CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MECH 412 Fluid

Jaro, Iloilo City, Philippines Mechanics

NAME: JOENA MAY C. TUNGUIA PERIODIC COMPILATION (FINAL)

TOPIC: RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF LIQUIDS

INTRODUCTION/PRINCIPLE:

Relative equilibrium of liquid is a condition where the whole

mass of liquid including the vessel in which the liquid is contained, is
moving at uniform accelerated motion with respect to the earth, but
every particle of liquid have no relative motion between each other.
There are two cases of relative equilibrium that will be discussed in this
section: linear translation and rotation. Note that if a mass of liquid is
moving with constant speed, the conditions are the same as static
liquid.

Submitted to:
Date : OCT. 4, 2017

ENGR SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA CRUZ

 TOPIC: Rotation (Rotating Vessel)

INTRODUCTION:
When at rest, the surface of mass of liquid is horizontal at PQ as
shown in the figure. When this mass of liquid is rotated about a vertical
axis at constant angular velocity (in radians per second), it will
assume the surface ABC which is parabolic. Every particle is subjected
to a centrifugal force (or reversed normal effective force) CF = m2x
which produces centripetal acceleration towards the center of
rotation. Other forces that acts are gravity force W = mg and normal
force N.

FORMULA:
22 2
y= tan =
2g g

2
=
h y

PROBLEMS:

1. An open cylindrical tank, 3 m in diameter and 5 m high contains

water to a depth of 4 m. It is rotated about its own vertical axis
with a constant angular speed, . Find the maximum value of
(in rpm) can be imposed without spilling any liquid?
SOLUTION:

Submitted to:
Date : OCT. 4, 2017

ENGR SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA CRUZ

 PROBLEMS:

2. An open cylindrical tank, 2 m in diameter and 4 m high contains

water to a depth of 3 m. It is rotated about its own vertical axis with a
constant angular speed, . If = 8 rad/s, how much water is spilled out
and to what depth will the water stand when brought to rest?
SOLUTION:

3. An open cylindrical tank, 3 m in diameter and 5 m high contains

water to a depth of 4 m. It is rotated about its own vertical axis with a
constant angular speed, . What angular speed (in rpm) will just zero
the depth of water at the center of the tank?
SOLUTION:

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Date : OCT. 4, 2017

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 4. A closed cylindrical vessel, 3 m in diameter and 5 m high is filled
with water to a depth of 4 m and rotated about its own vertical
axis at a constant angular speed, . The air inside the vessel is
under a pressure of 180 kPa. If = 10 rad/s, what is the pressure at
the center?
SOLUTION:

5. A glass U-tube whose vertical stems are 600 mm apart is filled

with mercury to a depth of 200 mm in the vertical stems. It is
rotated about a vertical axis through its horizontal base 400
mm from one stem. How fast should it be rotated so that the
difference in the mercury levels in the stems is 200 mm?
SOLUTION:

Submitted to:
Date : OCT. 4, 2017

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 6. A cylindrical vessel of 0.5 m diameter and 0.6 m height is
completely filled with water under a pressure of 9.81 KN/m2. It is rotated at
300 rpm about its vertical axis. Determine the pressure at point adjacent
to the wall of the vessel.
SOLUTION:
P = 9.81 KP = 9810Pa
Radius (r) = 0.25m
rpm(N) = 300

TOPIC: RECTILINEAR TRANSLATION (MOVING

VESSEL)

INTRODUCTION/PRINCIPLE:
Horizontal Motion
If a mass of fluid moves horizontally along a straight line at constant
acceleration a, the liquid surface assume an angle with the horizontal,
see figure below.

Inclined Motion
Consider a mass of fluid being accelerated up an incline from
horizontal. The horizontal and vertical components of inertia force REF
would be respectively, x = mah and y = mav.

