Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 651 (2011) 4752

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Nuclear Instruments and Methods in

Physics Research A
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nima

Neutron tomography instrument CONRAD at HZB

a,n a a a a,b a a
N. Kardjilov , A. Hilger , I. Manke , M. Strobl , M. Dawson , S. Williams , J. Banhart
b
a Helmholtz Centre Berlin, Hahn-Meitner Pl. 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK

article info abstract

Available online 25 January 2011 The neutron tomography instrument CONRAD has been in operation since 2005 at the Hahn-Meitner research reactor at
Keywords: Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB). Over the last 5 years, significant developmental work has been performed to expand the
Neutron imaging radiographic and tomographic capabilities of the beam-line [13]. New techniques have been implemented, including imaging
Neutron tomography with polarized neutrons [49], Bragg-edge mapping [10,11], high-resolution neutron imaging and grating interferometry [12
Imaging facilities 15]. These methods have been provided to the user community as tools to help address scientific problems over a broad range
of topics such as superconductivity, materials research, life sciences [16,17], cultural heritage and paleontology [18,19].
Industrial applications including fuel cell research [2027] have also been improved through these new developments.
Descriptions and parameters of the developed options will be presented, along with prominent examples.

& 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The neutron tomography station at the Hahn-Meitner research reactor at
HZB is installed at the end of curved neutron guide. The cold neutron beam is
used beside the conventional absorption contrast radiography and tomography
for imaging with polarized neutrons, energy-selective mapping, grating
interferometry and high-resolution imaging. The flexibility of the instrument
allows for switching between different modes in a matter of only a few hours.
This facilitates the use of innovative techniques in user operation regime
performing experiments in a large spectrum of scientific and industrial
applications like investigations of mag-netic phenomena in superconductors
and magnetic materials by imaging with polarized neutrons, visualization of
residual stresses and textures in engineering materials by energy-selective
radio-graphy, position sensitive detection of microstructure heteroge-neities
by grating interferometry and fuel cell research by using high-resolution
neutron imaging.
to the reactor core is a conical beam tube with a horizontally inserted cold
source of hypercritical hydrogen operating at about 25 K in the pressure range
of 1417 bar. From the cold source extend eight neutron guides, including the
58
Ni coated NL1B which leads to V7 CONRAD (after passing the upstream
triple axis spectro-meter V2 FLEX).
This neutron guide setup is non-common among neutron radiography
setups worldwide. The guide has a radius of curva-ture of 3000 m, which
8 2
provides a flux density of 2 10 n/cm /s while minimizing thermal neutron
and gamma radiation noise to the instrument. The neutron spectrum at the end
of the guide is shown in Fig. 1.
Beam collimation is performed by means of pinhole geometry, using a
pinhole exchanger, which is placed at the end of the neutron guide. The
distance from pinhole to the downstream sample position is 5 m. Using
circular pinholes with diameters of 1, 2 and 3 cm, mounted in 5 mm B 4C
neutron absorbing plastic, beam collimation ratios (L/D) achieved are
respectively 521, 261 and 174. A summary of the beam parameters at the
sample position is presented in Table 1.

2. Instrument parameters The layout of the facility is shown in Fig. 2.

The shielding is based on a sandwich structurePb plates covered from
2.1. Beamline
the inner side of the bunker with 5 mm B4C plasic. The thickness of the Pb
plates was between 3 and 10 cm depending on the position around the
BERII is a light water cooled and moderated swimming pool type reactor instrument.
operating at 10 MW thermal power. Directly adjacent
2.2. Detector system
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 (0)30 8062 42298; fax: +
49 (0)30 8062 43059. A neutron imaging detector system based on a CCD camera was
E-mail address: kardjilov@helmholtz-berlin.de (N. Kardjilov). implemented at the CONRAD instrument. The neutron beam
0168-9002/$ - see front matter & 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.nima.2011.01.067
48 N. Kardjilov et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 651 (2011) 4752

6 Spectrum at the end of neutron guide 2.3. Sample environment

2.5x10
s]

6 The sample environment is equipped with motorized manip-ulators, which

2.0x10
allow for translation of the sample (max. load 150 kg) parallel and transverse
to the beam direction, as well as rotation around vertical axis perpendicular to
the beam. The dimensions of the shielding bunker, see Fig. 2, allow for
2
[n/cm

6
1.5x10 installa-tion of mid size cryo-devices (close cycles) in order to achieve low
Flux,

6 sample temperatures down to 5 K. Additionally a loading frame provides the

1.0x10
possibility to investigate samples under tensile and torsion loads to a
5 maximum of 90 kN.
5.0x10

0.0
3. Absorption contrast imaging
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Wavelength, [] 3.1. Parameters

