EXPERIMENT OF TITRATION

INTRODUCTION

A titration is a process used to determine the volume of a solution that is

needed to react with a given amount of another substance. Titration means the
determination of concentration or rank of a solution with respect to water with a
pH of 7. The standard solution is usually added from a burette. The process of
adding standard solution until the reaction is just complete is termed as titration
and the substance to be determined is said to be titrated. In this experiment, our
goal is to determine the exact amount of a substance by reacting that
substance with a known amount of another substance.

The equivalence point can also be determined visually with an indicator. The
indicator, which is a substance that changes colour near the equivalence point, is
added to the analyte solution. Since the colour change is near but not exactly at
the equivalence point, the point at which the colour change occurs is called the
endpoint. Indicators are chosen so the endpoint is very close to the equivalence
point. A phenolphthalein colour indicator will be used. Phenolphthalein is nearly
colourless in acidic solution, but turns pale pink at a pH of about 8.This indicates
that the base has neutralized all the acid. Since the colour change is near but not
exactly at the equivalence point, the point at which the colour change occurs is
called the endpoint. Indicators are chosen so the endpoint is very close to the
equivalence point.

The stoichiometric volume of one reactant of known concentration, the

titrant that is required to react with another reactant of unknown concentration is
the analyte (unknown concentration) is measured. The concentration of the analyte
is determined from the concentration and volume of titrant and the stoichiometry
of the reaction between them.

In this experiment, titration process is used to get the equivalence point

which is at the same time, we can get the pKa and Ka of the acid. Then, graph that
can be plotted in this experiment is pH versus volume of the titrant added. In this
case, the equivalence point occurs at the point where very small additions of titrant
cause a very rapid rise in the pH.

OBJECTIVES

In this experiment, a solution of H3PO4 and CH3COOH will be titrated with a

solution of NaOH. Then, the shape of the pH titration curve will be observed and
the pKa and Ka values for the acid will be determined.
METHODOLOGY

PART A

The steps that involved in this experiment are firstly, Im doing the
calibration for the buffer of pH 4, pH 7 and pH 10. Then, the apparatus is set up
before carry on this experiment. Next step that Im doing is filled the burette with
0.1 M NaOH. Then, 25.00 mL of 0.1 M phosphoric acid is pipette into a 250 mL
beaker. Phenolphthalein indicator is added in 3-4 drops into the solution of
phosphoric acid. At the same time, the beaker is placed on the white towel to
observe it colour change.
Titration process is started by adding NaOH in 2 mL increment. At the same
time, the beaker is swirling carefully with each adding of NaOH. Every each 2 mL of
NaOH is added, the pH of the titration solution is measured by using pH meter.
Then, the observation is recorded. This process is carry on until we got the best
point for the equivalence point for jot down the graph for the concentration of
phosphoric acid. After that, pH/volume data is transferred to an Excel file. From
the graph, the value of pKa and Ka can be determined.

PART B

The steps that involved in this experiment are firstly, Im doing the
calibration for the buffer of pH 4, pH 7 and pH 10. Then, the apparatus is set up
before carry on this experiment. Next step that Im doing is filled the burette with
0.1 M NaOH. Then, 25.00 mL of 0.1 M acetic acid is pipette into a 250 mL beaker.
Phenolphthalein indicator is added in 3-4 drops into the solution of acetic acid. At
the same time, the beaker is placed on the white towel to observe it colour change.

Titration process is started by adding NaOH in 2 mL increment. At the same

time, the beaker is swirling carefully with each adding of NaOH. Every each 2 mL of
NaOH is added, the pH of the titration solution is measured by using pH meter.
Then, the observation is recorded. This process is carry on until we got the best
point for the equivalence point for jot down the graph for the concentration of acetic
acid. After that, pH/volume data is transferred to an Excel file. From the graph, the
value of pKa and Ka can be determined.
RESULTS

PART A

Volume of NaOH added (mL) pH

0 1.50
2 1.55
4 1.58
6 1.65
8 1.72
10 1.75
12 1.79
14 1.92
16 1.93
18 1.96
20 2.05
22 2.12
24 2.23
26 2.32
28 2.38
30 2.49
32 2.55
34 2.82
36 3.07
38 3.43
40 5.15
42 5.75
44 5.98
46 6.17
Table 1 show the result for the titration of phosphoric acid with NaOH

PART B

Volume of NaOH added (mL) pH

0 3.15
2 3.60
4 4.00
6 5.80
8 6.50
10 7.01
12 7.60
14 8.40
16 9.05
18 9.60
20 10.0
Table 2 show the result for the titration of acetic acid with NaOH
PART A

pH versus volume of NaOH added

pH
7

5
1st equivalence
point

pKa

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46

volume of NaOH added (mL))

Graph 1 show the graph for the titration of phosphoric acid with NaOH
 PART B

pH versus Volume of NaOH added(mL)

pH
12

10

equivalence
8
point

1/2 equivalence point

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Volume of NaOH added (mL)

