ARABIC SYRIAN COURSE

rL-...:..J1

Module 1 Lessons 1-4

February 1988

Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center

ABBREVIATIO£';;, USED IN THIS MODULE

',:;.",,';-;;~'.;;";

f.

m.

MSA pers. pl. SA'l'TS

SD sing.

feminine masculine

Modern Standard Arabic person

plural

Standard Arabic Technical Transliteration System

Syrian

singular

ii

CONTENTS

OBJECTIVES OF MODULE 1

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LESSON 1:

GREETING PEOPLE.

. .

Objectives .••••••••.•. Grammatical Features ••

. . .

. ...

o Variation in the pronunciation of the words ~1." a..~1 •

o

Pronominal suffix of second person masculine singular attached to nouns and particles, d-JL>. d.i.,..S ~reposition and pronominal suffix attached to the same noun cl~~

Imperfect verb with pronominal suffix Perfect verbs.

The prefix r attached to first person plural imperfect tense Verbs:

o

o

,.1.

"I..

Ii

o o

o

Measure Measure VIII--

verbs 1--

such as

,., a. - A ••

Measure

11--

. ,

· ,

~I

JI...:...:I Communicative Exchanges ••••

...

· . . . . . .

Frame Explanatory Notes.

I • . • . • . . • . . . • . . • • • • . • .

. . . . . ~

. ..

......

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

· ...

Drills .

. ..

. .

. . . .

Communicative Exchanges ••

· . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

· .

Frame 11 •..••••••.•••••••

Explanatory Notes.

. . . .

. . . .

. ...

. . . . . .

· . . . . . .

....

Drills .

. . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

· . .

Classroom Exercises •• Homework •• Summary •.

• •

. . . .

· ...

. . .

...

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . ..

· .

Reference Grammar •• Evaluation •. Enrichment •• Vocabulary ••

. .

· ...

. . .

· .

. . ..

· . . . .

· . .

. .

....

. . . . . .

. . .

· ..

........

. . .

. . .

iii

vii

1 1 2

. .

3 3 5 8

15 15 17 20 26 33 35 37 40 42 45

MODULE 1

CONTENTS

LESSON 2:

MEETING PEOPLE ••

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Objectives •••••••••••

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Grammatical Features.

........

0 Interrogative by intonation: ~ ~_, e" ~I ~I..J~
and ~ ~ ,l....SU I~ &."J •
0 Introduction of two interrogative particles: ~ and v ill .
0 The relative pronoun ~I
0 The prefixes - and - in the imperfect tense.
0 t..,...j "Is there?" and ,jThere is. "
0 .1 , "yes, " and "I, "no. e~
0 The prepositions e'" u-U and uJl with pronominal
suffixes. o

Verbs: verb

..J,.,- and II -- ..J'::"-

Measure

~ and

the doubled V-- J 'l; ..

Measure 1--

; Measure

.

~

..J~ and ..J_:"";' Communicative Exchanges

·Frame 1 ••••..•...•

Explanatory

Notes.

........

. . . . .

Drills .

. . . .

. ..

Communicative Exchanges .•

Frame

II .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Explanatory Notes.

. . . . . . . . . . .

Dr i 11s ••••.•.•..••

Classroom Exercises.

Homework.

SUInff\::£.ry •.

Reference Grammar. Evaluation.

Enrichment .• Vocabulary ..

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LESSON 3:

INVITING AND VISITING PEOPLE ..................•

Objectives .

Grammatical

Features.

o

Introducing the idiomatic expressions ~ JS iJA

'-r-~--.;; .......

and

iv

47

47 48

49 49

51

54 60

60

62 64

72

78 80 83 89

91

92

95 95

96

MODULE 1 CONTENTS

o The use of the negative particle L- to negate

both perfect and imperfect forms of the verb.

o Various aspects of r~~

o The word ~ •• __

o ~ a short form of ~~

o The expression ~'---> J.,,__..s

o

Various uses of the word ..,..._

Verbs: Measure I-- "",t.-.- and '-:''''''~ __

;

o

Measure V--

1.5.l., ...... _ .. ;,;; •.

Communicative Exchanges ••••••••

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Frame 1 .....•.....•.

· . . . . . ... .

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Explanatory Notes ••

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Drills •••....•.••.

· . . . . . .

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Communicative Exchanges .••

· . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Frame II ••••••••••••

· .....

. . . . . . . . . . .

Explanatory Notes.

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Drills .

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Classroom Exercises ••••

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Homework ..........•.•..

. . . . .

. . .

· . . . . .

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SUII1IIlary ••••••••••••

· .

. . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Reference Grammar ••

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Evaluation •••••••••••••••••••

Enrichment •••• Vocabulary ••••••

....

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

· . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LESSON 4:

A VISIT TO AN OFFICE ••

~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Objectives •••••••••••

· .....

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Grammatical Features ••••••••••

o Difference between ~, and

o Compound words such as • .,;

o ~ with pronominal suff ixes such as .:,..... and ~

o The use of the verb ~ instead of the verb ~,

o Assimilation of the sound of the pronominal suffi~

· ...............•......

o

in words such as • •. and &0' __ '~; Verbs: Measure I hollow verbs--

Jl....:i ;

~t.....:. and

Measure II weak verb--

verb c'. ' .

~ ; Measure X weak

v

....

97 97"

99

102 108 108 110 113 120 125 128 130 133 135 137

....

139 139 140

CON'rENTS 141 141 143 145

152 152 154 156 162 166 169

170 174 177 177

MODULE 1

Communicative Exchanges.

Frame 1 ..•.••.•••••

Explanatory Notes •••••••••••••

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

· . . . . . . . .

· ..

· . . .

. ..

. . . . . . .

Drills .....•..•••.•

..

· . . . .

· .....

Communicative Frame Explanatory

· ....

Exchanges.

· . .

· ...

· . . . . .

II .

. . . . . . . . .

· . . . . . . . .

Notes.

· . . . . . . . . .

Drills .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . .

Classroom Exercises •• Homework •••

. . . . . .

..

. . .

. . . .

· . . . . . . . . .

· . . . .

· .

Sununary ..... Reference Grammar •

. . . . .

· . .

· . . .

. .

• • •

. . . . . . . .

. . . .

· . . .

· .

. . . . . .

. . . .

. ..

Evaluatior ••••• Enrichment •••••••

Vocabulary ........................•..........•............

. . . . . . . . .

· . . . . .

· ..

· .

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

...

. .

SELF-EVALUATION TEST ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 179

CUMULATIVE VOCABULARY.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vi

185

MOD1JLE 1 OBJECTIVES

Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to understand and carry out conversations in the Syrian dialect including the grammatical features and vocabulary of Module 1, and based on the following topics or situations:

Lesson 1: Greeting People Lesson 2: Meeting People

Lesson 3: Inviting and Visiting People Lesson 4: A Visit to an Office

To evaluate successful completion of the module, the student will be given a MOdule CRT (Criterion Referenced Test) according to the following specifications.

LISTENING COMPREHENSION

Part 1. Given 10 recorded Syrian sentences, the student selects the best English translation from 4 printed choices. Minimum acceptable performance is 70 percent. Part 2. Given 10 recorded Syrian sentences, the

student selects the best Syrian response from 4 choices which are printed and also recorded. Minimum acceptable performance is 70 percent.

Part 3. Gi ven a recorded Syrian dialogue, the student gives English answers to 10 written English questions. Minimum acceptable performance is 70 percent.

vii

MODULE 1 WRITTEN INTERPRETATION

Given 10 recorded Syrian sentences, the student trans-

OilJECTIVES

1ates each sentence into written English. Minimum acceptable performance is 70 percent.

DICTATION

Given 10 recorded Syrian sentences, the student uses SATTS to write each sentence verbatim. Minimum accept~le performance is 70 percent.

SPEAKn~G

Spoken Interpretation. Given a recorded dialogue between a Syrian who speaks SO and an American who speaks English, the student orally interprets for both speakers. Minimum acceptable performance is 70 percent.

Role Playing. Given a situation in which the instructor plays the role of a Syrian, the student responds in SO to the instructor's lines. Minimum acceptable performance is 70 percent.

viii

LESSON 1

GREETING PEOPLE

OBJECTIVE,~

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:

Extend greetings and related courtesies

and respond appropriately to such greetings.

Greet someone who has just returned from a trip and respond appropriately to such a greeting.

1

GRAMMATICAL FEATURES

1. Variation in the pronunciation of the words ~I.J "')l...JI •

2. Pronominal suffix of second person masculine singular

attached to nouns and particles,

--.

3. Preposition .and pronominal suffix attached to the same noun,

od,.,...J.u... •

4.

Imperfect verb with pronominal suffix

• •

5. Perfect verbs •

6. The prefix r attached to first person plural imperfect tens verbs such as "' •• _... •

7. Verbs
Measure I ul.....S
I
Measure II ~
Measure VIII ~L::..:' -~, 2

COMMUNICATIVE EXCHANGES

FRAME I

Two friends, Samir and Nadim, meet in the mornin9 on their way to work.

, . ~ • , '\
. ,...,~ ~I t:L.,.. ~
.,
• ..)_".:.JI c:L.,.. . ~ jal ,....~
• , •
. ,
~ t'~1 ..dJl.> ~ ~
- ,
. ,
~ 1...:;..;,,1 d.A".S • J~ ,..,.~
, . ,
• '" "
. .d .,}ol.i..,. • ~ • J \..:Io.J I ~l.... ~
• ,
. ~j....J1 ~ ,..,.~
, 3

LESSON 1

• FRAME I

4

____ A

EXPLANATORY NOTES

" ' ,

1. a. ~'C~ is the MSA greeting for "good morning."

Literally it means "morning of goodness or well being." In SO

- '" . '"

it is pronounced ~ ~'-". Notice the assimilation of sounds

and the kasra under the C used as a helping vowel.

b. :,......l.J' L..: is the SD greeting for "good evening." The

hamza in the MSA word ''-is dropped, and the MSA greeting

.' r » ,

~, ,'- becomes ::,......;...J' '-. It is pronounced like ~ ~ •

2. a. j .', or the more formal ~.J j,A1 , meaning "welcome,"

, '"

is used before or after .J.J-~_JI c~' the response to the greeting

'" , , ,

~I cl.......,....t. Thus, the responses to ~I Ct..,.. may be

)4-.J jAl.J .J~I c~, .J~' c""':.J)4-.J jAl or simply .Jj.J1 c~ •

b. j..A1 and~.J jAl are also used when welcoming someone to a home or office.

c. Sometimes ~.'.1 , the dual form of jAl, is used as an expression of welcome.

,.# , , ,

3. .J~I· ct_.,. is the usual response to ~I C........ It is pronounced

•

the same as in MSA, but without the case ending. Another frequent

". , .'" "

response to ~I ct..,.. is ..:.I~I ct..,.., pronounced ..:.I~ ~t..,.. •

, ,_., '."