Vertical Motion
a mass of liquid moving vertically upward with a constant
acceleration a. The forces acting to a liquid column of depth h from the
surface are weight of the liquid W = V, the inertia force REF = ma, and
the pressure force F = pA at the bottom of the column.
FORMULA:

Inclined motion: tan =

aH
gay
;
a
Horizontal motion: tan = g

a
Vertical motion: p= h(1 g)

Submitted to:
Date : OCT. 4, 2017

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 PROBLEMS:

1. An open tank 1.82m square weighs 3,425N and contains a

0.91m of water. It is acted by an unbalanced force of 10,400
N parallel to a pair of sides. What is the force acting in the
side with the smallest depth?
SOLUTION:

P=hA; F=ma; m= mwater-mtank

10,400 N=ma m= 1000(1.82x1.82x0.9)+ 3,425/9.81
10,400=3363.42xa m= 3363.42kg
a= 3.092 m/s

a y 3.092 y
tan = g
= ;
0.91 9.81
= 0.91
y=0.29 h= 0.91-0.29
h= 0.62m
P= (9810)(0.62/2)(0.62x1.82)
P= 3,432 N

2. A cylindrical water tank used in lifting water on the top of a

tower is 1.5m high. If the pressure at the bottom of the tank is
must not exceed 16kPa, what maximum vertical acceleration
can be imposed in the cylinder when it is filled with water.
SOLUTION:
a
p= h(1 )
g
16= 9.81(1.5)(1+ a/9.81)
a= 0.857 m/s2

3. An open rectangular tank mounted on a truck is 8 m long,

2.5m wide and 2m high is filled with water to a depth of 1.88
m. Determine the maximum horizontal acceleration that can
be imposed on the tank without spilling any water, the
accelerating force on the liquid mass, and If the acceleration
is increased to 6 m/s2, how much water is spilled out?
SOLUTION:

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Date : OCT. 4, 2017

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 4. A vessel containing oil is accelerated on a plane incline 30 with the
horizontal at 2.02 m/s2. Determine the inclination of the oil surface
when the motion is upwards and the inclination of the oil surface when
the motion is downwards.

5. An open tank containing oil (s = 0.83) is accelerated vertically at 5

m/s2. Determine the pressure 4.22 m below the surface if the motion is:
a. Upward with a positive acceleration.
b. Upward with a negative acceleration.
c. Downward with a positive acceleration.
d. Downward with a negative acceleration.
SOLUTION:

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Date : OCT. 4, 2017

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 TOPIC: FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW

INTRODUCTION/PRINCIPLES:

TOPIC: DISCHARGE or FLOW RATE

INTRODUCTION
Discharge or flow rate is the amount of fluid passing through a
section per unit of time.

FORMULA: Q=Av; M= Q; W= Q

PROBLEMS:

1. Water flows through a 5 in diameter pipe at a velocity of 17

ft/s. Find the volume of flow rate in cfs, weight and mass flow
rate.
SOLUTION:
=

2. What is the rate of flow of water passing through a pipe with

a diameter of 20mm and speed of 0.5m/s?
SOLUTION:
=

Q= 4 (0.02)2(0.5)

Q= 1.57x10-4 m3/s

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Date : OCT. 4, 2017

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 3. The flow rate of air moving through a square 0.5m by 0.5m duct is
176 m3/min. What is the mean velocity of the air?
SOLUTION:

=
176= (0.5x0.5)(v)
V= 704m/min
V= 11.733m/s

4. Air at 30C and 163kPa at 18 N/s through a rectangular duct that

measure 150mm x 300 mm. compute the average velocity and volume
flux. Use gas constant R= 29.3 m/K.
SOLUTION:

TOPIC: CONTINUITY EQUATION

INTRODUCTION:
The continuity equation expresses the idea of local conservation.
For example, a moving fluid or electrical charge obeys the continuity
equation, in the first case due to conservation of mass, and in the
second case conservation of charge. The equation is expressed as a
linkage between the divergence of the vector field describing a flux
(mass or charge flow rate per unit area) with the time rate of change of
the mass or charge density at a point. The equation also can be seen to
apply to other phenomena where some quantity that admits a spatial
density is conserved.