Graph 2 show the graph for titration of acetic acid with NaOH
CALCULATIONS

PART A

1) Equation of the reaction

+ 3 4 2 + 2 4

2) VEP = 40 mL = 0.04 L
Moles of titrant used to reach the EP

= volume of titrant(L) concentration of titrant(M)

= 0.04 L 0.1 mol/L

= 4 10-3 mol

3) Moles of titrant = moles of analyte

=

4103
=
0.05

= 0.08
4) From the graph, pH = 4.4
pH = -log [H+]
4.2 = -log [H+]

[H+] = 6.31 10-5 M

5) = = 4.2
=
= 4.2
= 6.31 105

[ ]
6) = +
[ ]

[0.08]
= 4.2 + log [0.1]
= 4.10
PART B

1) Equation of the reaction

+ 3 2 + 3 +

2) VEP = 10 mL = 0.01 L
Moles of titrant used to reach the EP
= volume of titrant (L) concentration of titrant (M)

= 0.01L 0.1 mol/L

= 1 10-3 mol

3) Moles of titrant = moles of analyte

=

1103
=
0.05

= 0.02

4) From the graph, pH = 6.84

pH = -log [H+]
6.84 = -log [H+]

[H+] = 1.45 10-7 M

5) = = 6.84
=
= 6.84
= 1.45 107

[ ]
6) = + []
[0.02]
= 6.84 + log
[0.1]
= 6.14
DISCUSSIONS

The main reaction in the series of acid-base titrations is neutralization.

Titration is a technique for determining either the concentration of a solution of
unknown molarity or the number of moles of a substance in a given sample. As all
the reactants are colourless, an appropriate indicator must be added to indicate the
colour change at the end point. Endpoint is the point at which a titration is
complete, usually marked by a change in colour of an indicator. So, for these
experiments, we use phenolphthalein as the indicator which will turn the solution
to pale pink colour from colourless to show the end point.

From this experiment, titration of the phosphoric acid, H 3PO4 and acetic
acid, CH3COOH are an interesting case. It is because phosphoric acid and acetic
acid is relatively weak acid. From this experiment, graph can be plotted between pH
and volume of NaOH added. From the graph of phosphoric acid, it contains two or
three equivalence points while for the acetic acid, it contains only one equivalence
points. Phosphoric acid can be titrated as a polyprotic acid while for acetic acid, it
can be titrated as a monoprotic acid.

In this experiment, it has two part of titration which is phosphoric acid and
acetic acid between NaOH. For the first part is about the titration of phosphoric
acid with NaOH. In this part, we are added the volume of NaOH in 2 mL increment
until we got the best equivalence point. The volume of NaOH that we used in this
part is about 46 mL. It should be more volume is used to get two or three
equivalence point for the graph of phosphoric acid but our group only have one
equivalence point as we have some technical problem when carry out this
experiment. Even thought we are not doing well in this part, we still can get the
pKa and Ka values from the graph as we used the first equivalence point. So, the
pKa value is 4.20 while for the Ka value is 6.31 10-5. Then, from the graph, the
exact pH of this experiment is 4.20 while from the theoretical calculation, the pH
value is 4.10. So, the equivalence point for this experiment has a similar value
between the graph and theoretical calculation.

Then, for the second part, it involves acetic acid with NaOH, we are also
added the volume of NaOH in 2 mL increment until we got the best equivalence
point. The volume that we used in this part is about 20 mL. Then, we got one
equivalence point that proved the acetic acid is monoprotic acid. The pKa value that
we got is 6.84 while for the Ka value is 1.45 10-7. From the graph the exact pH
value is 6.84 while from the theoretical calculation, the pH value is 6.14. So, we
can say that, in this part has some error because when titration of NaOH, it over
dropped to the solution.

Next, we should take some precautions when doing this experiment such as
while titrating, the conical flask has to be swirled constantly throughout to ensure
that the contents are mixed evenly. Also, some titrant may drip onto the sides of
the conical flask and may not react with the solution in the conical flask. This
reduces the accuracy of the results as extra titrant would be used to achieve the
equivalence point. To prevent this, deionised water can be used to wash down the
unreacted titrant when nearing the equivalence point and the conical flask should
be swirled before continuing with the titration. To achieve consistent results, one
important factor is to add in the titrant in a drop wise manner before the
equivalence point.

PHOTO

Image 1: set up apparatus for Image 2: reading of pH meter

titration

Image 3: result of titration for acetic acid

CONCLUSION

The laboratory activity has primary objective the acquisition of the

fundamental principles and practical skills relating to the methods with particular
reference to the acidimetric.

We have experienced a gradual part of measurements of pH moving from a

qualitative measure to arrive at a quantitative measure all carried out a teaching
laboratory.

REFERENCES

http://www.titrations.info/acid-base-titration-polyprotics-and-mixtures

http://www.titrations.info/acid-base-titration-phosphoric-acid

https://www.slideshare.net/AsyhSyiedah/chemistry-report-final