( ..:.I~ is the plural of ~ .) .J~I l-. , pronounced .J_":'- and

., , ,. , "

..:.I~I l-. , pronounced ..:.I~ ~ , are two frequently used

. ." ,,,,

responses to j-...:ioJl l-. •

4. ~~~...i.".S, literally, "How is your state or condition?~ is more

-

, "

formal than .!l...i.".S. Both the expressions ..:U~ . ...i.".S and .,1 ;.~

, ,

are used to ask "How are yOU?" J~.means "situation," and

,

~~ , "your situation." Notice that in ..:U~...i.".S .... there is a ~ kasra under the cl in ...i.".S, and a fatha over t!le J in ..:U~ •

...

5

LESSON 1

EXPLANATORY NOTES

.I "

In MSA you say 1£1J~ ~, wi th a fa tha over the ~ and a danuna

over the J •

. , , ,

S. r_,.J1 , "today" is pronounced L-yawm, r_,.".J

~ , ~ . ,

r_,..;..J1 ..d.;.,_ ~ i r_,;....J1 is a polite form and does

,

•

In the expression

not imply that the

person had not been feeling well the day. before.

6. J\.$ , "fine," is used to respond to 1£1J~ u..".s. J\.$ is both masculine and feminine.

Examples.

He is fine. • JL.s:"" She is fine. • JL.sy.

. ,

Other answers to ~1£1J~ ~ are:

..... '

good" 1 and ~, "great."

,

• • •

-....:... , "good"· ~ ~ "very

~ -, , ~ .. , "

7. ._ 01 is the SD pronoun for the MSA ~l , "you" (m. sing.),

~.

and ,":;"';'J is the SD pronoun for the MSA ,..:;...;.1 , "you" (f. sinq.).

However, when ..:;...;.i (m, sing.) is followed by a word, it takes the helping vowel kasra and sounds like the feminine pronoun;w4 •

Example.

Are you Professor Samir?

8. Ju.J1 ~'-, "pretty well," literally means "~he situation is going well." yo:.'- is the active participle <J,. uJl r-I ) of the verb ~ , "to walk."

9. ~o: L alone means "OK" and "well."

,

~ is used as an

interjection to indicate a new thought or action as in.

. ,

~~t.J..,. • ~ • Ju.J1 y:.'- , which is an answer to ~..:;...;.I ~ • J\.$ •

6

LESSON 1

EXPLANATORY NOTES

. ". .

10. a. d_,l.w..,. , "Good-bye," is said by someone who is taking

leave. Literally, it means, "With your permission."

• , ,

b. d.r----bw..,. consists of the preposition

~~ with the second person pronominal suffix

, ..

and ~~t....a...,.

,

'" .

..!J_,..J.~

.... and the word . . ,

• d~t....a...,.

,

are respectively the feminine and plural forms of

II'

11. ~)l...JI·~' "Good-bye," is the response to ",,~w..,.. Literally,

it means "(Go) with safety." L-j_Jt is pronounced as if there is

...

a kasraunder the

f •

.q..!MJ'~fj

•

C',

.. ,

.;'.A-J I .JiJl

-

7

DRILLS

One a

~be completed outside class. Repeat after the model. (Note that the Arabic numbers correspond to the items in Explanatory Notes. )

Good morning, Nadim.

~,

Welcome, Samir. 'Good morning.

o ..J_,.:-J , r: t...,... • ~ )LA 1

)LA' 0,.

v-lA'

..J_,.:-J , r: t...,... • )LA , o ..J_,.:-J' r: t...,.... • ~ )lA'

How are you today?

m.

How are you today?

of

f.

clJ l..> u.,..s

,

I ~

rSJ l..> or vSJ l..>

How are you today?

pl.

8

LESSON I DRILLS
,
Fine, and you? ~~I d.A.,..S • J'---
(Literally, How are you?) m.
J .... .,
,
d..i.".S
How are you? f. .d..i.."S
,
~I .y you

f. pl.

_':":'I

you

Very well, how are you?

How are you?

,
~ ~t .d..i.."S • J'---
,
~ _'::"':'I .:"U.,S
~ _,:..:.I .:"U.,S • J ....
,
~ ~I .d.J.,..S • J ....
,
• ~."J.u...,. • ~ • J~I ~L.. pl.

Pretty well. OK, good-bye.

Good-bye to you. Good-bye to you.

f.

J~t y:.'- .j.
~ .\
,
~_,..J.u...,. . \ .
~_,..J.u...,.
~
rS."J.u...,. ~_,..J..u...,.
vS."J.u...,. ~
vS.;.u... ~ • J"'-JI ~L..
" -:.,J. J"'-JI
• ~.:,s. u...,. '. • ~L.. pl.

Good-bye.

• e....-j_J1 e- · \,

,

9

LESSON 1

:n!2 ls'

Repeat after the model.

Teacher: Good morning.
Student: Good morning.
Teacher: How are you today?
Student: Very well, how are you?
Teacher: Good-bye.
Student: Good-bye. Three [;:;..1

Repeat after the model.

Layla: Good evening.

Far id: Welcome. Good eveni_ng.

Layla: How are you today?

Farid: Fine, how are you?

Layla: Pretty well, thank you.

Four ~51

Repeat after the model.

Layla: Good morning.
Samira: Good morning. Welcome.
Layla: How is your health today?
Samira: Fine, how are you?
Layla: Pretty well, good-bye.
Samira: Good-bye. ,

,

pl. • ·vS~u...,.

DRILL

. ~, '- u-L.-J
J_,;-JI '- • )lat .J..,t~
,
m. ~ r_,..JI .:U\.> ~ u-L.-J
f. ~ ~I cl.i.."S • Ju .J..,t~
, ,
•
• I~ • J~I U-:'- u-L.-J • ~I c:l...,.. ~

f.

f.

~ ~I ..!U.".5 • Ju

, ,

10

LESSON 1

DRILLS

Five

Use JL...>JI ~L.. to answer the following 6 questions.

Example:

(Teacher: )

• Ip • Jt..-JI ~L..

(Student)

,

#

~ ''''-'- L.,. ~ I..> ...a..,.."), • I

,

~ ~jl. L.,. ~ ·0

Six

Use the information in the left-hand column to answer the 5 questions below.

Example:

Fine.

('Teacher) (Student)

~

. Ju ... U~'

,

1 am fine.

• ,
~ i.l.ot_"; L.- ..u..;...s . ,
, " '"
- , ,
~ .~ I...,.~ .,.
, ,
• " "
~~jl. '-~ ·T
, ,
~ .l.ot_"; I...,.~ • f
,
. , ,
~~ I...,.~ ·0
, Pretty well.

We are fine.

I am-very well.

Great.

Seven

Following the example, use the information in the left-hand column to answer the 5 questions below.

Example:

Well.

,

f .l.rt~ I...,. clJ l.> u.,..s

,

\'..:;..:.1 ~ • r:---:- L:. I

(Student)

(Teacher)

Well.

,

~ i.J..t~ 1...,..dJ l.> u.,..s • ,

, , J

.r "

~ '-'~ I...,. - < 'l.> u.,..s .,.

. v- '"

" ,

~ u I.."or- -I...,. clJ l... u.,..s • T

,

Great!

Well.

11

LESSON 1

DRILLS

Pretty well.

•

~ • - L.". clJ~ ~ of

..,- ~ ,

, .

~ ,_,.".- L.". clJ ~ ~ 0 0

Well.

Eight

In the 6 sentences below, change the underlined words to the plural. Repeat each sentence aloud.

Example:

, ,

• ~ , _,.".. L.". _,.,.;..J' C t...,..

-.

(Teacher) (Student)

,

• f _,_J' clJ ~...i.,..S 0 T'

- / , .#

~~~ of

,

,

~ f _,_J' ~'.:U..".5 • 0

- , , ,

• ~ , _,.".. L.". _,.,.;..J' '-- 0 ,

Nine

The following 10 sentences address men. Change them to address women.

Example:

(Teacher)

(Student)

,
• ~ L.".~' c ...... ., • ~ L.".~' ct...- . \
,
, • , •
" ~.,... L.". ~ ~~, ·V " ~ L.". ~~ ·r
J , ,
, , ,
~~L.".~.~ -A " c.----=- f' " i S 0,.
, , .,
J '" , , •
• .,.,_,.;..JI C l.,.. _, ~ _, j,a' • ~ L.". -~ ~~ ~ ~~ L.". f' _,_J' clJ ~ ...;....s ·f
,
, , , ,
• ~~ L.".~, L- .,. • cl.."......J. ~ • ~ ·0 12

LESSON 1

DRILLS

Ten

Using the example as a model, change the following 6 sentenceR.

Example:

Samira

,

t 1&lJ~ _;,..s • ~ '- _",;-JI C .......

~ .:U~ ~ • .~ l.." _",;-J' C .......

,

(Student)

(Teacher)

students

,

~ ~ • u'.Jr l.." ~I C ........ \

Farid

~ .:U~~ • ''''';' ~.J jA' ·T
,
,
~ f.,.,_s, .,u.,..s • ~~I L-.. .,
. .,.,;, l.." ~.J jA'.J • ,J.,.:-J' C ....... .~
~~~~ .~~, ·0
,
,
~ f.,.,_s, .:U~ ~ ~;' ~, ., Farida

Samira

Marwan

Farida

Eleven

Using the exampLe as a model, answer the following 6 sentences.

Example:

• .,.,~ "'" ~..,.., u...,. ~
. ~ "'" 1.j..J, e" .J..,,~
. • ~ "'" ~ru...,. '.J..,,~ .,
• ,,:-,3U- "'" ~..,.., u...,. ~ ·T
,
• ~.;.u...,. • .J..,,~ u'.Jr .,
• ~.;.u...,. • .' ~ .(
...,.._
,
, ,
~ ~.;.u...,. • ,.., .. ~ ·0
;
• ~ "'" ~.;. u...,. u'.Jr ., 13

LESSON 1 DRILLS

Twelve

Use c: •.• ~ to answer the 6 questions below.

Example:

('reacher)

(Student)

'" •
~ ~ L.". .:J.;;..-. .J....5 . \
.. ,
•
~ ,,:-,j,b L,.. us.:..-~ .'f
,
, •
~ \J1.J.,r L,.. .:J.;;..-. .J....5 .,.
.- -_ .. ,
• ,
~ .~;i L,.. cl.i.,..S • t
, , ,
, ,~ •
~ ~..).;. L.". o.-.JI ~ '0
,
, • •
~ ~;i L,.. o.-.JI ~ .,
, 14

COMMUNICATIVE EXCHANGES

FRAME II r···l

Samir welcomes Nadim, who has just returned from .. a trip.