Fig. 1. Neutron spectrum at the CONARD beam line, measured by TOF method.
The absorption contrast imaging technique utilizes the con-trast which
occurs when the beam is attenuated by the sample. The transmission image of
the sample is detected by position sensitive detector as described above.
Table 1 Maximum sample sizes up to 15 cm in diameter were investigated with
Summary of pinhole sizes and respective beam parameters. typical exposure times of 1030 s per image. Tomographic experiments have
Pinhole, cm L/D 2 2 also been performed with the sample rotated stepwise through 1801 or 3601
Neutron flux, n/cm /s Beam size, cm
around a vertical axis. The collected number of projec-tions, typically 300
3 174 2.4 10 7 12 12
7 600 images collected in 90300 min, was used for 3D reconstruction of the
2 261 1.6 10 6 11 11 attenuation coefficient distribu-tion within the sample volume through the use
1 521 5.8 10 10 10
of commercial software (Octopus [28]). Data visualization has been done with
the commercial software package VGStudioMax [29].

3.2. Applications

There is a broad spectrum of applications using the absorption contrast

imaging techniques. Several are described below.

3.2.1. Fuel cell research

Fig. 2. Layout of the neutron imaging instrument V7-CONRAD at HZB (top view).
Investigations, especially in-situ, of water distribution in operat-ing low
temperature fuel cells are among the most important applications of neutron
imaging due to the numerous scientific questions that are addressed (Fig. 3)
[24,30]. The ability of the neutron beam on the one hand to easily transmit
thick layers of

is converted by a scintillating screen to a visible light. The transmission image

of the sample upon the scintillating screen is reflected by a tilted mirror to a
CCD camera as shown in Fig. 2. A dedicated lens system projects the image
on the electronic chip consisting of light sensitive pixels.

The CCD camera used is an Andor DW436N-BV 16-bit CCD camera

with 2048 2048 pixels and a pixel size of 13.5 mm 13.5 mm. The CCD
camera and lens system is mounted to a motorized platform with a stepper
motor to allow fine-tuning of the position for precise focusing. Lenses with
different parameters were used to set up optimal field of view and spatial
6
resolution. Conventional scintillating screens ( LiF/ZnS(Ag)) with
thicknesses between 50 and 400 mm deposited on 1 mm thick aluminum
substrate were used. In addition, new scintillator screens based on gadox
(Gd2O2S(Tb)) have also been implemented. The entire detector assembly is
situated in a light-tight box.

This detector system allows for a range of imaging capabilities, from a

maximum field of view (FOV) of 20 cm 20 cm at a spatial resolution of 250
mm, to a high resolution of 70 mm with a FOV of 6 cm 6 cm. More recently,
higher spatial resolution has been achieved with new combinations of
scintillator screens and optical lenses, described in detail below.
Fig. 3. Neutron radiography of PEM fuel cell in operation. L/D 250, exposure time 20 s, spatial
resolution 230 mm.
 N. Kardjilov et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 651 (2011) 4752 49

metal while on the other hand to be very sensitive to hydrogenous substances,
e.g. water helps to visualize very small amounts (10 mm thickness) of water.
In image sequences with time interval of 210 s the dynamics of water
transfer has been visualized in single and multiple cell stacks [21,22].
Tomographic investigations of fuel cell stack were performed where the water
distribution was resolved three-dimensionally [23].
3.2.2. Plants
Water transport in plants is one of the most important factors for life, since
it is a fundamental necessity for plants photosynth-esis, the basic process for
life on Earth. Neutron radiography using D 2O as a tracer is a useful method to
visualize water movement in small plants from the root system, through the
stem and out to leaves and blossoms [31]. Compared to H2O, the smaller
mass attenuation coefficient of D2O allows for a better penetration of
neutrons. Contrast between H2O and D2O means that isotopic replacement
can reveal the dynamics of water flow within a living system. As a result, the
flow of D2O has been clearly observed in small plants such as tomato
seedlings and rose peduncles [16,32]. In this way, studies have been
performed on physiological plants parameters like speed of water uptake, and
reaction to toxic atmosphere and soil conditions [17].
It was found that the scintillator configuration of 20 mm Gadox
embedded in water glass (Na 2SiO3sodium silicate) with Al reflection
coating provides the best compromise between light output and resolution.
4.1.2. Optical optimization
Two Nikon Nikkor lenses 105 and 200 mm provided a total field of
view (effective pixel size) of 61.4 and 27.6 mm (30 and 13.5 mm),
respectively; i.e. the 200 mm lens gave a 1:1 magnification.
Combinations of lenses and scintillator screens were tested to determine
resolution capabilities. The best resolution of 25 mm was achieved with the
combination of the 200 mm lens system (1:1 magnification mode) with a 5
mm gadox screen.
Because of the lower conversion efficiency of Gadox in com-parison to
6
LiFZnS (by roughly two orders of magnitude) and of being highly sensitive
to gammas, a large number of white-spots was observed in the image. To
measure one high quality image with Gadox scintillator it is therefore
necessary to record multiple long-exposure images and to apply
erosion/median filters to reduce the levels of noise.