FORMULA:
For incompressible fluids:
Q= A1v1= A2v2
For compressible fluids:
1 A1v1=2 A2v2= 3 A3v3= constant
1A1v1= 2A2v2= 3A3v3= constant

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 1. A gas flow through a square conduit whose section gradually
changes from 250mm to 340mm. At 250mm, the velocity os
flow is 6.32 m/s and the density of the gas is 1kg/m3 while at the
340mm the velocity of flow is 2m/s. Calculate the mass flow
rate and the density of the gas at 340mm.
SOLUTION:

2. Air at 30C and 163kPa at 18 N/s through a rectangular duct

that measure 150mm x 300 mm. Compute the average velocity
and volume flux. Use gas constant R= 29.3 m/K.
SOLUTION:

3. A 195mm diameter plunger is being pushed at 0.71 m/sec into

a tank filled with oil having specific gravity of 0.80. If the fluid is
incompressible, how many N/s of oil is beung forced out at a
25mm diamter hole?
SOLUTION:

Submitted to:
Date : OCT. 4, 2017

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 4. A pipe line consists of successive lengths of 380-mm, 300-mm, and
250-mm pipe. With a continuous flow through the line of 250 Lit/sec of
water, compute the mean velocity in each size of pipe.
SOLUTION:
Q1=Q2=Q3=Q
v1A1=v2A2=v3A3=Q
1 1 1
v1[ (0.3802)]=v2[ (0.3002)]=v3[ (0.2502)]=0.25
4 4 4
4(0.25)
v1= =2.20 m/sec
(0.3802 )
4(0.25)
v2= = 3.54 m/sec
(0.3002 )
4(0.25)
v3= = 5.09 m/sec
(0.2502 )

5. The inseminator in has 0.080in diameter and 0.04in diamter at the

other end contains a fluid of sg= 1.04. If the plunger is pushed in
steadily at 1in/s. What is exit velocity V2?
SOLUTION:

6. If the velocity in a 12mm pipe is 1.65m/s, what is the velocity in a 3

mm dimater jet issuing from a nozzle attached to the pipe?
SOLUTION:
is

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Date : OCT. 4, 2017

ENGR SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA CRUZ

 TOPIC: Energy and Head of Flow

INTRODUCTION/PRINCIPLE:

Energy is defined as ability to do work. Both energy and work

are measured in Newton-meter (or pounds-foot in English). Kinetic
energy and potential energy are the two commonly recognized
forms of energy. In a flowing fluid, potential energy may in turn be
subdivided into energy due to position or elevation above a given
datum, and energy due to pressure in the fluid. Head is the amount
of energy per Newton (or per pound) of fluid.
Kinetic Energy and Velocity Head
Kinetic energy is the ability of a mass to do work by virtue of its
velocity. The kinetic energy of a mass m having a velocity v is mv2.

FORMULA:
2
K.E = =1/2 mv2; Velocity head=K.E./W= v2/2g
2
2 8 2
=
2 2 4
; Elevation energy= Wz=mgz

PROBLEMS:

1. A standpipe 20ft in diameter and 40 ft high is filled with

water. Calculate the potential energy of the water if the
elevation datum is taken 10 ft below the base of the
standpipe.
SOLUTION:

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Date : OCT. 4, 2017

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 2. Determine the kinetic energy flux of 0.02m3/s of oil (sg=
0.83)discharging through a 50-mm diameter nozzle.
SOLUTION:

3.

TOPIC: ENERGY EQUATION WITHOUT HEAD

LOST

INTRODUCTION/PRINCIPLES:
If the fluid experience no head lost in moving from section1 to
section 2 then the total energy at section 1 must be equal to the total
energy at section 2. Neglecting head lost in fluid flow, the values that
we get are called ideal oe theoretical values.