, If

. ...j,..J.... ....u ..w...,JI ~

" , ,

..... 1 • .:w, ,...,~

,

• ~t '-.t. ~~, ~

• ~~ ...... c....:-.:. ,...,~

" ,

•

\' • .)'-~' ..::.w~ ~ ~

~. , ,

. - . ~

• 'tl •• - .. I. L.:.S • • .) L:.- ,...,~

," , '"

15

LESSON 1

FRAME II

16

- - ..

--

EXPLANATORY NOTES

, . .,.

~)l...JLs oL..U ~I corresponds to the MSA expression

, "

...... )l_JI ~. ., l.l .... II , "tielcome back," (literally, "Praise be to

, .

,,---)l...JLs ~ ~ with a

, ,

1.

God for your safety." It is pronounced sukuun over the initial letter J •

"" ..

2. a. cl.....l-". oL..UI , literally "May God keep you safe," is the

.,- c

standard reply to ;._.j_JLs --.u ~I. I t is pronounced cl...-I-.". Jl

. "",,

wi th a sukuun over. the ~ in.d.....l-....

b. r ., is the SO imperfect tense of the verb ~, "to

keep safe. " In SO the shadda over the J is not. stressed.
_,
For a man, say: ",. , ....ul ( Jt
For a woman, say: ,,1. I ....ul ( Jl
~
the plural, .J ( Jl
For say: vS·1 ....ul ." ,

3. a. d-Jl...:....i...::I, "We missed you" (literally, "We longed for

" /

you") consists of two parts: ~I and o!U. ~I, "we

longed," is the first person plural perfect tense of the verb

, , ' ,

JL.::..:.I. I' i~ "I 1S pronounced l.-..:.~. The omission of the

ini tial hamza and the changing of J to hamza are

common grammatical features in SO.

b.

. ~

d-J is the SO form of the MSA word

, "

od-J , "to you."

, , , ,

Thus, o!U~1 is pronounced o!Ul..:.~

•

t

4. ~I L,.., nOh, my brother," is an affectionate term used

between friends.

17

LESSON 1

EXPLANATORY NOTES

5. . ... ..;. is the SO equivalent of the MSA personal pronoun ~ ,

"we." It is used instead of ~, , not as a royal "we,"* but rather as an impersonal pronoun. Arabs usually refrain from using the first person singular form in order to avoid sounding self-centered or very personal, and instead use the first person plural form.

Example:

Say:

Avoid saying: _,::.S~ l...,. L.:. ,

;, ,

.&1J ~1.

,

.,

..rs~l...,. ~

., ,

dJL..:...i..::..:t

. ,

6. The expression ~~~, "more" (literally, "in a larger

amount"), consists of the preposition ~ and the word ~,

,

"more," which is the comparative form of ~, "much," a "lot."

Notice that words..) "AS and pronounced ;,s,

both ..,....:.s' • J....

"

~ and ;.s, are derived from the MSA

,

The ..:.. is changed to ~ and .r-=-S~l...,.

is

7.

. .~

..:;..._;.LS , "it was," is the SO equivalent of the MSA verb o.;;...;.t.,S. ."

. .

.:;...;.LS a.s the third person'4minine singular of the verb uLS

"

8. 'j~1 , "vacation," is the equivalent of

...

The difference between the two words is the

j , a fatha in MSA and a kassra in so.

•

,

the MSA 'word lj~' •

short vowel on the Another word

for

is

9. OJ' ee, "excellent," is the so equivalent of the MSA word

, ,

'j'-=--- •

,

10.' ':s "We were," is the SO equivalent of the MSA verb l...-:.5

."

,~.s is used in an impersonal way instead of ~ (See item 5.)

.. ~ .

*Historically, kings always used "we" instead of "I."

18

LESSON 1

EXPLANATORY NOTES

11. a. ,.1 .. 1" A~., literally, "We desire you" consists of the SO word ~I ':A_;. r , the first person plural imperfect tense of the

verb ~I , "to desire," and the pronominal suffix \!l

...

~

b. ,.1.:1" ,.;_. L-..:..S, means "We wished you were with us." It

,

implies that we enjoyed ourselves very much.

c. I!,.I,,\~ •. 11- ........ • is the SO equi v alen t of the MSA "1 .. I .. A ", the

first person plural imperfect tense of ~I • Notice how the

SO imperfect tense is formed from the MSA imperfect tense by adding the prefix r with a ~ukuun. In SO the prefix r is added to first person plural imperfect tense verbs of any

measure.

19

DRILLS

One [E]

To be completed outside class. Repeat after the model. (Note that the Arabic numbers correspond to the items in Explanatory Notes. )

Welcome back. (Thank God for your sefe return.)

,

• t..j_J L.s a.JJ ~ I

, ,

•

•

Thank you. (May God keep you well.)

'"

• "I. I i. a.JJi .,.

,v,

.:J,...l....".

..

'"

us. I i.

We missed you, brother.

, ,
. ~r L,.. .:.LJ L:....i.::..:.1
~ ,
.:.LJ~' ·r
,
.:.LJ~I
~
J ,
r5.J L:....i.::..:. I ~,5JI....:...i.:;..I
~I ~ • f
, ,
. ~I t....,.. .:.LJ L..:...i.,::.; I We, too, a lot.

20

LESSON 1

DRILLS

How was your vacation?

•

\' 1,j 4'1 1 ~l.S ~

,

•

..i.$

,

~l.S .v

..

wl.;.41 - 1.;.41

"

Very good, we wished you were with us.

~

• eel ~. - .. '. l...:.S ,

, ~

f.

,
1,jl..::.- .,
,
• "
.;.'-=--
-'
l...:.S . , .
,
•
~
" ID.

ID.

f.

pl.

I~

,

ID.

eel .. • ••

a. ,

f.

,., - ....

, a. #'

,

rS .... , .$ _.'.

c. - ~ a. ,

pl.

.fl •• - • '. l...:.S ,

• 01' •• - .... ~

21

LESSON 1 Two raJ

Repeat after the model.

Samira: Welcome back, Layla.

Layla: Thank you, Samira.

Samira: We missed you.

I.ayla: We, too, a lot.

Three [aJ

Repeat after the model.

Farid: Welcome bac k ,
Students: Thank you.
Farid: How are you today?
Students: Fine, how are you?
Farid: Very well. We missed you.
Students: We, too, a lot. Four bad

Repea t af ter the model.

.. '

• ....)l._Ju LlJ· ~I

,

,

• d.oJ....". t-U I

DRILLS

Walid: Hell., Jamil, welcome back.

. '

• ....j_.J u l...lJ ~, • J.-- )LA t

, ,

Jamil: Thank you, Walid. Walid: How are you today? Jamil: Very well. Everything

is fine.

22

,

• .l.,.-lJ ~ t-U I

,

~ r .~_JI .:LI ~ ...A".S

• JU-II ~L.. • Ju

LESSON 1

DRILLS

Five

Change the 5 sentences below to address women instead of men.

Example:

,

• .,,> i L,. ill L-L:;..:. I

(Teacher)

• ~I l.." dJ~1

,

(Student)

,

~ ~ L..- ..:J.;:.;".I.>I .;:...:.15....i...,.S .,

•

• .J..,,~ l.." "1 .. , - • '. W . T

...ul -r

.,

• ~ ..:.U~I • ~ .f

• .,r-::-S~ L.,. ~ • 0

Six

~nqe the singular to plural in the 5 sentences below.

Example:

.

.~ ...ul

(Teacher)

us. I • ...ul

(Student)

. cl;...j...1.$ ....u ~I . ,
. ~~I ·T
• .,r-::-S'l..,. L.1 ·r
• '.,.1 « • ; ~ l.S ": .... Jl.lt...J I .. ·l.>1 ·f
.,.I •
. "U,.._,.b .:.L.;,j I.> I .;:...:.l.S ·0 Seven

Use ~LS -a...s to make up questions for the 5 answers below.

Example:

• .;r- t..". \£I:.,j lo.?-I ~ ~ t.."..:.L.;,j4' ~ l.S -a...s

(Teacher)

(Student)

23

LESSON 1

DRILLS

Eight

Use .• 1. I ....u, to respond to the following 4 greetings.

Example:

. ~~ L,.. ..... j_Ju ...u ~I ~
. ~ L,.. .:J.......L..,. ...ul ~.;J
. ~.;J L.t ..... j,_Ju ...u ~, .""....-
u'Jr L.t .....j,_Ju ...u ~, ~~
. .~~ \.." ..... j,_Ju ...u ~, u'Jr
• .~ \.." .....)l..Ju ...u~, .~~, Nine

use- ~~~ ~ to respond to the following 4 expressions of friendship.

Example:

•• ~~ L,.. clJ~' • ~ L,.. clJ~'

24

LESSON .!.

DRILLS

Ten

Use the information in the left-hand column to answer the 5 questions below.

Example:

Excellent.

(Teacher)

(Student)

Fine.

~ ~ L..,. &.~I .::...:.L5...A.,..S .,

C' • ..l.,t_ri L..,. ~ I...A.,..S ) ,.

Very well.

Great.-

Excellent.

Very well.

Eleven

Use the information in the left-hand column to answer the 6 questions below.

Example:

Very good.

(Teacher)

• "' ... - .... t..:.S • ~ ~

(Student)

Great.

" ul.J.r I.,.. ·.,)411 .;...;. L5 u.".s . ,
" ~ I.,.. • .,) 411 .;...;.1.5 u."..s .,.
" ~ I.,.. • .,)411 .::...:.I.S u.".s ·r
~ .~ '- ·.,)411 .;...;.I.S u.".s • f
" ,......l.:. I.,.. d;;..,) 41 .;;...;. L5 u."..s '0
~ ~..;-' I.,.. d;;..,) L> 1 .;...;. L5 u.".s ., Very well.

Fine.

Very good.

Excellent

Great.

25

CLASSROOM EXERCISES

Free Selection

Exercise 1.

Respond to the following questions and statements.

~ •. l.>'J1 ..;:....;..LS....i..".S

..) . . ..

~ u...._,J:. d; _) 41 .::..:. LS ~ L.,.. .::..:. I _,

.;

~ ~L.,.. u..,....:... w;U1 ~LS of
~ ~ L.,.. u...,....:.... w~1 ~LS
~ ul_'~ L.,.. u...,....:.... i_)4'J1 ..;:....;..LS
~ i~ L.,,: u...,....:.... ij4'J1 .::..:. LS ,

~ u 1 _,~ L.,.. cl.;;........,.. .::..:.l.S ....i..".S 0 0

,

" ~ L.,.. cl.:;. j 41 .::..:. LS ...A.,..S

~ • ."....- L.,.. cl.:;. j 41 .::..:. LS ....i..".S

.;

26

LESSON 1

CLASSROOM EXERCISES

Exercise 2.

Respond to the following 8 questions and statements.

