ozone layer depletion will not change climate the main purpose of the ozone layer
is to protect the earth from harmful Ultra violet light that can cause skin cancer and
damage plant and animals.
The UV can penetrate the suffer of the ozone with the result that the marine life and
entire food chain is affected small plants (Phytoplankton) and animal (Zooplankton) lives
in sea get killed by UV radiation.
UV radiation in sea get reaches the depth 90 feet.
An incident was reported in 1992 that in southern part of Chile. As a result of low level
of ozone, people suffer severe burns of skin from short exposure to sunlight also Cattle
become blind, trees wild animals died because of starvation.

1.8 Deforestation:

It is referred to anthropogenic (manmade) Destruction of forest in the forest the tree

serve as air purifiers, oxygen bank noise absorbs and regulated of global atmosphere. It
is that a single tree generator coldness and equalent to the air conditioners.
The serves of 50 years tree is equalent to several lakhs.
According to the world resource institude 1990, Tropical forest is vanishing at the rate of
16 to 20 million hectares per year as shown by satellite remote sensing technology.

India is losing about 1.5 million hectare of forest cover each year.

India has only 19% of land under forest cover Tamilnadu reported to have 13% of its land
under forest cover.

1. Cause of deforestation:
Conversion of forest into agriculture land due to population explosion the area
under agriculture has increased from 18 million hectares in 1951 to 142 million
hectares in 1999, nearby 50 percent of land in India is used for cultivation of
agriculture.
The land less people have to move into the forest seeking forming areas.
Cultivation near the forest and application of chemical, pesticides have caused
environmental hazards to wild life.
 2. Laying of Road, Construction of Dams, Power station, Railways etc:
The world commission of dams says that India has over 4,291 large dams laying
of road, construction of dams or multipurpose projects have extensively damaged the
forest.
For example, In Gujarat due to Sarathar Sarver project nearby 40 thousand
hectares of forest and 13,744 hectares agriculture land been destroys.
Because of their 67,000 local people of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra
has been surift.
They are now environmental refuges,
The environmental cost loss of forest in the Nirmada project in around
Rs. 30,000 crores.
There has been construction of 30,000km long hail road in Himalaya.
Road construction has damaged the productive forest cover affected the
stedility of hill slopes and pollutated the forest.
3. Pollution explosion:
The increasing population is the major cause for the destruction of Tropical rain
forest in the developing countries.
It leads to heavy demand for timber, paper, fuel wood and charcoal.
The live stock population has reduced the forest area.
The most accessible forest areas are heavy grazed.
For example, It estimate that there are 12 lakhs sheep and goats in alpine area
and 25,000 thousand migratory glaziers in Uttar Pradesh (UP) alone over glazier
has reduce the regenerative capacity of the forest.
4. Industrial development:
Due to heavy industrial activity the acid rain fall has been causing damage to
forest agriculture and aquatic eco system in several countries.
The acid rain removes this protective waxy surface layer on the plant. This leads
to loss of water and nutrients and entry of diseases causing organism into the
plant.
Acid rain reduces the growth of true which requires Calcium for growth.
Industries and mining affect the forest areas.
It loss of top soil, surface water pollution, lowering of ground water level and air
pollution.

Deforestation of effect:

Cropland would become barren and not useable.

 It is destruction process created by deforestation over Glazing and mismanagement of
soil irrigation.
The forest wood is cut much faster than the rate at which the trees are replanted.
Deforestation destroys one plant species which leads to the extension of four or more
associated animal species.
Today genies from plant, animal and micro organisms of developing country are the Raw
material for new food and paramedical and industry product.
The Global climate is affected by the green house effect due to the increase of Carbon-
di-oxide.
1 Hector of forest consumes 35 tones of during photosynthesis. Deforestation reduces
the use of Carbon-di-oxide in photosynthesis.
The un use Carbon-di-oxide increase the Global Temperature.