4.2. Applications

3.2.3. Archeology and paleontology
Neutron imaging is found to be used in the morphological investigation of
fossil samples [18], and for the study of arche-ological artifacts [19].
The ability of neutron radiation to penetrate thick layers of metal and
stone material makes neutron tomography a unique tool for investigations of a
broad range of samples, ranging from metal such as historical weapons or
jewelry [33,34], to structural characterize of fossils and geological samples.
Application areas are investigation of innovative micro cellular materials
like metal and polyester foam structures, porous mate-rials like water
distribution in Membrane Electrode Assemblies (MEA) and Gas Diffusion
Layer [21,22]. Borated steel and alumi-num shielding materials [37] and
wood research [19] are addi-tional candidates for high-resolution neutron
imaging. The high penetration depth of the neutron beam in metals in a
combina-tion with high-resolution imaging will enable the identification of
early cracks in welded materials or during fatigue testing.

An example of high resolution image of a test pattern (Siemens star) [38]

is shown in Fig. 4.

4. High-resolution imaging

4.1. Parameters

A typical neutron imaging detection system is composed of a scintillator

surface, which converts incident neutrons into photons, followed by a mirror
to reflect the image, and a camera/lens system to record the image as shown
in Fig. 2.
In practice, common scintillator screens have been composed of
6
LiF/ZnS(Ag), and more recently, Gd 2O2S(Tb), frequently referred to as
gadox. Cameras used include low-noise CCD chips, with mounts such as
the standard Nikon f-mount to allow for the use of standard photographic
lenses. For such a system, the resolution is fundamen-tally limited by (1)
geometrical blurring (due to beam divergence and sample-detector positions),
(2) effective size of photon emission sites, (3) effective pixel size in the CCD
chip and (4) aberrations in the optical system. By optimizing these
parameters, new levels of practical high-resolution imaging have been
achieved.

4.1.1. Scintillator optimization

As described by Baechler et al. [35], thinner scintillator screens allow for
higher resolution to be achieved. To improve the efficiency of scintillation,
6LiF has been replaced with another material demonstrating a higher cross-
section for slow neutrons. Gd2O2S has much higher absorption cross-section
6
than LiF [36]. A layer of Gd2O2S only 10 mm in thickness is enough to
Fig. 4. High-resolution image of a test pattern (Siemens star). The outer ring corresponds to a
absorb 90% of incident neutrons. spoke period of 100 mm (50 mm stripes size), while the inner ring corresponds to a period of
50 mm (25 mm stripes size). Lens system 200 mm, gadox scintillator thickness 5 mm,
In order to optimize the gadox scintillators for neutron imaging purposes a exposure time 150 s (median filter of 3 images 50 s).
special manufacturing procedure was developed.
50 N. Kardjilov et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 651 (2011) 4752

5. Energy-selective imaging collecting projections at different angles, a tomographic 3D recon-struction of

5.1. Parameters
The neutron attenuation coefficient as a function of wave-lentgh for
polycrystalline materials decreases markedly for well-defined neutron
wavelengths when the conditions for Bragg scattering are no longer fulfilled
the so-called Bragg edges. The position of the Bragg cut-off can be related
to the corresponding dhkl spacing. The shift of the Bragg-edge can be used for
the detec-tion of stress and strain in metallurgical samples. The method can be
used for material phase separation in heterogeneous materials as well.
In order to study Bragg edges, a polychromatic neutron beam must be
monochromatized through a range of wavelengths.
This has been accomplished at the CONRAD beam line using two
different methodsa double crystal monochromator (DCM)
[11] and a velocity selector[39].
The parameters of the two techniques are summarized in Table 2.
5.2. Aplications
the three signals is possible [12].
The set of gratings used at the CONARD beamline was manu-factured at
PSI [46]. The gratings parameters are summarized in Table 3.
Experiments were performed with monochromatic as well as
polychromatic beams. As the source grating was scanned trans-verse to the
beam through a scan distance of one millimeter, a typical number of 1216
steps were taken, with one image collected per step. From the collected
images a special routine for calculating the phase, amplitude and offset of the
interference pattern per each pixel was applied. Example of such investiga-
tions have been presented elsewhere [12,15].
6.2. Aplications
The grating interferomery can be used for investigation of micro- and
nano-heterogeneity of structures in the scale range of 0.110 mm [15]. The
refraction at the magnetic domain walls can be used for visualization of
magnetic domains [13,47,48].

