axiom between
common side
5
6 A
common vertex
A ray that divides an angle into two angles that are A set of points consisting of two different rays that
congruent have the same endpoint
X C
A, BAC , CAB,
W
Y or 1 vertex sides
1
A B
Z
YW bisects XYZ , so XYW ZYW .
When three points are collinear, one point is A rule that is accepted without proof
between the other two.
The Segment Addition Postulate states that if B is
A between A and C, then AB BC AC.
B
C
Two angles whose measures have a sum of 90 Points that lie on the same line
B A B C
C
construction coordinate
distance endpoints
Line segments that have the same length Two angles that have the same measure
5 in. 5 in.
A B C D 30 30
A B
AB CD A B
A real number that corresponds to a point on a line A geometric drawing that uses a limited set of
tools, usually a compass and a straightedge
A B
x1 x2
coordinates of points
A B
C D
Terms that can be described using known words, Points that lie in the same plane
such as point or line
A M
Line segment and ray are two defined terms. C
B
Points that represent the ends of a line segment or The absolute value of the difference of two
ray coordinates on a line
endpoint endpoint A AB B
A B x1 x2
endpoint AB = x2 x1
A B
intersection line
The region that contains all the points between the The region that contains all the points outside of an
sides of an angle angle
exterior
interior
A line has one dimension. It is represented by a The set of points two or more geometric figures
line with two arrowheads, but it extends without have in common
end.
m
A
A
B n
Two adjacent angles whose noncommon sides are Consists of two endpoints and all the points
opposite rays between them
1 2
noncommon side noncommon side
80 90 10 0
70 10 0 90 80 110 1
60 0 110 70 2
2 60 0 13
A M B 50 0 1
3
50 0
1
14 0
01 0
15 0 4
40
0 30
4
15
A
3
0 1 20 10 0
180 170 1 20
60
60
mAOB 140
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Vocabulary Flash Cards
plane point
postulate ray
A C B
CA and CB are opposite rays. A
A location in space that is represented by a dot and A flat surface made up of points that has two
has no dimension dimensions and extends without end, and is
represented by a shape that looks like a floor or a
A wall
point A
A M
C
B
AB
endpoint endpoint
A B
A
vertical angles
The rays of an angle A point, ray, line, line segment, or plane that
intersects the segment at its midpoint
C
C
sides A M B
D
A B
CD is a segment bisector of AB.
So, AM MB and AM MB.
Two angles whose measures have a sum of 180 An angle that has a measure of 180
M
A
75 105
J K L
The common endpoint of the two rays that form an Words that do not have formal definitions, but
angle there is agreement about what they mean
A B
4
3 6
5
contrapositive converse
The then part of a conditional statement written A statement that contains the phrase if and only
in if-then form if
If you are in Houston, then you are in Texas. Two lines intersect to form a right angle if and
only if they are perpendicular lines.
hypothesis, p conclusion, q
An unproven statement that is based on A logical statement that has a hypothesis and a
observations conclusion
Conjecture: The sum of any three consecutive If you are in Houston, then you are in Texas.
integers is three times the second
hypothesis, p conclusion, q
number.
The statement formed by exchanging the The statement formed by negating both the
hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional hypothesis and conclusion of the converse of a
statement conditional statement
Statement: If you are a guitar player, then you are a Statement: If you are a guitar player, then you are a
musician. musician.
Converse: If you are a musician, then you are a Contrapositive: If you are not a musician, then you
guitar player. are not a guitar player.
A process that uses facts, definitions, accepted A specific case for which a conjecture is false
properties, and the laws of logic to form a logical
argument
Conjecture: The sum of two numbers is always
more than the greater number.
You use deductive reasoning to write geometric
proofs.
Counterexample: 2 (3) 5
5 2
A type of proof that uses boxes and arrows to show Two related conditional statements that are both
the flow of a logical argument true or both false
A conditional statement in the form if p, then q, The if part of a conditional statement written in
where the if part contains the hypothesis and the if-then form
then part contains the conclusion
If you are in Houston, then you are in Texas.
If you are in Houston, then you are in Texas.
hypothesis, p conclusion, q
hypothesis, p conclusion, q
The statement formed by negating both the A process that includes looking for patterns and
hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional making conjectures
statement
Given the number pattern 1, 5, 9, 13, , you can
Statement: If you are a guitar player, then you are a use inductive reasoning to determine that the next
musician. number in the pattern is 17.