FORMULA:
E1=E2
1 2 1 1 2 2
2
+ + 1 = 2
+
+ 2

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 PROBLEMS:
1. A horizontal air duct is reduced in cross-sectional are from
0.75ft2 to 0.20ft2. Assuming no losses, what pressure change will
occur when 1.50lb/s of air flow? =0.200lb/ft3 for pressure.
SOLUTION:

2. Water is flowing in an open channel at a depth of 2m and a

velocity of 3m/s. It flows down a chute into another channel
where the depth is 1m and the velocity is 10m/s. Neglecting
friction, determine the difference in elevation of the channel
floors.
SOLUTION:

3. Determine the velocity and discharge through the 150 mm

diameter pipe assuming the no head loss.
SOLUTION:

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Date : OCT. 4, 2017

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 TOPIC: ENERGY EQUATION WITH HEAD LOST

INTRODUCTION/PRINCIPLE:
In general the flow of liquid along a pipe can be determined
by the use of The Bernoulli Equation and the Continuity Equation. The
former represents the conservation of energy, which in Newtonian
fluids is either potential or kinetic energy, and the latter ensures that
what goes into one end of a pipe must comes out at the other end.
However as the flow moves down the pipe, losses due to friction
between the moving liquid and the walls of pipe cause the pressure
within the pipe to reduce with distance - this is known as head loss.

FORMULA:
E1- HL1-2=E2
1 2 1 1 2 2
+ + 1 = + + 2 + HL1-2
2 2

PROBLEMS:

1. Oil is flowing in a pipe under the conditins shown in the figure.

If the total head loss from point1 to point 2 is 3.0ft, find the
pressure at point 2. SGoil= 0.83
SOLUTION:

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Date : OCT. 4, 2017

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 2. An 8in diameter pipe is attached toa reservoir shown in the
figure. If the total head loss between the water surface in the reservoir
and the water jet at the end of the pipe is 6ft, what are the velocity and
flow rate of the water being discharged from the pipe?

3. A 50mm diameter is drawing oil(sg= 0.81) from an oil reservoir. If

the total head loss from pint 1 to point 2 is 1.50m and from point 2 to
point 3 is 2.40m, find the discharge of oil from the siphon and the oil
pressure at point 2.

Submitted to:
Date : OCT. 4, 2017

ENGR SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA CRUZ

 TOPIC: TOTAL FLOW ENERGY
INTRODUCTION/PRINCIPLE:
The total energy or head in a fluid flow is the sum of the
kinetic energy and the potential energies.

FORMULA:

E = 2+ + z

PROBLEMS:

1. A fluid is flowing in a 6in diameter pipe at a pressure of 4lb/in2

with a velocity of 8 ft/s. The elevation of the center of the pipe
above a given datum is 10ft. Find the total energy head above
the given datum if the fluid is water, oil with specific gravity of
0.83 and gas with a specific weight of 0.042lb/ft3.
SOLUTION:

2. A 100mm diamter pipe leading to a pump, carries a discharge of

0.03m3/s of oil (sg= 0.81). If the pressure at point A in the pipe is
vaccum of 180mmHg, find the energy head at point A with
respect to a datum at the pump.
SOLUTION:

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Date : OCT. 4, 2017

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 3. A 150mm diameter jet of water is discharging from a nozzle into air at
velocity of 36m/s. Find the head of the at the jet.
SOLUTION:

TOPIC: POWER AND EFFICIENCY

INTRODUCTION/PRINCIPLE:
Power is the rate at which work is done. For a fluid of unit weight
and moving at a rate of Q with a total energy of E, the power in N-m/s.

FORMULA: P= QE

Efficiency= 100%

PROBLEMS:

1. If the total available head of a stream flowing at a rate of 300ft3/s is

25ft, what is the theoretical horsepower available?
SOLUTION:

2. A 150mm diameter jet of water is discharging from a nozzle into air

at velocity of 36m/s. Find the power in the jet with respect to a
datum at the jet.
SOLUTION:

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 3. A turbine is rated at 600hp when the flow of water through it is 0.61m2/s.
Assuming an efficiency of 87%, whta is the head acting on the turbine?
SOLUTION:

TOPIC: PRESSURE ENERGY

INTRODUCTION:
Pressure energy is the energy contained in each unit of the fluid due
to the effects of thermal kinetic motions of the atoms lessened by the
attractive forces of the fluid molecules on each other. even if the fluid is
viewed as incompressible from the point of view of the flow. more
importantly, it drives the motion of particles from one place in the fluid to
another: if you pressurize this side by having it in contact with a fixed
volume of air which you're pumping more air into with a bike pump, the
added pressure gradient in the fluid causes the fluid to flow out of the
reservoir faster, and into whatever else the system is connected to.