OZONE HOLES

SUN

High Level of UV and IR

OZONE

Ozone
Low Level of
Thickness
UV and IR
3mm (O3)

EARTH
 Earth is self conduct space ship getting radiation from the sun. it has lot of self providing
mechanisms.
Earth provides enough to breathe drink and eat.
Earth has exciting futures.
Living condition is not known to exist anywhere in the Universe except on the earth.
Primitive man uses know to be happy and health roaming in the forest among plant and
animals.
The atmosphere the ozone layer is very strong. The Ultra violet rays will easy enter the
earth unless the ozone layer is not the allowed.
The thickness of ozone layer very important but the man made chemical called CFC and
Halons compounds by chlorine flying supersonic aircrafts emits and Bromine depleted
the ozone layer.
The ozone layer has been punctured and ozone hole have appeared over different
region on earth.
The hole in the ozone layer allow the Ultra violet and Infrared ray into the lower which
can affects of on living thing.
Ozone observes UV radiation it is broken into the ozone molecule and electronically
exist oxygen radical.
The ozone molecule and the ozone radical then recombined to form a new ozone
molecule available to observe more UV radiation.
O3 + hv O2 + O*
O2 + O* O3

O3 Ozone; hv UV Radiation rays; O* - Oxygen radical; O2 Oxygen.

Chloro Fluro Carbon when first used in air conditioning, refrigerator.

The highly stable CFC introduce in the lower pass through ozone without any change to
reach the stratosphere.
Here, they are impacted by UV radiation and release destructive Chlorine atoms
CFCl3 + hv CFC2 + Cl
CF2Cl3 + hv CF2Cl + Cl
The chlorine atom quickly reacts with the o3 molecule breaking it into oxygen.
Cl + O3 ClO + O2
The ClO produced react with oxygen radical forming more chlorine atoms that can react
with more ozone.
ClO + O Cl + O2
The alone reaction also remove the oxygen radical does preventing it from recompany
With the oxygen molecules to form an oxygen molecules.
 Thus one chlorine atom can convert many ozone molecule many ozone molecule to
ordinary oxygen molecules before ultimately forming stable product which leads to it
own removal from the stratosphere.
Ozone hole was first discovered by British Antarctic survey in 1983 over Antarctica.
It was found the level of ozone were dropping very fast, throw a small percentage was
being replaced during fall season.
Finally a solution was found when in 1987, 24 country and lateral by 1919 most of the
nation signed an agreement the Montreal protocol.
This committee themselves to pashing out the production and use of ozone depletion
substances mainly CFC.
Ex:
In Antarctic area 50% of ozone layer removed the gas (CFC) due to 20 million
squares per miles ozone layer having holes.

Automobile exhausts:

Air pollution is the state of environment in which the other atmosphere get
contaminated with gas other material in concentration which are harmful to man and
environment.
The contamination of air occurs because the contamination cannot be observed by
natural environmental cycles.
The atmosphere is being polluted the discharge of emotion originating from industrial
plants Domestic source, mobile vehicle and thermal power plants.
The major air pollutant emitted by a part source is automobile exhaust.
Automobile exhaust having
i. CO (Carbon Monoxide)
ii. HC (Hydro Carbon)
iii. NO (Nitrous Oxide)

(i) Carbon Monoxide:

It consist the single largest pollutant in the urban atmosphere.

It is colourless, odourless and tastless and it boiling point 190 C.
The rate of oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere seems to
be very slow mixture of sunlight for several years has been found to remain almost
unchanged.
Carbon monoxide is present in small concentration (0.1 PPM (Part per million)) in the
natural atmosphere and has residence time of about six month.
(ii) Hydro Carbon:

Hydro Carbon can be saturated or unsaturated and other cycle compounds.

It is the saturated classes methane by for the most abundant hydro carbon constitutive
about 40 to 80 present of the total hydro carbons present in an Urban atmosphere.
The hydro carbon in air by them alone causes no harmful effect.
They are of concern because the hydro carbons undergo chemical reaction in the
present of sunlight and Nitrogen oxides forming photochemical oxidants of which the
predominant one of the ozone.