When optimized for high energy resolution, the double crystal setup can
be used for the study of residual stresses in metallic samples [7,40]. Areas of
applications are residual stress accumu-lation and annealing, analysis of
fatigue tests, optimization of welding techniques (e.g. Friction Steer Welding)
and various industrial inspection procedures [41,42].
7. Imaging with polarized neutrons
An experimental system consisting of a polarizer and an analyzer has been
used to create contrast images from the precession angle of the neutron spin
as a result of transmission through magnetic fields [5,6].

The energy selective method can be applied very successfully for material
phase separation by choosing the neutron wave-length to be between the 7.1. Parameters
Bragg edges of the two material phases (e.g. g- and a-ferrite)[43]. A
combination of this technique with tomographic option allows for volumetric Two types of polarizing/analyzing devises were used: solid-state benders
phase separation in heterogeneous materials [39]. 3
and He spin filters/cells. The principle of the devices is given elsewhere [49
52].
A comparison between the two devices is given in Table 4. As a standard
mode for magnetic imaging, the instrument was
6. Grating interferometry equipped with solid-state polarizing benders providing a beam with a cross-
section of 15 mm width and 45 mm height. For larger samples, a scanning
6.1. Parameters arrangement was adopted for investi-gation of samples of up to 20 cm in
width.
A neutron beam with a high spatial and temporal coherence produces an
interference pattern at a certain distance behind a phase grating. The structure Table 3
Parameters of the phase gratings used at CONRAD beam line.
of the pattern, which is beyond the spatial resolution of imaging detectors, can
be resolved by trans-verse scanning of an analyzer grating through the beam. Grating Parameter Value
The presence of a sample produces local distortion of the interference pattern.
Source Duty cycle 50%
Spatially resolved detection and analysis of the character-istics of the pattern
Interval 800mm
(phase, amplitude and offset) as a function of the analyzer scan can reveal
Gd thickness 10mm
information about phase effects, small angle scattering and attenuation Phase Duty cycle 50%
introduced by the sample. These three signals can be extracted and analyzed
Interval 7.96 mm
independently to provide a unique suite of complementary information about
Si thickness difference 43.29 mm
a diverse range of samples [44,45]. By rotating the sample and Analyzer Duty cycle 50%
Interval 4mm
Gd thickness 10mm

Table 2
Comparison between velocity selector and double crystal monochromator techniques for neutron imaging purposes.

Selectable wavelength Energy resolution, Beam size Exp. time Applications

Dl/l (%) (cm) (s)
interval (A)
Velocity selector 3.56 15 10 10 40 Grating interferometry; imaging with
5 10 polarized neutrons; contrast variations.
DCM, 0.81 PGC crystals 26 3 120 Bragg edge (texture, residual stress)
mapping; phase separation.
 N. Kardjilov et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 651 (2011) 4752 51

Table 4
Comparison between the two spin polarizing technique used for imaging at the CONRAD beam line.

Neutron spin filters

Solid-state benders Helium-3 cells

Polarize via preferential reflection of one spin-state Polarize via preferential absorption of one spin-state
Advantages Advantages
Compact and self contained Homogeneous polarization
Constant polarization Homogeneous intensity profile
Long lifetime Large cross-section (6 6 cm)

Disadvantages Disadvantages
Non-uniform polarization profile Short lifetime (100 h)
Inhomogeneous intensity profile
Small cross-section(1.5 cm 4.5 cm)

500 mm for the given experimental geometry. Exposure times of 510 min were
typically used.

7.2. Aplications

Magnetic imaging has some very tantalizing prospects for future studies
of magnetic phenomena throughout science and technology: the establishing
and trapping of magnetic flux in superconductors [5] below the critical
temperature; the skin effect in conductors [4]; or magnetic domain
distributions in bulk ferromagnets [6]. The potential of the method is
demonstrated by visualization of the magnetic field around a (dipole) bar
magnet, Fig. 5. In some cases the method can also be extended into three
dimensions by a standard tomographic technique.

8. Conclusions

The neutron imaging facility at HZB provided a high impact in the

neutron user community. Its flexibility and broad spectrum of options
attracted a great number of users from different research fieldsfundamental
physics, magnetism, material science, engineer-ing, plant physiology, food
science, archeology and paleontology.
A future instrument upgrade is a part of the Upgrade program for the
cold neutron instrumentation at HZB. In the future the flight path of the
facility will increase up to 1012 m providing a larger beam size (field of
view) of 20 cm 20 cm with higher neutron flux density due to the new neutron
guides with super mirror coating.

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Fig. 5. A radiograph showing the field lines surrounding a dipole magnet. The magnetic field
decreases with increasing distance from the magnet, resulting in a series of maxima and
minima, where the beam polarization is sequentially parallel or anti-parallel, respectively, to the
analyzer. Very close to the magnet (where the field is strongest), the lines are too close together
to be resolved spatially.
A double crystal monochromator device was used to select a defined
wavelength from the cold neutron spectrum. The spatial resolution achieved
in the radiography images was around
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