~ r,.,-.J' .:J.J L> ...A,..5 . ,
~ ·u-....JI ...A,..5 ~\'
~ .;:...;.1 d..i..".S ·r
~ ~...A,..5 ·f
. .:J_;'~ ·0
. ~I t...- ., • 'A...)L...J I.s ...u ~ I • V

27

LESSON 1

CLASSROOM EXERCISES

Exercise 3.

Engage in the 5 brief.conversations below with your instructor.

0 u'J..;-e '- ~, rt...,...:. o \
~ rJ"~-H ill!..> ~
~ ~ ~.~
. 'p . ~
...
. i~ '-~, rt...,...:. ·T
~ rJ,,,, ... H t.!iJ!..> ~
,,-
~ ~~~
'"
'"
. ~~ '- ~I rt...,...:. or
"
~ r>!t'"H cl.&.,...S
'"
~ ~~
. ~ L". ~, rt...,...:. of,
~ r..,_,JI cl.&.,...S
'"
~ u....,...:... ~
'"
~ ~ '- Jt..-II ~ ·0
~ u' J..;-e '- Jt..-I, .J."S
~ i~ '- Jt..-I, ~
~ u-L.-! '- Jt..-II ~ 28

LESSON 1

CLASSROOM EXERCISES

Exercise 4.

Engage in the 3 brief conversations below with your instructor •

• ~~ l.." ~I c:1....,.... • \

~ f_,_JI ~

~ u5.J ~ ...;..,.s

~ ~...i.".S

. Ip.~

• J"fI"""- l.." ~.~ ~ • T • 'i J"fI"""- l..,.. ~.,;:. ~

,

~ f _,_J' cl.i..".S • J"fI"""- ~.J ~ i . T'

~ f..,...._J' .:.U ~...i.".S .~.,.. ~.J jA I

,

~ f_,_JI ..di.".S. 'i~.rl... j,AI

_,

.I'

\ihat Do You Say?

1. Your friend has just recovered from an illness. What do you say to him?

2. You have just learned that your friend was sick. How do you inquire about his health?

3. You have recently returned from a trip and someone says, ...... j...Ju ....u. ~1 • lihat is your response?

4. Someone tells you that he missed you. How do you answer him?

29

LESSON 1 Role Playing

CLASSl<.OOM EXERCISES

Situation 1.

Samira has just returned from a trip.

Samir: Greet Samira.

Samira: Respond.

Samir: Ask Samira how she is.

Samira: Respond that you are very well.

Situation 2.

Nadim arrives at Farid's home in the evening.

Nadim: Greet your host.

Farid: Welcome Nadim to your home and ask about his health. Nadim: Say that you are well.

Farid: Tell Nadim that you missed him.

30

LESSON 1

Interpretation Practice

CLASSROOM EXERCISES

Act as an interpreter in the following situation~.

English speaker (Instructor)

Situation 1.

Good morning.

How are you?

We missed you.

Welcome back.

Situation 2.

Good evening.

How was your vacation?

How are you?

Good-bye.

Interpreter (Student)

.J 1..

31

Arabic speaker (Student)

• ~J jal

• J '----.J I ..r L...

• ,.( • ( • ...J.JI

. ',j' ..

. J'--

.

• 1,_.j_J1 r:-

U;SSON 1

CLASSROOM EXERCISES

Translation Practice

Translate the following 12 sentences orally into English.

• ....)I..._J Ls .:.u ~I

· ,

• ill L:..:i..;:.:. I

• i

·0

.,

·V

"

• I'""'"~ I... ..• ~ ... ' .. 0 L.S

'"

· '\

• . I L.. .. <'JL.. ~

~ .. ..r- .

• I •

- .;;...;.1 d.i..".S f JLs -IT

32

HOMEWORK

Exercise One [~-ol

Translate tne 10 recorded sentences into written English.

Exercise Two G~:1

Use SATTS to write the following 10 recorded sentences.

Exercise Three [aJ

You will hear 6 Arabic questions, each followed by 4 responses. On a separate sheet of paper, write the letter which corresponds to the best response.

.1-

J\.:I.JI ~L.. • a

.b

.c

.2

. ?~\..,. ~-·.a • '&..j...JI ~ .b

• ~I o:U.".S • Ju .c

.3

• ..1. I.. a,.UI

.a

.b

33

LESSON 1

HOMEWORK

.4

f ..::...;.1 .:U.,..S • JI..5 .a

• J'l..a..J 1 ..r l.. • b

.5

.a

• "'j_JI e- .h

• .J_,.:-J 1 C L..,... • jA I • C

~ ..::...;.1 .:U.,..S • JI..5 .d

.6

.a

••• I,' • ..J...JI .b

• ..1 u, .. A •• L.:.S • • ...) l..:....a... • C

Exerc ise Four rE"1! 1

Write the number of each recorded sentence beside its English equivalent.

( ) We missed you, brother.
( ) OK, good-bye. (f.)
( ) Bow are you today?
( ) Welcome. Good morning.
( ) Very good. We wished you were with us. 34

1. a. Three common responses to the formal greeting are listed below.

~

• ..;~I c:t....-

,

• ~, c:'-.-

,

• o.::.l~' c:t....-

b. Two responses to ~I t-. are listed below.

,

• ..;_,.,:J, ';'wll \-.

2. jal. u-la' and the more formal~.J.)lal are the follow-up

phrases for the responses to ~I c:t...- and ~I t-. •

. ~ , . .

3. ., i.~, or ~I..> ~ or Ju..J1 ...y and its plural JI~~I u....s and

the more specific expression ~I ~ "How is your health?";

are often used to ask "How are you?" The pronominal suffix clfor both masculine and feminine singular and uS for plural can he added to ~, JI..> , and u.. to denof;e different persons •

Examples: m. .,J1..s
f. .t.U...S
I
#
pl. ~
,
m. ~I..>~
f. ~l>~
~~
pl. ~I..> tJ.."S
,
m. .:J.::.- ~
f. ~ tJ.."S
~
pl. js.:.- tJ.."S 3S

LESSON 1

SUMMARY

4. t~, ~ indicates mutual concern. The personal pronoun 0.;....;..1 changes according to the person spoken to.

s. :L means "OK," "Very well" and so forth.

. ,

6. "'j...J~ ..lJ ~I , "Welcome back" (literally, "Praise be to (;0(1

, ,

for your safety") is addressed to soceone who has just returned

from a trip, recovered from an illness or escaped being seriously injured.

. , .,.

7. ~ t..U1 , "Thank you," is the standard reply to A..)WLs ...u ~1.

, ,

Literally it means, "May God keep you well (safe from harm)."

8 • .:Ul..:...i.:..:t , "We missed you," is an idiomatic phrase that demon-

strates concern and affection. In SO J is pronounced as a hamz~ (glottal stop).

9. yi-' to,.., "my brother," is an expression of friendship.

. ,

10. ~1~ ~ , "We, too, a lot," is an idiomatic response to

cl.J~' and is used in Lebanon.

~--~.~~~. is not the royal "we,"

but rather the impersonal "I."

11.

~

~ .• ,~ .. ~.~-. ~ , "We wished you were with us" (literally,

, ,

"We were [constantly] longing for you"), is an idiomatic response

to questions such as

• •

~ • .)~'1' 0.;....;..\.5....a...s

,

, "How was your

,.

vacation?"

36

REFERENCE GRAMMAR

Verbs

1. Measure I hollow verb, ul..S , "to be"

Pronoun
he ."..
she y..
they ~
you, m. w..:,1
you, f. w.:.1
you, pl. _,:..:..'
I t..:.1 we

Verbal noun, .:uS

Active participle, ~I..S

Perfect

,~

,

37

Imperfect u"s." ..,

~ , .

ufo ..,

~ ,

I.".:.~ ..,

,

".

ufo ..,

,

~ .

..,:-fo ..,

,

J# •

'.".:.fo ..,

,

Imper a t ,!.~ e

, .

~ ..

,

LESSON 1

REFERENCE GRAMMAR

2. Measure II verb, ~, "to protect from harm, to greet" Imperative

Pronoun Perfect Imeerf"ect
, , ,
he .yt ,..l- r!L- ...
..
,. f ...
she yA ..-..l... ~ ...
., ,
., "
they ~ 1_,....:l- I~ ...
,
, ,
you, m. ~I ..-..l... ~ ...
., ,
, ", .
you, f. ~1 ..-..l... ~ ...
, , .,
, ,.
you, pl. _"::":'1 I_,::...).. I ..:l...:;.
._. ...
" .,
-
I WI ..-..l... ,:,' .."
..
, .'
we ~ l...:...)... ~ ..
... ,
Verbal noun, ,.._.J-:.
Active participle, ~
, . ...

~

...

I_,..l-

3. Measure VIII verb, Jt-:..:.I, * "to miss someone, to long for"
Pronoun Perfect Imeerfect Imeerative**
he .",. J\..::..:.I Jt.:..:..,.. ...
,
•
she yA ~L;..;.I Jt..::..:.:. ._;
, ,
they ~ I ";L;..;.I I .,; t.:..:..,.. ...
"
,
you, m. ~I ~I Jt..;.;.;. ... JL;..;.I
,
,
you, f. ~I ~I ~t..::..:.:. ... ~L;..;.I
, ., .
,
you, pl. _,.::..:. I I~I I";t..::..:.:. ... I ";L;..;.I
.,
WI ,.
I ~I JL;..;.1 ... ***
,
we ~ t..:..i.:...:1 Jt...:..:..;. ..
, Verbal noun, JI • - • I , but this word is not used i instead

JJ • the verbal noun of measure I is used.

Active participle, J'

- ..

.,

*The J sound is pronounced as a glottal stop, a hamza. **The imperative of this verb is rarely used.

*** J~'- is pronounced •• _. •

38

LE5~ON 1.

REFERENCE GRAMMAR

4.

II It) "-Il :"'1, to des i..r e"

lo!easure V 1.11

ve.t:o '-..c'

.I~ ,

Pronoun Perfect Im,eerfec;t Im,eerative*
..
he :,.. ~:., - .
~ ....
". ".
she ~ t" • _~I ~ ...
, ,
.. ~ ,
,they ~ ,~, - I~I ,~-
,
you, m. ~I ,- - "' ..•.. - "'
. , ~ .... ~
you, f. ~I - - "I '-";.: .... - " I
Y ., ,~
,
you, pl. _"::"':'I ,- - "' I~- I_""';'; I
.) .. , ,
I 1...:.1 , .. u. - 6, ~I .... .*

we ~ I' .. " , y.; ";' ..
a.
• ~
The verbal noun, '~I is not used, i " is used. instead.
, ~
, I ~
Active participle, y.;.; *The imperative of tbis verb i8 rarely used. ** ~'- is pronounced y • -" to •

, ,

39

Part A [5]

EVALUATION

You will hear 5 expressions in Syrian. On a separate sheet of paper, write the letter which corresponds to the best translation.