Emission started in India:

1. Petrol vehicles 2 wheelers year 2000

CO (Carbon Monoxide) 2.4 gm/km
HC (Hydro Carbon) 2.4 gm/km
NO* (Nitrous oxide) 2.4 gm/km
2. Petrol cars years 2000
CO (Caron Monoxide) 3.16 gm/km
HC (Hydro Carbon) 1.13 gm/km
NO* (Nitrous Oxide) 1.13 gm/km
3. Diesel vehicle less than 3.5 Ton
CO (Carbon Monoxide) 4.5 gm/km
HC (Hydro Carbon) 1.1 gm/km
NO* (Nitrous Oxide) 1.13 gm/km
4. Diesel vehicle more than 3.5 ton
CO (Carbon Monoxide) 4.5 gm/km
HC (Hydro Carbon) 1.1 gm/km
NO* (Nitrous Oxide) 8.0 gm/km

Chemical factory stack emission:

The source of air pollutant is numerous.

The combustion system the major source air pollutants are chemical and metallic
industries. In addition to burning of fossil fuel a major industry like paper, pulp, oil
refineries fertilizer, sulphuric acid factory. Since most of industries are located in major
city. The major pollutants area is metro pollutant cities.
The greatest anthropogenic source of SO2, emission is fossil fuel burning power plants.
Probably the convenient method of solving the sulphur-di-oxide problem at solve to
dispatch the waste gases by stacks of sufficient height.
There are emit pollutants SO2, H2S, NO*, NH3 etc.
 Oxide of sulphur and nitrogen originating from industrial operation and fossil fuel
combustion.
Acid forming gas is oxidizated our several days by which time the travel several
thousand kilometers.
In the atmosphere the gases are ultimately converted into sulphur and nitric acids.
Hydrogen Chloride emission forms hydrochloric acid then, acid cause acid rain or acetic
rain.
Acid rain is only one component of acetic deposition.
Acetic decomposition in the total event acetic deposition (acid rain) and dry deposition.
Rain water is turned acetic when its PH falls below 5 to 6. Infect clean or 20C because
of formation of carlomini acid due to dissolution in CO2 in water.
In the absent of rain dry deposition of acid may occur.
Acid forming gas like oxides of sulphur and nitrogen and acid aero sols get deposited on
the surface of water bodies vegetation, soil and other materials.
On moist surfaces are in liquid these acid forming gases can dissolve and form acid
similar to that formed in acid rain.

Effect of acid rain:

Acid rain causes the number of harmful effects below PH 5.1.

The effect is visible even at PH less than 5.5.
If causes hart derioration of buildings, especially made of marble, crystals of result of
corrosion caused by acid rain.
Damages stone statues, princess stone statues Greece and Italy have been partially
dissolved.
It damages metal and car finishes.
Aquatic animals life especially fished effected by acidification.
Aquatic animals suffer from toxic of metals such as aluminum, mercury, magnesium,
zinc, lead which leak from surrounding.
It results in reproductive failure and killing of fish.
It damage trees.
It makes trees like cold temperature many insects and fungi are more tolerant to acidic
condition, it can attack trees and cause disease.

Control of acid rain:

Emission of SO2 and NO2 from industries and power plants should be reduces by using
pollution control equipment.
Liming of lakes, soils should be done to correct the adverse effects of acid rain.
 A coating of protective layer of inert polymer should be given in the interiors of water
pipe.

Chloro Fluro Carbon (CFC):

It was in 1974 that Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland of University of California
found that Chloro Fluro Carbon (CFC) destroy the ozone in the atmosphere.
CFC is inert substance and can remind in at for years. CFC is rise through at atmosphere
to rich upper layer the stratosphere where the cause ozone depletion. CFC are whole
family chemicals and contain chlorine and fluorine. The most common are CFC 11, CFC12,
CFC22, CFC113 are broken down by solar radiation releasing the chlorine atoms which is
turn break ozone.
The chlorine atom remind as chlorine even after capable of destroying ozone molecules
can break up thousand of molecules of ozone
The part of the CFC almost 50% used for packing of item like hair spray paint,
deodorants.
On the other hand the projected using developing country is for food and refrigeration
and air conditioning.
The past London time table states that CFC are to be totally passed out by year 2000 and
developed by 2010.
These synthetic compounds were found responsible for releasing ozone depleting
chlorine in the atmosphere.
The alternatives have mainly been developed by same chemical compound which earlier
manufactured CFCs. the substitutes are mainly hydro fluro carbon such as HFC which
contain hydrogen, fluorine and carbon and hydro chloro fluro carbon. HCFCS such as
HCFC123, but which also contain chlorine in small quantities than CFC.
 UNIT II
WATER POLLUTION
Classification of water pollution:

One of basic contiguous of living is availability of water. Adequate supply of safe water is
essential for maintaining health and sanitary condition.
Agriculture production also irrigated cultivation need water.
The problem of water pollution due to discharge domestic and industrial waste into
aquatic system has become a serious problem in the country.
The systematic discusses water pollutant there have been classified categories as below.
1. Oxygen demanding water.
2. Disease causing agents.
3. Synthetic organic compounds.
4. Plant nutrients.
5. Inorganic chemical and minerals.
6. Sediments.
7. Radioactive substance.
8. Thermal discharges.
9. Oil.

1) Oxygen demanding water:

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is essential for sustainable plant and animal life in any adequate
system.

For example:

Water warm fish requires a minimum (Do) level of at least 5mg perlitre or 5ppm.
If the (DO) level drops below level necessary to sustain normal life than the aquatic
system is classified as polluted.
Photosynthesis requires solar radiation.
During the process the green plant such as algae utilize carbon dioxide and the inorganic
nutrients present in the water to synthesize organic material and liberate oxygen.
Since the process occurs only in the presence of sunlight. The (DO) level in the water
increase during the daytime.
At the night algae and micro organize complete which each other for both dissolved oxygen
and organic compound oxygen demanding waste.
 For ex:
Sewage, food processing waste, pulp and paper mills, raining operation and organic
waste, producing activities.
This waste is addition to depleting (DO) level produce odors impair domestic and live stock
water supplies by affecting it taste odor and color.

2) Disease causing agents:

Water is potential carrier of pathogenic micro organisms.

This pathogenesis is carried into water bodies by sewage and waste from forms and
varies industries.
Specially tanning and meat packaging industries.
Contact pathogenesis can be made by drinking the water or other activities involving
contact with water.
Some bacteria or water borne and these include there responsible for causing cholera,
typhoid, amoebic dysentery, virus also found in water include strains which are
responsible polio, infectious hepatitis and coxsackic fever.
Water may also contain some animal parasites including the roundworm, and the
tapeworm, pork worm.
Water also important role in the transmission of disease like malaria, yellow fever.

3) Synthetic Organic Compounds:-

These include pesticides, synthetic organic chemical and detergents.

Pesticides it common from surface run off from agricultural land, waste discharge by
pesticide manufacturers.
Several pesticides have been to cause cancer in mice, rats.
The basic active of detergent is surface active agent.
It allows dirt particles to become linked to water.
The dirt floated from the solid garment during the washing process. Detergent usually
contain only 10 to 30% surfs action (surface active agents).
Although this concentration are non toxic to human. The presence of is surfactants gives
an off task to drinking water.
The acceptable concentration for surfactants in water supply has been set at 0.5 PPM
the present of surfactants reduces the rate of oxygen observation in water.

4) Plant nutrient:

Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential elements which are required by plants and
animals for maintaining their growth and metabolism.
 Small amount of nitrates and phosphates occur in all aquatic system and these are
sufficient to maintain a balanced biological growth.
This compound may enter the water bodies directly from the manufacture and use of
fertilize and from the processing of bio logical material such as food and textile or via
domestic sea wage treatment plants.
Those when unusually large concentration of nutrients is present in water bodies an
excess growth of algae.
This is produces an unsightly green slime layer over the surface of the water body.
High concentration of nitrate in drinking water is also of concern in the industry the
nitrate is reduces of nitrate by bacterial action.
When it enters the blood system it becomes attached to hemoglobin forming a complex
known as methaemoglobin.
As a result the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduces producing a condition
called the blue baby disease.
In young baby it is frequently fat.

