1/5/2012

Heat Transfer by
Convection
Evelyn Laurito

Learning Objectives
At the end of the discussion you should be able
to:
Differentiate convection from conduction;
forced from natural convection
Set up the overall heat transfer equation
based on Uo or Ui
Set up the Heat Transfer Equation
Solve heat transfer coefficients fluids flowing
parallel to the heat transfer area
Use Perry's Handbook to get properties of
fluids
Solve problems on double pipe heat
exchangers

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Convection
- heat is transferred
due to a mixing process
between cold and hot
portions of a fluid.
Two Types of
Convection
HOT Solid
Wall
1. Forced convection -
PLATE mixing is due to
mechanical means such
as pumps,
compressors, agitators.
2. Natural convection -
mixing is due to density
difference arising from
temperature gradient.

FILM CONCEPT
When a rapidly moving fluid
comes in contact with a stationary
phase, a thin film is formed.

The thin film acts as a boundary

layer between the moving fluid and
the wall.
The thin film contributes an
additional resistance to heat flow

HEAT TRANSFER occurs

between a hot and cold fluid
separated by a wall (pipe)
Wall

FILM CONCEPT
When a rapidly moving fluid
comes in contact with a stationary
phase, a thin film is formed.

The thin film acts as a boundary

layer between the moving fluid and
the wall.
The thin film contributes an
additional resistance to heat flow

HEAT TRANSFER occurs

between a hot and cold fluid
separated by a wall (pipe)

Wall In time and with continuous use,

dirt and scales accumulate on the
surface of the solid providing
additional resistance to heat flow

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Wall

Heat Transfer Equation

Hot fluid Cold fluid

Ti
Resistances in Series:
q = qi = qw = qo

q Ti Ta x i
Ri
Inner film: qi kiAi
Ri

Ta Tb x w
Metal wall: q w Rw
To Rw kwAw

Tb To x o
Outer film: qo Ro
Inner film outer film Ro koAo
i inside o outside w metal wall

Individual Heat transfer Coefficient (h)

xi and xo are not measurable
x 1 x i 1 x o 1

k h ki hi ko ho
hi - inside film coefficient or heat transfer coefficient
ho - outside film coefficient or heat-transfer coefficient

R T Ri R w R o
1 x w 1
Ri Rw Ro
hi A i kwAw ho A o

Ti To
qi hi A i Ti qo ho A o To q
RT
1 x w 1
RT
hi A i k w A w h o A o

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Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U)

1 1 1
RT
UA Ui A i Uo A o
1 1 1 x w 1

Ui Ai U o A o h i Ai k w A w h o A o

1 1 x w 1 1 1 x w 1

Ui A i hi A i k w A w ho A o Uo A o hi A i k w A w ho A o

1 1 x w A i Ai 1 A x A 1
o w o
Ui hi k w A w ho A o Uo hi A i k w A w ho

1 1
Ui Uo
1 x w A i Ai A o x w A o 1

hi k w A w h o A o hi A i k w A w h o

Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

made of concentric pipes
where cold and hot liquid
flows through the tube or
the annulus
Counter or parallel flow
Simple structure: U-tube
connects straight pipes
heat transmission is large
Easy to clean disassemble
and assemble
Used in medicine & food
industry

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

made of casing or shell with tubes arranged inside

Shell fluid and tube fluid flowing
There are often baffles directing flow through the shell

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CONVECTION
Example: Double pipe heat exchanger
Water

Benzene

Concentric pipe system: 2 different sizes of tubes.

hot fluid - smaller tube
cold fluid - annulus
How can there be an exchange of heat?
Hot fluid
Cold fluid
Heat is transferred from the hotter fluid to the colder
fluid.

DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER

2 Fluids:
Process Fluid fluid needed later on in the process; flows through
the inner tube.

Utility Fluid flows through the annulus. Usually water or steam.

For Heating
Process Fluid cold inner tube
Utility Fluid hot annulus

In Cooling
Process Fluid hot inner tube
Utility Fluid cold annulus

Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

T2 T1

t1 t2

t1 t2
t2 T
t1
2

Temp
T1
Length

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Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

T2 T1

t1 t2

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U)

Tlm
Thus, q UATlm
RT
q Ui A i Tlm

q Uo A o Tlm

Note: The values of hi,ho are dependent on the

properties of the fluid and the type of flow.

DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER

Types of flow:
Co-current the two fluids flow in the same direction.
Utility fluid and process fluid meet at the same
entrance.
Utility Fluid

Process Fluid

Counter current flow opposite direction.

Utility fluid
Process Fluid

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CONVECTION
Application
Utility fluid

Process Fluid
Cross-section of the double pipe H.E.
Gray Metal Wall
Brown Thin films due to Ex. Heating
Hot fluid
air
convection.
cold q
Outside air heat is transferred fluid

between hot(or cold) fluid

and air.
Ex. Cooling
-formation of air film
cold fluid air

-natural convection q
hot
fluid
-assume heat exchanger is
insulated.

CONVECTION
Utility fluid
Process Fluid q Hot fluid
Cold fluid

Cross-section of the double pipe H.E.

Metal wall
Ex. Heating (based on smaller or inner tube)
Hot fluid

cold
TH
fluid q
Cold fluid Ta Hot fluid
Tb
TC q

Inner film Outer film

hi ho
Recall Film Concept

Heat Transfer Equation

1
q Ui A i Tlm Ui
1 1 xDi Di D
i
q Uo A o Tlm hi hdi k m Dlm hdo Do ho Do
1
Uo
Do D xDo 1 1
o
hi Di hdi Di k m Alm hdo ho
Pipe wall

T1 Outer film: qo ho Ao (T1 Ta )

Ta
Cold fluid Tb Hot fluid hi Ai (TB T2 )
Inner film: qi
(Ta Tb )
Metal wall: qW
T2 q
x
k m Alm D Di
inner film Outer film
Dw o
hi ho A w D w L Do
ln
Di

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Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD or Tlm)

Co-current:
Utility Fluid (Thi)
Tho
Process Fluid Tco
(TCi)

Temperature Profile

Thi
Tlm
Th Tc Th
i i o
Tc o
Th Tc i
Tho ln i
Th Tc
Tco o o

Tci

Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD or Tlm)

Counter current flow
Tho Utility fluid(Thi)
Process Fluid TCo
(TCi)

Temperature Profile

Tlm
Th o

Tc i Thi Tc o
Thi Th Tc i
ln o
Th Tc
Tho Tco i o

Tci

Types of Flow
Before getting into more about fluid flow we need to get
a better understanding of what it is. Shear flow can be
classified into two different categories: laminar and
turbulent.
Laminar flow has motion that is very regular and
predictable. This can be seen when a water faucet is
turned on low. The water comes out in straight lines and
the motion is rather smooth.
On the other hand if the faucet is turned on high the
flow pattern becomes very irregular, with chaotic
trajectories which are no longer in straight lines. This
second type of flow is know as turbulent flow.

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Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Transition criterion:
u xc
Re x 5 105

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Heat Transfer Coefficient (hi and ho)

MAIN PROBLEM: Finding h (hi and ho)
hi and ho are needed to find Ui or Uo
hi - heat transfer coefficient of the
inner film.
ho - heat transfer coefficient of
the outer film.
Discover formulas of h from the
HANDBOOK

HANDBOOK
Organize formulas (for hi and ho) to be used in convection.
System of Classification:
1. Change in phase or no change in phase.
2. Forced or Natural Convection
3. Fluids inside or outside
4. Type of flow turbulent, laminar or transition.

GROUP WORK To be submitted