1. a. Good evening.
b, How are you?
c. Good morning.
d. We missed you. 2. a.Welcome back.

b. Fine, how are you?

•

c. We, too, a lot.

d. OK, good-bye

3. a. Good evening.

b. May God keep you well.

c. Welcome back.

d. Pretty well.

4.

a. May God keep you well.

f.

b. May God keep you well. m.

c. May God keep you well. pl.

d. Praise be to God for your safety.

40

EVJU,UATION

5. a. Fine, how are you?

b. How are you today?

c. Pretty well, good-bye.

d. We too, a lot.

Part B t;-~J

Write the English equivalent for each of the following 5 recorded sentences.

Part C fi.iJ

Use SATTS to transcribe the following 5 recorded sentences.

41

ENRICHME!+"T

A. 1. The greeting,~I~~,has several responses in addition to .J_,_:..JI ~t...,.. and~I~1 ct....,... already given in this lesson •

" •
J--..j jasmine J..-UI ct...,..
, ,
.l..).,J roses • .l.J~1 ct...,..
,
May God make your . ~t...,.. ~ &oU1
, ,
morning . * happy one • 2.

,

•• 1 ... t...,.. ~ is another version of ~t...,.. ~..JJI with the

, ~

..JJI being implied: "May He make your morning a happy one. n

word

3. r s. I. fj,.JI , ·Peace be with you, It is a formal greeting with religious overtones. The standard response is f~I ~~J

, ,

4. t..,.__,....,.., "Hello," is an informal greeting used among

, ,

friends and peers. The replies to ~~ are listed below.

welcome and hello.

A h~ndred hellos.

A thousand hellos.

Two hellos.

. ~~

The plural of ~.,.: is

, ~'_,- .

42

LESSO"·! I

F.~RICHMEN·l'

5 • .r> ~ ~. I "Good nigh'l, It literally "May you rise very well in the morning." (It is pronounced like .,.,......U c-.-.:. .) The r e sponees t.o .r> ~~ ~.,"",,- ar e shewn below.

You, too •

and

...J.al implies _,_..;...JI..)al, "People who are very well."

6. ~ " \!J_.I'-t-- I "Good day," is a greeting used between the morning and late afternoon hours in the villages of Lebanon.

The responses to this greeting aTp. . .)..a._' .:.l.)'-t-:- and ...)...""..A- .,-$..,)I_-=- is used to greFlt. a group of people.

7.

, wi til a kasra under the

+» means "Good even i nq."

.) .

., .i

Both ..l..,--. .:.'...>4-=- and

"4, •

I.

have re1~gious overtones.

B. 1. Other courtesies are shown below.

How is the family?

J~ is "wife" and "children."

~ J\ ......... .11 ~

J-.-a' is nparents. II

2. The common response to all of the above express'ions is

.:1-.L.." a..Ul • c1...:.... , "They are fine, thank you.·

c. 1. In SO, the MSA pronoun

~1 has four different forms:

, .

.;;....:.1 .;;....:.1 L.::..:.I ~1. Residents of one area will use only

,,.' I' .' j

one of these forms, but they have no difficulty understanding the

other three. ·~1 (discussed in Explanatory Notes, Frame I,

item 7) is probably the most frequently used of the four.

2.

~1 is often heard in northern Lebanon.

, .

43

LESSOR 1 ENRICHMENT

#

3. ~\ is used in Jordan, Palestine and parts of Lebanon.

In Damascus, Syria, l..-:...;.~ is the form most used •

•

D. ~ means "fine" and "delicious."

Samir is a fine man.

• ~ ( ~.J ) J4.J ."..,• ~ J-S"

The food is delicious.

E. Another form of the word ~', "my brother," is ~ or ~.

cl is the-.same as ~

•

44

_~_O_C_~_B __ U_L_A_R_Y ~~~O~

ENGLISH SO MSA
brother . I
~
Farid (name) ~~
fine Jl_$
good (d c::L.... • ~
good-bye .!l__,b~
good-bye (Used as a 1..)l_JI t"
response.)
good evening _,....>.JI l...-o ~I - l...-o
good morning ~I c::L...-
good morning (Used as a .)_,.:...JI CL...-
response. )
great ~
health "-
how ...;.,..s
How are you? ~
long J...._,J..
lot (a) _,::.5'JL..,.
Marwan (name) \.II.,,_,..
much (very) ~
Nadim (name) f"'r!~
OK ~
pretty well Jt.-JI ~L.
Samir (name) ~
short, f. .~ . ~
state, condition (d Jlyl /JI.>
45 LESSON 1

ENGLISH

Sar.lira (name)

student(s) thank you

today

vacation

very good

vocative particle

was, f.

we

Welcome.

Welcome back.

We missed you.

We wished you had been with us.

you, m.

you, f.

you, pl.

VOCABULARY

SO MSA
i.,r---
(d ~.)ib • ~u.
•• 1 •• , • ...wI

r_,....JI
i.j~I
i.jl...;:....
l..".
•
..:-:.LS
,
~
~_, ~I "'.: ••• A •• L.:.5

• ..:-:. I

f

..:-:. I , .

46

LESSON 2

MEETING PEOPLE

OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:

Formally introduce someone to a friend and respond to such an introduction.

Introduce yourself to a stranger in an informal situation.

47

GRAMMATICAL FEATURES

1. Interrogative by intonation ~~J ~ ~I ~I ~~ and ~ .. , i'?, ~.__. I ~..,. •

2. Introduction of two interrogative particles _,:. and v ••

3. The J;e1ative pronoun y-UI •

4.

The prefixes

-

and

_. in the imperfect tense.

5. .........., "1& there?" and "There is."

6. .t, ·yes· and 'J , "no.·

7 • The prepos i tions e---- ' pronominal suffixes.

u-II and

~ with

8. Measure I verbs ~~ _ .uo.i and the doubled verb .
~ .
Measure II verb ..
tJ~ •
Measure V verbs ~.:,-:. ._;- ... and J . i j-
- J- • 48

COMMUNICATIVE EXCHANGES

FRAME I fn'

Samir and Nadim are at a party. Samir asks Nadim if he can introduce him to his friend Nabil.

, ~

t .....,.J. \oij..=.:. ~ • • t : t""~

, ,

" .#

• ~ j.:..::...:- • ~ ,.), :..".,,-

, , .

49

LESSON 2

FRAME I

50

EXPLANATORY NOTES

1. ~..).,.-1..) ~ ~..l.J' ~, ,j..,-a::- , "Do you know the (young) man who is with Wa1id?" is a good example of interrogative by intonation.

In SO a speaker can change a statement into a question by raising the tone of his voice on the last word. The MSA equivalent of

the preceding question is

'"

2. ,j..,) •.. , "You know," is the equivalent of the MSA """"""-:'

the ;econd person singular imperfect tense of the verb ""~

(In SO, ~~.) The prefix ~ is used frequently with the imper-

"

fect tense of verbs of all measures and persons except for the

first person plural which uses the prefix .... (See Lesson 1, Explanatory Notes, Frame 2, item 11.)

. .-

3. ~ is the equivalent of the MSA ,":-,L....:. , "young man."

, ~ '"

~'----,;..! is the plural for both the SO and MSA words ~ and ,-,U

•

. ,

.. ,.

, "young woman," is the feminine equivalent of

4. ~I , "who," "whom," "which," is the SO relative pronoun

for all MSA relative pronouns:

• ~I • uL:....UI • ~I -' o.-:,J, • o.-~' 'u'~' • ~:,J,

..

5.

• t is SO for ~, "yes."

.t and .~1 are informal.

Often .~1 is used instead of .1 • ~ implies respect and

Both

formality.

... ,,.
6. ~ is the SO equivalent of .__t. , literally, "upon him,"
,. '"
"upon it." A • It- is pronounced without the ._ at the end and
with a fatha over the J and a sukuun over the e • (See Reference Grammar, this lesson, for ~ with pronominal suffixes.)

51

LESSON 2

EXPLANATORY NOTES

7. ~, "I would like" ..~. .

~, , the first person

. -

verb

. ,

~ .

and "I like," is the equivalent of the MSJ singular imperfect tense of the doubled