5) Inorganic chemical and minerals:

This type of categories of water pollutants includes inorganic salts minerals acids finally
divided metal and metal compounds.
This is pollutant enter the water bodies for Municipal and industrial waste water and
mines run off.
Most of the substances are toxic capable of killing living organism in the water body.
Mine drainage is an important source of increase acidity in natural waters, the other
source being acidic rain fall which has been recently.
Salt cause the hardness of water.
Hard water can cause scale formation in the pipes, boiler tubes and other industrial
equipments.
Chloride concentration if present in excess of 400 PPM can be fatal to fresh water fish.
Mercury is discharge into natural water various industries effluents or waste, such as
those from the manufacture of paint paper, chlorine, caustic soda, fertilizers and
pesticides.
Mercury pollution is causing effects the photo synthesis of phytoplanktons and
minerals.

6) Sediments:

Sediments include soil, sand and mineral particles washed in the aquatic environment
by storms and flood waters.
 In addition large deposits large deposits of sewage sludge, pulverized coal ash and
varies industrial solids are deposited into rivers and marine water the solid may cause
thickening of fish gills, in the river bad the sediment may interfere with spawning sites
and decrease the amount of food available fish.

7) Radioactive substances:

Very little is known about the radiation damage to aquatic environment from wastes of
Uranium and Thorium mining and refining from nuclear plants and from industrial use of
radioactive materials.
Radium is the most significant waste product and is consider to be a hazard of in
drinking water.
Phytoplankton and fish may be affected radioactive substances can enter human with
food and water and accumulated in blood and certain vital organs like the thyroid plant,
liver, bone and muscular tissues at present some low and medium level waste of
radioactive substance are sealed in container and dumped into ocean.
If there is any damage are leakage from the container the nuclear waste could escape
and enter the marine system.

8) Thermal discharge:

Power plants and industry use large quantities water cool purpose used coolant water is
discharged directly into the water body.
That times the result increase in temperature of the water bodies.
That affects the water plants and animals and increase water temperature decreases
the oxygen saturation percentage and lowering the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level.
Some cooled water fish like may die if the water temperature is alive 25C and their ex
egg will not catch at temperature alive 14.5C.

9) Oil:

Oil is an important involved in some way every activities of important life.

Oil and oil waste enter river and other bodies from several sources like industrial
effluents, oil refineries and storage tank, automobile waste oil and petrochemical
plants.
All these make to pollution of the aquatic environment.
Normal tank operation such as ballasting and tank washing, discharge from offshore
wells and spillage from oil tanker accidents cause marine pollution and shore
condemnation.
Oil is insoluble in water; it floods and spreads rapidly into a thin layer.
 At sea oil slicks are responsible depths of many birds. The oil penetrates the bird
feather there by affecting their insulation and buoyancy those birds to difficult in
floating and flying.
An oil stick on the surface of water can prevent oxygen transfer from the atmosphere
and lead to very low (Dissolved Oxygen - DO) level in the water.

Health Hazard:

Water is vital natural resources which is essential multiplied purposes.