FORMULA:

PE= ; Pressure head= PE/w=

PROBLEMS:

1.

2.

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 3.

TOPIC: FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENT

INTRODUCTION/PRINCIPLE:
Industrial flow measurements include measuring of flow rate of
solids, liquids and gases. There are two basic ways of measuring flow ;
one on volumetric basis and the other on weight basis. Solid materials are
measured in terms of either weight per unit time or mass per unit time.
Very rarely solid quantity is measured in terms of volume. Liquids are
measured either in volume rate or in weight rate. Gases are normally
measured in volume rate. In this chapter, the flow measurements of
liquids and gases will be discussed in detail rather than that of solids.

FORMULA:
a) Coefficient of Discharge: C= Q/Qt
b) Coefficient of Velocity: Cv= v/vt
c) Coefficient of Contraction: Cc= a/A

PROBLEMS:

1. The actual velocity in the contracted section of a jet of liquid

flowing from a 2in diamter orifice is 28ft/s under a head of 15ft.
What is the value of the coefficient of velocity?
SOLUTION:

Submitted to:
Date : OCT. 4, 2017

ENGR SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA CRUZ

 2. The actual velocity in the contracted section of a jet of liquid
flowing from a 2in diamter orifice is 28ft/s under a head of 15ft. If the
measured discharge is 0.403 ft3/s, determine the coefficient the
contraction and discharge.
SOLUTION:

3. Oil flows through a standard 1in diameter orifice under an 18ft head at
the rate of 0.111 ft3/s. The jet strikes a wall 5ft away and 0.390 ft vertically
below the ceterline of the cntracted section of the jet. Comput the
coefficient of discharge.
SOLUTION:

4. Oil flows through a standard 1in diameter orifice under an 18ft head at
the rate of 0.111 ft3/s. The jet strikes a wall 5ft away and 0.390 ft vertically
below the ceterline of the cntracted section of the jet. Comput the
coefficient of velocity.
SOLUTION:

5. Oil flows through a standard 1in diameter orifice under an 18ft head at
the rate of 0.111 ft3/s. The jet strikes a wall 5ft away and 0.390 ft vertically
below the ceterline of the cntracted section of the jet. Comput the
coefficient of contraction.
SOLUTION:

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 TOPIC: ORIFICE
INTRODUCTION/PRINCIPLE:
In the case of a simple concentric restriction orifice the fluid is
accelerated as it passes through the orifice, reaching the maximum
velocity a short distance downstream of the orifice itself (the Vena
Contracta). The increase in velocity comes at the expense of fluid
pressure resulting in low pressures in the Vena Contracta. In extreme cases
this may lead to cavitation when the local pressure is less than the vapour
pressure of a liquid. Downstream of the Vena Contracta in the recovery
zone, the fluid decelerates converting excess kinetic energy into pressure
as it slows. When the fluid has decelerated and returned to the normal
bulk flow pattern the final downstream pressure has been reached.

FORMULA: theoretical velocity: vt=2

Actual velocity: v=Cv2
Theoretical discharge: Qt= CA 2
2
H= h + + -
2
Q= 2/3 C 2L(h23/2- h13/2)

PROBLEMS:

1. Calculate the discharge through a 150mm diameter sharp edged

orifice with pressure at top oil 5m high is 46 kPa. Assume C= 0.65
and sg= 0.88.
SOLUTION:

2. An orifice of 50mm square with C=0.6 is located on one side of a

closed cylindrical tank. An open mercury manometer indicates a
pressure head of 300mm Hg in the air at the top ofthe tank. If the
upper 4m of the tank is oil (sg= 0.80) and the remainder is water,
determine the discharge through the orifice.
SOLUTION:

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Date : OCT. 4, 2017

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 3.