- ~

It is also equivalent to ~1, the imperfect tense

of the measure IV

;';1. Some SO speakers say ~ •

'Cot, -

8. ,.,j~ ~ is the equivalent of the MSA expression

, ii",

,,~~ vI ~ J.a , "Would you like to be Introduced?" Notice how ~ ,

~.J .-: loses its prefix .." and we say u~ ~ rather than

~~~ • An SO rule is:

Any time an imperfect tense verb is preceded by another verb it loses its pref ix ~ • This same rule applies if the verb is preceded by words such as 'I.JJ.;i', r.)'J , ~ , J.,..i •

Examples:

You should meet Samir.

It's necessary for you to meet Samir.

:t's possible for you to meet Samir.

Before you meet Samir.

9. ~ I~I , "if possible,· is the same as the MSA expression yS--t I~'. However,'~' is pronounced ,.), • In SO, the change of ~ to .) occurs frequently.

",

10. u~ , "I'd (we'd) be honored," is used before one

,

person is introduced to another.

11 • ..d,_jj......s , "I introduce you," i.s the equivalent of the MSA ,~ ... ,

\IU_,. •

~

12. \.......:..J?, "I'm (we're) honored, II is used immediately after

an introduction.

52

LESSON 2

EXPLANATORY NOTES

13. u_,.:...J1 L.:.JI , "The honor is ours," is used in response to

L-.:-i? Other ways of sayingu_,.:...J1 L.:.JI are L...:..J u_,.:...J1 and

L-.:...J I u _,.:...J I •

c::

'All'

.. .

/

.,. - lJf ..

_ ~ .",~ ... &l>-

53

DRILLS

One frd

To be completed outside class. Repeat after the model. (Note that the Arabic numbers correspond to the items in Explanatory Notes. )

Do you know the (young) man who is with Walid?

" ,
m. ._;~ .,.
• ,
f. u--i~
-" ,
• ,
pl. I~~
, ~I...,..! • ",:,-t_..!...Il • ~I ·r

• .l..,,-lJ e- ~I ~I

ylll .f

••• who is with him •••

••• who is with her •••

"

4--- ~I

~ .l."J J e- ylll ~ I ._;.;a::-

Yes, would you like to meet him?

.,

·V

If it's possible, I'd be honored.

S4

LESSON 2

Nabil, I'd like to introduce you to my colleague Samir.

\

DRILLS

•... < .: ._ v-- I'='I ,

.,

. -.I

~

,

. , .

<I,

• u~, vS- ,'=',

,

, ,. '.' • .#

~ .=, t..:.... "J I ~..) u-1-. ot.U.r ~ , J..,,-,..:.

You're very welcome. I'm honored.

...

The honor is mine, (Mr.) Nabil.

• ........ _,.:.;.~." ~I

........... _ .,,. . ~

u_r...J' L.:.JI • , T'

L.:.J' u _r...J I

5S

LESSON 2 Two feZ"

Repeat after the model.

Su'ad: Hello.

Samir: Hello, Su'ad, I'd like to introduce you to my colleague, (Mr.) Nadim.

Su'ad: Hello, we're honored.

Nadim: The honor is mine.

Three r::--il-

Repea t after the model.

Nadim: Hello, Nabil, would you like to meet (Mr.) Samir?

Nabil: I'm honored.

Nadim:

(Mr.) Nabil, (Mr.) Samir, my colleague at the universi ty.

Simir: We're honored.

Nabil: The honor is mine.

Four '#il

Repeat after the model.

Samira~

Good morning, Nabil. I'd like to introduce you to my fr iend Leila from the American University.

We're honor~d, (Miss) Leila.

Nabil:

Leila:

The honor is ours, (Mr.) Nabil.

Nabil:

How are you, Samira? We've missed you.

Samira:

Thank God, I'm fine. How are you?

Nabil:

I'm fine.

DRll.LS

• l..: •• (, .. :.:. • ~.J )La t

J.".....:. ,:, l..:.- ~ 1 • ~ ,:, l..:.-I • ""'4J1 ~~,j

,

. , .. : .. (,.: •. ::.

\!.U~ ~ • J.".....:. ~I r;1...,.. :. ~

-.4J1 V" ~ y:..a...-w ~

• i..,..S.,.,......~1

.~ '- u....J 1 u..,...s : J.".....:.

• .,u~1

• J ~ L.:. 1 J.".....:.

56

J .. ESS0N 2

()RILI.S

Fiv~·

using the exampl.e as a model, cha"'~~ -t;he fo1.\Q.lwing 5 sentences according to the information in the ~eft-hand column.

Example:

Leila

(Teacher)

• ~ t'" ~I ~ I.J""'_"" ~ • J..-? e- ~I ~I .J~ ~

(Student)

Marwan

students

• vl.,,~ e- ~I ~I oJ~.".... -r

,

,

• ~ t'" ~I..:..:...,.JI ~.,..... t....:.:...:. • f

,

Farid

I

Six

Reverse the subjects and objects in the 5 sentences below.

Example:

• U I.,,~ ~ oJ':"""":":' ~ ~

• u-L.J ~ ~.:r-.:.. ~ ul.,,~

(Teacher)

(Student)

'"

• ~ ~ ~.,.... ~ 1.J.,,~ • f

.. "

. "="~, ~ oJ""-;l ~ t..:.1 '0

Seven

~." ~I to respond to the following 4 statements.

Example:

(Teacher)

(Student)

• vl"'J"

. ,

57

LESSON 2

ORIl.LS

Eight

Reverse the subjects and objects in the 6 sentences below.

Example:

• ":,,j....I.,.JI oJ~ ~L;;...~I

• ~L;;...~I I_";~ ":,,j..J..JI

(Teacher) (Student)

,

• ~ I oJ.,.,.. oJ .rs oJ t-l- oJ."...... ;.J.,,~ 0 T

o 1,.,........ e": yUf ..:-oJ I oJ ~ ~ L;;... ~ lor

• J.,...,..:. e" ~ I ~ L:- ~ I I_";."...... ":" t..,.:..J I 0 f

Nine

Use ~ S .. I ~I to answer the following 6 questions 0

Example:

(Teacher)

(Student)

.. ..

f ~I.".,.,.. e" ~I ~L;;...11 ~ I""~ I~ , ,,:,,)iJ. l." oT

f • .J.,,~ e" ylJI ~I ~ oJ; ,-- ~ • ,.,........ l." or

~~ e" ylJl ~I ~.,.~~ • 1.J.,,~ l." of
~ l..:.~L:-1 ~ .,.~,-- ~ , .,.,........ l." 00
\' ~ ~L:-11 'II ..
y-t.....,;,~oJ~~ • .J.,,~ l." 0' 58

LESSON -;_

DRILLS

Ten

usIng the clues in the left-hand col~n, make the necessary changes in the 8 sentences below.

Example:

. ..)-..1.) ...;~ (Teacher)
f. . ~.) ~..,.a::..... (Student)
pl. . .l Law ...; _,..:;.... • 1
m. . J..,..,..:. ~..,ra::- .,.
f. . ~,j ~ .u.;j. ~ or
pl. • ~~~~ ·f
sing. • ~~ ,~~ ,~ ·0
f. . ._u ~j.~ 0'
sing. • .._;,rJ' \ .. : ... 1I .y
sing. • ~y1JI~1 I .".. ..,.a::..... ." Eleven

Us~ng the example as a model, make the necessary substitutions in the 8 sentences below.

Example:

~ .l'-- ~ .._;j.a:..;. ~ (Teacher)

--

-~

'(Teacher)

,~ ~'-- ~ yJj.a:..;. ~ (S.tudent)

~- - -,~ .,

~ - ~ yJ~ .,.

,.

~ ~ .dJj. .0

~ - -~ .,

~

~ ~ ~.:,. .y

~ ~~~ .J.

S9

COMMUNICATIVE EXCHANGES

FRAME II bEJ

An American is on a bus from Damascus to Beirut. He notices an empty seat next to a Syrian and asks the passenger if he might sit next to him.

~ ,

~ ~ ~U ,~ ~ • ~t.:-1 ,~

, --

• U'".J U ~ y--l L.:.1 • \..:..J j.:.:.

60

~l.S_"'~' ~.J_,_J' ~l.S_"'~1

~.J_,_JI ~l.S_"'~1

~.J_,_JI ~l.S_"'~'

LESSON 2

FRM.fE II

61

EXPLANATORY NOTES

1. I." iF means "Excuse me," and "I beg your pardon." ')L.:-I '.".u

is the same as the English expression "Excuse me, sir." However

,

'_,._...is can also be used in response to 1~ , "Thank you."

2. &..,.j, "There is (are)" and "Is (are) there?" is literally, "in

,

it." .._... is the same as the MSA expressions ~.>'r! Ja and ~.>'r!

,-

,

3. I.l-> ," anyone" or " someone," is the SO ver s ion of the MSA

~1.

Example:

Is there anyone with you?

Do you know anybody here?

, "

~ .:.JY" 1 ~ oJ ~

'"

4. .al i·?"

is the SO equivalent of the MSA cl.,w4, "next to you."

.:.I» also means "next to you. II

Example:

Is there anyone sitting next to you?

~ ~ ~U 1~ &..,.j and " .:.1:»- ~ u 1 ~ &..,.j

5. a. Jj..;.;., a courteous expression, urges someone to perform

an act specified by the verb that follows. Both ~ and the following verb are in the imperative mood.

Example:

Please have a seat.

Please participate with us. (Used to invite someone to eat.)

b. 1.".1 _;. j- is an invitation to gueltts to ea t, 62

LESSON 2

r",p!:ANATORV NOTES

•

6 • .J_'_:'''.....J, "Sit. down" and "have a beat," is the SD imperative

r orm of ~, "to sit." ( .J.".....is pronounced ..l."s' ). The MSA

e qu.i.va I en t of .).".-.'

... ~

is .~,

..,

i •

, "Where from?" is a short form of the MSA expression

,

~.,.I .;._.... • (__-,,JA expresses the same meaning as ~ u,.._tI ........

" _,

8. '.;p> , literally, "presence," is a respectful form of address.

,

!!:xanples:

Professor Farid •

. , .

• .J.,,~ ~L::.,...~I .. ~

., ,

., "'. . _,

".J.,,~ .::-I I .. ~

,. ., ,

. ., .",

• .:.1;._,.-

"

Ms. (Lady) Farida

Your presence, Your honor.

9. a.

tCJ1 , "brother," is impersonal and lends a formal tone

to an inquiry.

Examples:

Where is the gentleman (brother) from?"

. _, ,

~ tCJ1 .. ~ ~

,

b. The titles ,:,L::.,...I , "professor," and ~~I , "sir," (a

Turkish title of respect) are used' at the appropriate times.

Examples:
Where is the gentleman (sir) from? ~ t.$.~~1 .. ~~
Where is the gentleman (professor) ~ ~L::.-11 .. ~~
from? ,

10. Clr"'t_r; , "generous," is part of the question f r« ...,5-J1 r-1i _,,:, •

Without

~_r; , the question ci.-I"'_;' "What is your name?"

sounds rather harsh.

63

DRILLS

One fElJ

To be completed outside class. Repeat after the model. (Note that the Arabic numbers correspond to"the items in Explanatory Notes. )