It may uses include drinking and other domestic uses industrial cooling, power
generation agriculture, transportation and waste disposal.
The man source of water in India is rain water.
The annual yield from rainfall is estimated to be above 400 million hector meter and
out of these 70mhm (Million Hector Meter) of water evaporates immediately.
The pollutants in domestic waste water arise from residential and commercial cleaning
operation laundry food preparation and body cleaning function and body execration.
Industrial waste water is formed at industrial plants where water is used for various
industrial processes and also for washing rinsing of equipment etc.
The following industry is pollutant or release the waste water to environment.
1. Dairy
2. Food processing
3. Textiles
4. Tanning
5. Paper making
6. Chemical
7. Petro chemical
8. Cake ovens
9. Industrial oil production
10. Engineering
11. Metallurgy
12. Laundry
13. Agriculture
Photo synthesis requires solar radiation.
During the process the green plants such as algae utilize carbon dioxide and liberate
oxygen.
Since the process occurs only in the presence of sunlight.
So dissolved is essential for sustaining the plant and animal life in any aquatic system.
 These wastes in addition to depleting the dissolved oxygen (DO) level produce.
Annoying odor, impair domestic and live stock water supplies by affecting it taste, odor
and color.
Water is potential of carry of pathogenic micro organism. This pathogenic are carried
into the water bodies by sewage and waste from forms and varies industry specially
tanning and packaging industry. Some bacteria or water borne and this include those
responsible for causing malaria, typhoid, and amoebic dysentery.
Virus may also found in water including strains which are responsible for polio and
coxsayic fever.
Water may also contain some animal parasites including round worm and the core
tapeworm.
Water also is important role in the transmission of diseases like malaria, yellow fever.
Inorganic compounds like pesticides are from surface land from agricultural and waste
discharge by pesticides manufacture.
Pesticides residues in water may reach human threw drinking water but the
concentration is most cases are for below the harmful level.
It is affected food chain. DIT affected (Dichloride-di-phenyl) the birds and this has
resulted in the bird laying eggs then layer of cells and affect the reproductive.
The human use detergent for washing body and clothes. The detergent water
approximately 50% to the phosphate present in sewage water.
When the phosphates are released into the streams and lakes it is affect animal and
fishes.
Alkalizes discharge by industries such as textile, tannery and cake oven operation can
also destroy aquatic life.
The salt causes the hardness of water.
Hard water can cause scene formation, boiler tube and industrial equipment.
The metals of particular industrial waste water are cadmium, chromium, lead and
mercury and silver.
The itai-itai disease in Japan was probably due to the transport of cadmium containing
particular in water to the agriculture field.
The permissibly level for cadmium in drinking water supply is 0.01mg/per liter.
Lead is toxic to aquatic organism.
Lead is humilities poison and concentrates primarily in the bones.
The permissibly limit of lead concentrative in drink water supply is 0.05 mg/per liter
The radioactive substances from waste of uranium and thorium from nuclear power
plants and from industrial uses of radioactive material.
 At present some low and medium level waste are sealed in containers and dumped into
the ocean.
If there is any damaged to or linkage from the container the nuclear waste could escape
a deter the marine system affect the marine water animals and human.
Radioactive substance can enter human with food and water and get accumulated in
blood and certain vital organs like the thyroid glands, liver, bone and muscular tissues.
Power plants and industry use large quantity of water for cooling purposes used coolant
water is discharged directly into the temperature is increases, some cold fishes may die
if the water temperature is above 25c, and then eggs will not hatch at temperature and
above 14.5c.
Oil and oil waste enter and water bodies like oil refineries, storage tank, automobile
waste oil and petrochemical plants. Since oil is insoluble in water it floats and spread
rapidly into a thin layer. An oil layer prevents sunlight in the water body. So the phyto
plankton affect in the water body.
Sampling and analysis of water:
One of the basic conditions of living is availability of water. The supply of safe water is
essential for maintaining health and sanitary conditions.
We are living today in a water starved world. Approximately 70% of water used world
over is for the purpose of irrigation (agriculture) 20% is used industry and the rest for
domestic and other purpose.
BOD (BIO CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND)
BOD is a measure of dissolved pollutant in water. The test involves in incubating a sample
for 5 days at 20c and measuring how much oxygen is used up.
Hardness of water:
Hard water can be softening by boiling addition of lime or addition of sodium carbonate,
the Base Exchange process and by demonetizing.
Addition of sodium carbonate or soda ash removes both temporary and permanent
hard Na2Co3 +Ca (Hco3) 2NAHCO3+Caco3.
Permanent hardness:
In the iron exchange process or Zeolite process, hard water is passed through a tower
which is packed Zeolite or iron exchanged process.
In the demineralising process hard water is passed through a bed of synthetic
demineralising.
Softening of water is carried out in two steps. The hydrogen irons in the resin combine
with the chloride, carbonate and Sulphate irons and converts than into their respective acid.
EX:-
Hydro chloride, carbonic, and sulphuric acid. The acid formed is absorbed by
demineralising resin and pure soft water is obtained. This process is used to softer sea
water.