TOPIC: VENTURI METER

INTRODUCTION/PRINCIPLE:
A venturimeter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a
fluid flowing through a pipe. The working of venturimeter is based on the
principle of Bernoullis equation. it states that in a steady, ideal flow of an
incompressible fluid, the total energy at any point of the fluid is constant.
The total energy consists of pressure energy, kenetic energy and potential
energy or datum energy.

FORMULA:

PROBLEMS:

1. A venturi meter with a 3 in. diameter throat is installed in a 6 in. pipe-

line. The pressure at the entrance to the meter is gauge
and it is undesirable that the pressure should at any point, fall
below absolute. Assuming that for the meter is 0.96, find
the maximum flow for which it may be used. Take the specific
weight of the liquid as and atmospheric
pressure .
SOLUTION:

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 ; ;

For the actual meter taking into account the of 0.96:

= ANS.

2. A venturi meter is connected at the main and throat sections by tubes

filled with the fluid being metered by a differential mercury manometer.
Prove that for any flow the reading is unaffected by the slope of the meter.

If the mains diameter is in. and the throat diameter in., calculate
the flow of fuel oil in gals./hr. if its relative density relative to water is 0.8 and
the difference of level of the mercury columns is 7 in.
Use a direct application of Bernoulli's theorem taking the relative density of
mercury to water as 13.6 and the meter coefficient as 0.96.
SOLUTION:

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 The flow of oil is 4515 gallons/hour .

3.

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Date : OCT. 4, 2017

ENGR SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA CRUZ

 TOPIC: NOZZLE

INTRODUCTION/PRINCIPLE:
A nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the
expense of pressu. it is a duct of smoothly varying cross-sectional area in
which a steady flowing fluid can be made to accelerate by a pressure drop
along the duct. There are many applications in practice which require a
high-velocity stream of fluid andthe nozzle is the best means of obtaining
high-velocity, thus nozzle are used in steam and gas turbines, in jet engines,
in rocket motors, in flow measurement, and in many other applications.

FORMULA: Q= CAn2

PROBLEMS
1. The nozzle throws a stream of water vertically upward so that the
power available in the jet at point 2 is 3.50hp. If the pressure at the
base of the nozzle, point 1 is 36.0 psi, find the coeffiecient of velocity
and the head loss between 1 and 2.
SOLUTION:

2.

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 TOPIC: PITOT TUBE
INTRODUCTION/PRINCIPLE:
Pitot tube is a bent tube with both ends open and is use to measure
the velocity of fluid flow or velocity of air flow as used in airplanes
speedometer. When the tube is placed in a moving stream with open end
oriented into the direction of flow, the liquid enters the opening at point 2 until
the surface in the tube rises a distance of h above the steam surface. An
equilibrium condition is then established and the quantity of liquid in the tube
remains unchanged as the flow remains steady.

FORMULA:
v= 2

PROBLEMS

1. A pitot tube being used to determine the velocity of flow water in a

closed conduit indicates a different between water levels in the pitot
tube and in the peizometer of 48mm. What is the velocity flow?
SOLUTION:
v= 2
v= 2(9.81)(0.048) = 0.970 /

2. A pitot tube being used to determine the velocity of flow water in a

closed conduit indicates a different between water levels in the pitot
tube and in the peizometer of 58mm. What is the velocity flow?
SOLUTION:
v= 2
v= 2(9.81)(0.058) = 1.067 /

3. A pitot-static tube, Cl= 1.14, has a gage difference of 15mm on a

water-mercury manometer when directed into a water stream.
Calculate the velocity.
SOLUTION:

V= Cl 2()()( 1)

13.5
V= (1.14) 2(9.81)(0.015)( 1
1)= 2.19m/s

Submitted to:
Date : OCT. 4, 2017

ENGR SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA CRUZ

 Submitted to:
Date : OCT. 4, 2017

ENGR SHEVANEE RUTH G. DELA CRUZ