Inverse: If you are not a guitar player, then you are
not a musician.
proof theorem
Two lines that intersect to form a right angle A style of proof that presents the statements and
reasons as sentences in a paragraph, using words to
explain the logical flow of an argument
A statement that can be proven A logical argument that uses deductive reasoning
to show that a statement is true
Vertical angles are congruent.
A value that represents whether a statement is A table that shows the truth values for a
true (T) or false (F) hypothesis, conclusion, and a conditional statement
Conditional
See truth table.
p q pq
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Two angles that are formed by two lines and a Two angles that are formed by two lines and a
transversal that are between the two lines and on transversal that are outside the two lines and on
opposite sides of the transversal opposite sides of the transversal
t t
1
4
5
8
4 and 5 are alternate interior angles. 1 and 8 are alternate exterior angles.
Two angles that are formed by two lines and a Two angles that are formed by two lines and a
transversal that are in corresponding positions transversal that lie between the two lines and on
the same side of the transversal
t
2 t
6 3
5
The length of the perpendicular segment from the A segment that represents moving from point A to
point to the line point B is called the directed line segment AB.
y B(6, 8)
A 8
6
k
B 4
2
A(3, 2)
The distance between point A and the line k is AB.
2 4 6 8x
S m
m
T
ST
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Vocabulary Flash Cards
transversal
Lines that do not intersect and are not coplanar A line that is perpendicular to a segment at its
midpoint
p
n
n
A P M Q
Lines n and p are skew lines. Line n is the perpendicular bisector of PQ.
transversal t
The fixed point in a dilation The angle that is formed by rays drawn from the
center of rotation to a point and its image
P
P R R
C
Q
R Q
40 Q
center of dilation
R Q angle of
rotation
center of rotation
P
The center of rotation in a figure that has rotational The fixed point in a rotation
symmetry
R R
The parallelogram has
rotational symmetry. The
center is the intersection 40 Q
of the diagonals. A 180 Q angle of
rotation about the center rotation
maps the parallelogram center of rotation
P
onto itself.
The combination of two or more transformations to A form of a vector that combines the horizontal
form a single transformation and vertical components
horizontal component
The component form of PQ is 4, 2 .
Geometric figures that have the same size and A transformation that preserves length and angle
shape measure
A C F D
ABC DEF
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Vocabulary Flash Cards
dilation enlargement
A dilation in which the scale factor is greater than A transformation in which a figure is enlarged or
1 reduced with respect to a fixed point
P
P
A dilation with a scale factor of 2 is an C
enlargement. Q
R Q
center of dilation
R
CP
Scale factor of dilation is .
CP
The horizontal change from the starting point of a A transformation involving a translation followed
vector to the ending point by a reflection
Q
P Q
Q
P
4 units right P
horizontal component
P Q
The starting point of a vector A figure that results from the transformation of a
geometric figure
y C
6
K B C
4 B
A D
J
A D
2 4 6 x
Point J is the initial point of JK .
ABC D is the image of ABCD after a translation.
A figure in the plane has line symmetry when the A line that acts as a mirror for a reflection
figure can be mapped onto itself by a reflection in
y
a line. 4
A
2
B
C m
C B
6 x
A
reduction reflection
The original figure before a transformation A line of reflection that maps a figure onto itself
y C
6
B C
4 B
A D
A D
2 4 6 x Two lines of symmetry
ABCD is the preimage and ABC D is the image
after a translation.
A transformation that uses a line like a mirror to A dilation in which the scale factor is greater than
reflect a figure 0 and less than 1
y
4
A
1
2
B A dilation with a scale factor of is a reduction.
C m 2
C B
6 x
A
A transformation in which a figure is turned about A transformation that preserves length and angle
a fixed point measure
R R
Translations, reflections, and rotations are three
types of rigid motions.
40 Q
Q angle of
rotation
center of
P
rotation
The ratio of the lengths of the corresponding sides A figure has rotational symmetry when the figure
of the image and the preimage of a dilation
can be mapped onto itself by a rotation of 180 or
P less about the center of the figure.
P
C
Q
The parallelogram has rotational
R Q symmetry. The center is the
center of dilation intersection of the diagonals.
R
A 180 rotation about the
CP center maps the parallelogram
Scale factor of dilation is . onto itself.