Excuse me, sir. Is (there) anyone sitting next to you?

• • , ,.
, ,
~ ~ ~W I.l> &.::-i • ,:, L..::..- I I -,_is
.. ..
".
l_,.u . \
,
.l L..::..- I l_,.u ,

...

I.l> .r

-s- , I"

.;J» . ~ .f

~' , . ,,, ~

• d:l.> ~U '.l> .._. - ~ .uW '.l> &.::-i

, , ..

,

No, please have a seat.

.. ~

. .).,.....~.~

~ ~ ·0

m.
f.
pl.
Please have a seat. m.
Please have a seat. f.
Please have a seat. pl. .).,..... .,

, . ~

• ~.l.&i ~

". ~ N,

.#- .'

• '.J~ I~

Where are you from?

,. 0 '

~ t~' "i...r"> ~

~~ .y

64

!.ESSCN 2

I'm from the United States.

I'm an American.

You're an American. f.

We're Americans.

You're very welcome. What is your name, please?

6S

DRII .. LS

.1\

'~I • ..._

. t: ..--

. , ,

\' t~1 .~ ~

"

. ,

" f"a'.,sJ I r- 'II ~ , )I.y-.J )IJa I

. )I.y- .J j.a I
~ r-'ll '"
~
" , "
\' ~I ..
.J-
• •
\' ~I ~
,
" •
~ ~'-I _~'-1 ~
,
f"a'~1 . , .
,
• /' J
\' f"a'.,sJI r-'11 .. )I.y- .J j.a 1
.J- '
, LESSON 2

2!!!. (cont.)

My name is Danny Roberts.

I'm (we're) honored.

My name is Sa'id Faris.

Two Jnl·

Repeat after the model.

American: Is there anyone
sitting next to you?
Syrian: Yes, there is.
American: OK. Thank you. Three ';;J

Repeat after the model.

American: Is there anyone sitting next to you?

Syrian: No, please sit down.

American: Thanks.

Four fz-,t

Repeat after the model.

American: Is there anyone sitting next to you?

Syrian:

No, pleas~; sit down. f.

American: Thanks.

Syr ian: Al:'e you Lebanese?

American: No, I'm American.

Syrian: We're honored.

66

DRILLS

".. ,

. ~.J..".ri._.,-I

,

, ,

. :,sL:. ~ ~,

J'

, •
. ..,".Ju ..l..."o.a- ._.,-I L.:. , . L;..j .-
',J-
, ,
. L;..j .....
',J-
. l.J"..;u ~ ~, L:.I , L;..j"' •..
',J-
, . '" .

~ ~ .lS U ,.),> ..,...;

,

• ...".. • -t 1

.I~.~

. ,~

" ."

~ .:.t... ~ .lS U I')'>"_; : -..:...:. LS J"" 'I ,

,

#

.;.S~ ~ ,~

.. ,

• t..:;..:.LSJ""1 L.:.t ,~ : t.."..:.LSJ""'11

• L;..j? \$...;",_J I

LESSON 2

DRILL;';

Fiv~

Reverbe the subjects and objects in the 7 sentences below.

Example:

(Teacher)

(Student)

v

• ",:-,jJ.J1 ~ ..lS U .lL::-11 0,.·

...

• .I$.~ ..lS U _,.",- • f

"

• ~I ~ ..lS U.J...I~ • V

Six

using the English clues, answer the following. questions.

Example:

No.

(Teacher)

(Student)

No.

~~ ..lSU I~ y-J . ..::- l.o l.".,u 0'
~,~ ..lSU I~ y-J • 1$..l..:o.J I ...... l.".,u 'T
~~ ..lSU I~~ • . t ...... l.".,u of
e
~~ ..lSU I~~ • .lL::-1 ...... l.".,u of No.

Yes, my sister.

Yes, my friend.

Seven

Use the information in the left-hand column to answer the following 5 questions.

Example:

Syria

~ t~1 .~~ " .:l.; ~ ~ ...... .,).". V"' t...:. t

(Student)

(Teacher)

67

LESSON 2

DRILLS

the United States

~ t~1 • .;i- ~ . ,
~ vS::-.;i- ~ or
~ ~L.,..:...JI • .;i- ~ or
~ ..::-JI • .;i- ~ of
~ I.,S~~I • .;i- ~ 00 Lebanon

Syria

the United States

Lebanon

Eight

Use the information in the left-hand column to. answer the 4 questions below.

Example:

s ,.....P' r-~I ~~.,~, (Teacher)
• u La...- ~...r6 ~ 1 (Student)
~ ,.......;S-J' r-~I .".:. ~., ~I . 0'
~ -.!i-I .".:. ~., ~I or
~ -.!i-I .".:. ~., jA 1 ·r
~ ~.;S-JI r-~I .".:. ~., jA 1 of Nine

Use the information in the left-hand column to respond to the 4 statements below.

Example:

o ~~...r6~' o .",.s ~ ..".,,- ~ 1 t..:. t • ~...r6 ,:, L-I L". L..;..j?

(Teache:r.)

(Stude;.

• ~~ 0 uLa...- ~~, o ,
0 J.lt..:. ~ . lJ"..)w ~~, /r
o..J-..,." . .).,,~ . ."..:. J.,.......:. ~, ·r
..• u'~ ••• 1'" .... " .l.6> 1 ul.,.".- ~, of 68

LESSON 2

DRILLS

Ten

Use the information in the left-hand column to answer the 4 questions below.

Example:

(Teacher)

~ ~ .lSU v-• ~ .lS U J.....,..:. oJ L.::.... ~ I

(Student)

.,.

Eleven

Using the example as a model, make the necessary substitutions in the following 10 sentences.

Example:

• oJI..:-t

(Teacher)

(Teacher)

(Student)

. -- c.:r-L,....J ., . ~l..S."..1 . ,

oJ L.::.... ~ I .y ~..) ·r

. ~t..:..,..J .J,. . i.,...:. L...,.J .,.

~..w. ., ~..) ·f

. 6.."...;.l..S."..1 . , . '-5.JJ- ·0 Twelve

Complete the 6 questions below by adding u .

Example:

. t'l '6~ (Teacher) ~ t'l '6~ ~ (Student)

~ cl:..;i- - .,. ~~'I '6.;i- . ,
': u-l,..J .::-II • f ~ oJI..:-~1 '6.;i- ·r
69 LESSON 2

DRILLS

Thirteen

Use ~ to answer the follO\iing 8 questions in the negative.

Example:

(Teacher) (Student)

• J.-:. ~I wt · ~

~ J,.......:. u.".w Io:oW I ·0 ~ ~~"::':'I o ,
~ ~'-- J,...,j Io:oW I ., ~ ~t..::...1 ..::.:.1 ·r
~ .~ \~
')L:-11 u~ Io:oWI ·V ~'-- d..-I ..::.:.1 ·r
~ ,...,~~I lo:oWi .1.. ~ V-J.,.. _"::":'I ·f Fourteen

Change the 10 sentences below using the cllJes'in the left-hand column.

Example:

f.

(Teacher)

(Student)

pl. f. f. f. pl. pl.

• ~.,,-:; J....,l..i.:. • ~ • ,

o ~~.".1 wt • .1 or

m.

f. pl.

m.

• ~1.-.. 1-...i...o.w~' 0' .

LESSON 2

LOST WORDS PUZZLE

"" " • ~ .J C \0:'" e J. ~
r J I r .J r c ~ e .;.
\0:'" '-5 , J ~ ,,) ":" r ~ .J
~ r J e e I I J .J ~
J :J .J r J ~ ~ ,,; I ~
,,) I I , ~ I "" t ~ I
"" ~ '" .J J ":" 'I ... oJ r
~ ~ ,,) '" t e .. . 'I
.., .., ..,
.J ":" .., ,. " ..J '" J , .J
e .J ,,) , .J .J e C ~ r "-"),,... ''I "-.)-I
•
Vertical Rori·zontal ni·agonal

~ ,,,,.... J'--I'~L..
~..".. ,..~, ~ L.:...J.:..:,
~ ~.J l."
~.,j .;~ ~t
~,~ J.;,.:... ~
\.:..j ,.,:.:. ~ _,:oS'\..,.
.J .. u~
..,.
w.J' 71

CLASSROOM EXERCISES

Free Selection

Respond to the following questions and statements.

. ,

~ ..".- e" ~ I ~I ~ _,..::..... I _,....-l-. • , ~ • .,.,...... e" ~I ~t..::....~1 ~_,..::..... I .""""'~ l-. .,. ~ ~ e" ~ I .:.w.,.J I ~ _,..::..... • v I.".,.,.. l-. • T' ~ vl.".,.,....:;..i.1 ~~ I ._,...- l-. ·f ~ • .,.,...-..:;..i.1 ~~ I ~~ L,.. .0

~ .,.,...- e" ylJI ~I ~ ~~ ~ • vi.".,.,.. L,.. .,

~ J.....,...:...:;..i.l ~ ~~ ~ • ._,...- l-. • T ~ ~ e" ~I· ~I ~._j~ ~ I J."..,..:.. l-. ·f ~ l...;.~t..::....1 ~ ~~ ~ I ~ l-. • f ~ l...;.~t..::....1 ~._j~ ~ , J.........- ~t..::....1 ·0

·f

• v I.".,.,.. ~ l.:- ~ I ~ j ~ .:U.J"" ~ ,J."..,..:.. • ,

• .,.,...- ~I ~j ~ .:U_r ~ •• ~~ ·T • J.....,...:. ~t..::....~1 ~.w ~ ':u_r ~ '..".- ·f • J....- ~t..::....~1 ~j ~ ~_r ~ , ",:"j!. l-. ·f

• ~." - .l..".;i." - vi.".,.,.. : ~j1, ~ .:oU_r ~ I _,...- ~t..::....1 ·0

72

LESSON 2

·:":LASSROOM EXERCISES

~ ~"::">l ~ cl..iJ'" ~ • ~ t..". .,

~ L.;.~L..::.-l ~ .&U~ ~ •• ~ l-. .,.

~ ~l ~ .d.J~ V-- f ~ t..". .'\"

t:~~.&U~~fJ-- .t

• ........u oJ_,....::. I ~ L.;. I t: ~ r:- ~, ~ I...::.- 'J, uo-l- d.i ~ ~ , .l."o.,ri t..". • 0

~ '~~l ~.:J..j~ ~ f ~ .,

• u'J.r~' C\""" ., ~ ~ ~I...::.-'J' r:- ylI' ~u.J' u~ .,. ~ ..... 1 _';'J f ~.". ·r . ~ ...::..i.,,-W ,-1.".:. • f

~ ,,,,,_II .:.u,..s f J.......;. ~ I • .._ • ,

~ .". ~ J""- r:- c,rU1 ~ I...::.- 'J' ~ • ,.

~ 'i.,.,-..:1:..1.o-w ~ i~ U ""'" ~I ~ J • r

• .d~ 1...::.-1 u-1- U ~, ~ oS- ,~, f J.,...,..:. l.." • f

~ ,,,,,_I' .dJ ~..a."s • 'i.,.,- ~ Ie\""" • , • i.,...,)_,_J I ..:1:..1.o-w u-1- u ~, ~ • 1.,.,- l.." • ,. • ~, uo-l- u _,..::.." ~ U I.JJA ~-W • 'i.,.,- l.." • r

• .:.La... u l.S c,rU 1 «$..,)"""'" ~ u.J 1 uo-l- u.i ~ 1 ~ \,,:,1 J • (

73

.,

.y

LESSON 2

CLASSROOM EXERCISES

~ ,..,_,s.J, ,...11 ~ • ~'-=-I l." ~I C...... 0 ,

• .,.,s L:. ,J.,,_;J ~ I 1..:.1 • L.;...j _,..:.::. 0 T

" ..rJ.;.,-. ~ 0 T'

• L.",J"'" VA L.;. I 0 f

.\
\'~ .a..U I.» ...... ~1..::-1 L." I~ o \
\' ~ .a..U I~~.\:.o. L." I~ oT
" ~ .a..U I~~. "..t.,;".J1 L." ,~ .T' 0' 0

~ ,..,.,.,sJ1 ..... 11 ~ • \:.o.L." ~I C...... 0' ~ .a1:;;.,.,- ~ 0 T

~ "'- yIIl~' r-' _,:. oT' ~ ..w... yIIl ~l ~ .a..U yIIl ~I r-' _,:. of

\' .~ ~ .a.. U yIIl ~, .".. • ,J.,,_;J _,....._" • t-. • ,

\' ~..,&I' ~I .;"rt-A.J • ~ ·T

~ ~ ~,-=-y, ~ I.a..U ..,&II -.::...:.....JI ~ oT'

\' ..:,,\.:_.J .;,a.Jt '"-..".,.. ~ • ~ ~ ~'--1' of

74

LESSON 2

r.!.ASSROOM EXERCISES

flhat Do You Say?

1.

You want to introduce your friend, Nabil,. to your colleague, Samir. What do you say?

.:..

'lou want to introduce your friend, Nabil, to your girl friend fr~~ the American University. What do you say? .

~ .

one Q~ your fr iends introduces his colleague, Nadim, to you. What do you say to Nadim?

Ask your friend, Nabil, if he knows Walid 'so that he can introduce you to him.

4.

-' .