CP
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Vocabulary Flash Cards
translation vector
vertical component
4 2
A(4, 1) B(3, 3) C(6, 4) X W
B(2, 2)
2
A(1, 2) C(3, 2) 4 2 4 6 x
C(2, 1) Y Z
4 2 2 4 6 8 x
A function that moves or changes a figure in some The ending point of a vector
way to produce a new figure
K
Four basic transformations are translations,
reflections, rotations, and dilations.
Point K is the terminal point of JK .
A quantity that has both direction and magnitude, A transformation that moves every point of a
and is represented in the coordinate plane by an figure the same distance in the same direction
arrow drawn from one point to another
y
K
A
A
3
C B
J C B
2 4 6 8 x
JK with initial point J and terminal point K. ABC is the image of ABC after a translation.
The vertical change from the starting point of a
vector to the ending point
Q
2 units up vertical
component
P
The side of an isosceles triangle that is not one of The two angles adjacent to the base of an isosceles
the legs triangle
base
angles
base base
A statement that can be proved easily using the A style of proof that involves placing geometric
theorem figures in a coordinate plane
Angles that form linear pairs with the interior A pair of sides or angles that have the same
angles of a polygon relative position in two congruent figures
B
B
Corresponding angles
A D, B E, C F
C A
E
A Corresponding sides
C
AB DE , BC EF , AC DF F
exterior angles D
Angles of a polygon The side opposite the right angle of a right triangle
hypotenuse
A C
interior angles
vertex angle
The sides adjacent to the right angle of a right The two congruent sides of an isosceles triangle
triangle
leg leg
leg
leg
vertex angle
leg leg
base
circumcenter concurrent
equidistant incenter
The point of concurrency of the three medians of a The perpendicular segment from a vertex of a
triangle triangle to the opposite side or to the line that
contains the opposite side
B
Q Q
D E altitude from
P Q to PR
A F C P R P R
P is the centroid of ABC.
Three or more lines, rays, or segments that The point of concurrency of the three
intersect in the same point perpendicular bisectors of a triangle
B
j
k
P
P
A C
The point of concurrency of the angle bisectors of A point is equidistant from two figures when it is
a triangle the same distance from each figure.
B X
Z
Y
P
X is equidistant from Y and Z.
A C
P is the incenter of ABC.
A segment from a vertex of a triangle to the A style of proof in which you temporarily assume
midpoint of the opposite side that the desired conclusion is false, then reason
logically to a contradiction
B
This proves that the original statement is true.
A C
D
BD is a median of ABC.
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Vocabulary Flash Cards
point of concurrency
The point of concurrency of the lines containing A segment that connects the midpoints of two
the altitudes of a triangle sides of a triangle
B
A
D E M P
G
A N C
C F B
The midsegments of ABC are MP, MN,
G is the orthocenter of ABC. and NP.
j
k
P
The parallel sides of a trapezoid Either pair of consecutive angles whose common
side is a base of a trapezoid
B base C
base angles
B base C
A base D
A base D
base angles
A polygon in which all angles are congruent A segment that joins two nonconsecutive vertices
of a polygon
B D
diagonals
A E
A trapezoid with congruent legs A polygon in which all sides are congruent
The nonparallel sides of a trapezoid A quadrilateral that has two pairs of consecutive
congruent sides, but opposite sides are not
B C congruent
leg leg
A D
rhombus square
trapezoid
A quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides The segment that connects the midpoints of the
parallel legs of a trapezoid
Q R
midsegment
P S
PQRS
A convex polygon that is both equilateral and A parallelogram with four right angles
equiangular
A parallelogram with four congruent sides and four A parallelogram with four congruent sides
right angles
B base C
leg leg
A base D
The angle that an upward line of sight makes with The angle that a downward line of sight makes with
a horizontal line a horizontal line
angle of depression
angle of elevation
B B
BC AC
sin1 mA cos1 mA
AB AB
A C A C
For ABC with side lengths of a, b, and c, An inverse trigonometric ratio, abbreviated as
a 2 b2 c 2 2bc cos A, tan 1
For acute angle A, if tan A x, then
b2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B, and
tan 1 x mA.
c 2 a 2 b2 2ab cos C.
B
BC
tan1 mA
A C
AC
trigonometric ratio
A set of three positive integers a, b, and c that For ABC with side lengths of a, b, and c,
satisfy the equation c a b
2 2 2
sin A sin B sin C
and
a b c
a b c
Common Pythagorean triples: .
3, 4, 5
sin A sin B sin C
5, 12, 13
8, 15, 17
7, 24, 25
To find all unknown side lengths and angle A trigonometric ratio for acute angles that involves
measures of a right triangle the lengths of a leg and the hypotenuse of a right
triangle
B
You can solve a right triangle when you know leg hypotenuse
either of the following. opposite
A
two side lengths
C leg adjacent A
one side length and the measure of one to A
acute angle
length of leg opposite A BC
sin A
length of hypotenuse AB
A right triangle is in standard position when the
A trigonometric ratio for acute angles that involves hypotenuse is a radius of the circle of radius 1 with
the lengths of the legs of a right triangle center at the origin, one leg lies on the x-axis, and
B the other leg is perpendicular to the x-axis.
y
leg hypotenuse
opposite B
A 0.5
C leg adjacent A
to A 0.5 A 0.5 C x
The point from which all points on a circle are Arcs of a circle that have exactly one point in
equidistant common
P B
A segment whose endpoints are on a circle An angle whose vertex is the center of a circle
T P
S chords
Q R C
P
Q
An angle whose sides are tangent to a circle The set of all points in a plane that are equidistant
from a given point
A
B
P
circumscribed C
angle
A line or segment that is tangent to two coplanar A circle that contains all the vertices of an
circles inscribed polygon
circumscribed
circle
Arcs that have the same measure and arc of the Coplanar circles that have a common center
same circle or of congruent circles
D E
80 80
C F
B
EF
CD
A chord that contains the center of a circle Circles that can be mapped onto each other by a
rigid motion or a composition of rigid motions
4m
diameter 4m
P Q
P Q
An angle whose vertex is on a circle and whose The part of a secant segment that is outside the
sides contain chords of the circle circle
A R
external segment Q
inscribed
angle B secant segment
P
C
S
PR is a secant segment.
PQ is the external segment of PR.
An arc that lies between two lines, rays, or A polygon in which all of the vertices lie on a
segments circle
intercepted inscribed
B polygon
arc
C
A
A
50
C B B
C
D D
major arc ADB
360 50 310
mADB
A A
minor arc AB mAB = 50
50
B C B
C
D D
A segment whose endpoints are the center and any The point at which a tangent line intersects a circle
point on a circle
point of
radius
tangency
P
tangent B A
A segment that contains a chord of a circle, and A line that intersects a circle in two points
has exactly one endpoint outside the circle
R
Q secant
secant segment
P
An arc with endpoints that are the endpoints of a The segments formed from two chords that
diameter intersect in the interior of a circle
S C
Q R A E
P B
D
( x h)2 ( y k )2 r 2 , where r is the radius Arcs that have the same measure
and (h, k ) is the center
T
~ TU
RS
A line in the plane of a circle that intersects the If the endpoints of a chord or arc lie on the sides of
circle at exactly one point an inscribed angle, the chord or arc is said to
subtend the angle.
A
inscribed
angle B intercepted
point of arc
tangency
C
tangent B A
subtends B.
AC
AC subtends B.
A segment that is tangent to a circle at an endpoint Coplanar circles that intersect in one point
R
Q
tangent segment
S
A portion of the circumference of a circle The distance from the center to any side of a
regular polygon
Arc length of
AB m AB
, or A
2 r 360
m
P
AB r
Arc length of
AB 2 r B
360 apothem
If two solids have the same height and the same The line around which a two-dimensional shape is
cross-sectional area at every level, then they have rotated to form a three-dimensional figure
the same volume.
The prisms below have equal heights h and equal
cross-sectional areas B at every level. By Cavalieris
Principle, the prisms have the same volume.
B B h
An angle formed by two radii drawn to The center of a polygons circumscribed circle
consecutive vertices of a polygon
center
M
P
P N
r chord
d
C
C = d = 2 r
edge face
net polyhedron
The amount of matter that an object has in a given The intersection of a plane and a solid
unit of volume
mass plane
density
volume cross section
edge
Consists of all segments that connect the vertex The intersection of a plane and a sphere such that
with points on the base edge of a cone the plane contains the center of the sphere
lateral surface
great
circle
base
A unit of measurement for angles A measure of how many people live within a given
area
45 radians number of people
4 population density
area of land
The region bounded by two radii of the circle and The radius of a polygons circumscribed circle
their intercepted arc
A
P radius
P
r
B N
sector APB
A three-dimensional figure that is formed by Two solids of the same type with equal ratios of
rotating a two-dimensional shape around an axis corresponding linear measures
The number of cubic units contained in the interior A point of a polyhedron where three or more edges
of a solid meet
3 ft
4 ft vertex
6 ft