Wi.~i. ~j says that he is honored to meet you. to Walid?

What do you say

Role Playing

1. You are looking for a place to sit in a restaurant and notice an unoccupied chair next to a Syrian. Say something to attract the gentleman's attention.

Ask him if anyone is sitting next to him.

Express your gratitude.

2. You are in a movie theater. A 'young Syrian asks about the empty seat next to'you.

Invite him to'· sit down.

Tell him you are American.

Thank him and ask what his name is.

• '~~I

Tell him your name.

75'

LESSON 2

CLASSROOM EXERCISES

Interpretation Practice

Act as an interpreter in the following situations.

English speaker ( Instructor)

Inter~reter (Stu ent)

Arabic Speaker (Student)

Situation 1.

.1 1..

What's your name?

Are you American?

I'm honored.

Are you a student?

• ~l..::-t l.:.t • ~

Situation 2.

No, please sit down.

I'm Amer;ican.

My name is James.

I'm honored. (The honor is mine.)

Translation Prac~ice

Trar~ -t.e the following 10 sentences orally into English •

~~.,.,... ~ ., • l.:...i..rw. ~J .)IAI . ,
~ • • I. u':"-:":' ~ ·V t ·9, . .."....- ~ .y
C
~ ~ ~U 1.»- ....... .A- • ~_,..-:. ~ • 9 or
• ~l..::-t l.." u,rJ' I..:..JI .\ . u..r=-:- • v$- I ,) I of
. ~l..::-' l...;.1 • .1 . , . ~ fot_,s..J' ,...~, ~ ·0 76

LESSON 2

CLASSROOM EXERCISES

Dictation Practice

Transcribe the 10 sentences given in Translation Practice.

In the top picture, both Eastern and Western marriage rites are observed as a Syrian Orthodox priest and a Presbyterian minister officiate at this wedding. Below, with the groom's help, the new bride sticks damp yeast over the doorway. This is a folk custom to insure good fortune, both material and spiritual, for the new couple.

77

HOMEWORK

Exercise One ,~,

Translate the 10 recorded sentences into written English.

Exercise Two JC;'

Use SATTS to write the 7 recorded sentences.

Exercise Three ·fJ!-;I

You will hear 5 Arabic questions, each followed by 4 responses. On a separate sheet of paper, write the letter which corresponds to the best response.

. \

• ...;_r.:-:.. • vS- 1':'1 .c

.... j_JI r:- • I~ .d

• ..1 Ii 14ft.. •• l...:.S • a

• .) ."... j.ia.&:; • "l • b

• .......u "';.".-:.1 ~ • .1 .c

.,.
~ .&1-1 _,,:, ':;"';".J • ,...,.;. ~, .a
. J."..,..:. ..,-1 \..:. , .b
• loS,.,....' VA \..:. , .c
. 1..-~1 VA·~ u.".w \,,:,1 .d 78

LESSON 2

HOMEWORK

.~~. oS- I~I .a

• ~ -~'I t..;.,JI

~ .c

• ~~ • .1 .c

Exercise Four ~

L1sten to the recorded Arabic conversation, then answer the questions based on it.

1. When did the conversation take place?

2. What were the nationalities of the two speakers?

3. What were their names?

4. What cities did they come fran?

S. Who asked the first question after the greeting?

6. What was the question about?

7. What was the response to that question?

79

,_, "., ,."

1. \'..l...."o-I., e- ~I ~I ~__,...:..... , "Do you know the (young) man who is

,

with Walid?" is an example of an interrogative by intonation.

. '

~__,...:..... , "00 you know?" is the SD equivalent of the MSA ~.;a::. Ja

•

2. In SO, pronouns.

~I , "who," is the equivalent of all MSA relative

3.

is "with" in both SO and MSA.

A pronominal suffix at-

tached to the prepositio", e- indicates possession.

4. .1 is an informal SO word meaning "yes." (.~I is used in the same sense.) In SD the MSA ,.-:., "yes," is a respectful reply.

. ,.

5. uS- I ~I is "If it is possible." The ~ of '~.I , "if,"

, .

is pronounced like ~ in SO .

6.

. ~ ,

~..) h •• means "I would be honor ed ;" It is used before one

,

person is introduced to another.

'" '

7. ~.rJ1 l..:.J1 , "The honor is mine" (literally, "oursl~), or simply

"It's my pleasure," is a response to ~~ •

")0 .,

8. I_,M, "Excuse me," is used in an apologetic manner to attract J

attention and in reply to I~, "Thank you."

9. In SO, ~, "There is (are)" and "Is (are) there?", is sometimes used as an interrogative particle.

80

LESSON 2

SUMMARY

#

10. I..l-.->' II anyone , someone, II is the SO version of the MSA..l-.->1 •

11.

..l...-$W , IIsitting,1I is the active participle of the verb

.,.

"to sit down."

The ..;

in ~L-i is pronounced as a hamza (glottal

,

stop) .

II , ,

12. ~ , "next to you," is the MSA ~ and the pronominal

... , II ,.'

suffix ~ <!.l..l> is used interchangeably with ~ •

13. )t is an emphatic negative reply.

14. ..l""::_', "Sit down," is the imperative of ~ .:> ~ equivalent of the MSA imperative ~I •

It is the

15. :' .. ": 0 or ~~..:.r-; , "Where f r omz" is a combination of the preposi tion v-o, II from," and the interrogative particle ~1 "wher e , II

,

o

16. "6..;i-, "you"

(literally, "presence), is a respectful form of

address. "6..;i- is used in construct with another noun such as

t)tl, "brother," ')L::-~I , "Mr., sir," and ~.l...:..il, afendi. It is also used less formally with a pronominal suffix such as cl.::...;i-, "you" (literally, "your presence").

17.

, "brother," is used impersonally to add a tone of

formality.

II

18. LS..,.,.".....I ~ L.:.I , "I'm from the United States," is interchange-

able with ~L...Srl L.:.I , "I'm an American." The feminine form of ~LSrl is a_:. LSr 1

81

LESSON 2

SUMMARY

,

19. a. ,....~,

,.

yours)?" is a

formal way of

,

r-~' ~, literally, "What is the noble name (of polite way of saying, "What is your name?" A less

,

asking is ~.:1-1 ~ (m.) and ~ .:1-1 ~ (f.).

, .

,

b. ,,_:. is the SO interrogative particle "what." r-I is

"name" and "noun," and,.....,.,s is "noble," or, more commonly, "generous."

82

REl?ERENCE GRAMMAR

Verbs

1. Measure I verbs.

a. "';..,r-J-," to know"

Pronoun

Imperative

Perfect

Imperfect

he

-.

u~

,

• •

~J':

, '" .,

,."....;,

~_r

,

· . ,

"';_;a., - .... ,

· .'.

...;.,.,..-=. - ....

.,.

" -'

, .".. _;a., - ....

she

they

you, m ..

.. '

...;.,.,..-=. - ....

,

,

..,..,.,..-=. - ....

you, f.

you, pl.

I ,

, ."...,.,..-=. - ....

I

L.:.l

, ::::. ~.

'_;_r' - .... *

we

· , ._;r- _ ...

,

Active participle,

Verbal noun,

1;

...9y L.,. is pronounced

83

LESSON 2

b. ~ *, "to sit"

Pronoun

he

she ~
they ~
you, m. ~I
you, f. ~I
you, pl. .,,:wI
I \,,:,1
we l....:..1o...:.
Active participle,
,
Verbal noun, .J~ Perfect

Imperfect

REFERENCE GRAMMAR

Imperative

"

~~ • ~..l.U1

.I~

1.J..l.U • 1.J..l.U'

""

~

*The J sound is pronounced a. a hamza (glottal stop).

2. Doubled verb --,
Pronoun
he .,..
she ~
they .
..,...,.
you, m.· ~I
you, f. ~I
you, pl. .,,:wI
I l..;.1
we l....:..1o...:. Active participle,

Verbal noun,

* _.~ pronounced ~

. , ~~

,

, ,

1.J.J.aJ

, "

. _ .. -

___. - rat!'

~ " I..J~ - ...

,

", , ~- ...

, ~.J.aJ ,

I" , ~.J.aJ

"

t.I~ - -e '

,

" ,.I I.J~ - ...

, " ~I_ ...

, ~ ~ .J.&i.:, _ ..

~u ,

~ , "to like, to love"

Perfect Imeerfect
.' -"
... ~- ...
. ' , ~
~ ~- ...
, "
1":;"- I~_ ...
~
· ~-_,
~
,
· . "
~ ~-.."
, ,
.I
. I_":""'; _ ...
,~
· ~, - ... *
~
.J'
"
~ ~- ..
" ,
•
~~
, 84

Imperative

•

,

I

I~

I,ESSON ;:

REFERENCE GRAMMAF

3. Heasure II verb ' . lito intrcd\.Ace"
~.;-S ,
Pronoun Perfect Imperfect Imperativ~
---.-.~--.
,. ' ,. '
he yo ~.r ~..,..., - ...
• .fI ' .. ~-
she Ii!" .::..;'.r .... ~- ...
#", .. ,
they ~ I."...r I."..,.,..... _ ...
" .' , . .-
you, m. 0.;;....;.1 ~.r, ~..,.-.; - ... ~.r
., ~, .,
you, f. 0.;;....;.1 ~J! ~..,.-.; - ... v-i.r
_,.;:...:.. I ~ . <I' ~. ,
you, pl. t_,:....;,r, , ."....,.-.; - ... ''''''.r
L.:. 1 .ft ~~t *
I ~~ - ...
-;. ,
we ~ t...:..i~ ~.:,...:. - ..
, ,
Verbal noun, ...s."..,.-.;
Active par ticiple, ..
.... ,J"'W * oJ.r I... is pronounced oJ':"""

85

1 .. ESSON 2

4. Measure V verbs.

a. ~j.....-::. , "to meet someone"

Perfect

Imperfect

Pronoun

he

.'

~~ - _,.

'"

III,

~~- .....

she

",

I_"'~ _ .....

,

they

you, m.

..::...:.1

you, f.

.'

~ .. _-

.. 'JA-; .

..::...:.1

you, pl.

I

1....:.1

,

we'

...;~- ..

,

Active participle, ...;~

Verbal noun,

* ...;j.e.:.t... is pronounced ...;.:,...:....

b. ~~ , "to be honored" Conjugated the same as ...;~ above.

Verbal noun, ~~

Active participle, u~

c. ~, "be so kind as to, please" Conjugated the same as ...;~ above.

Verbal noun, not in use.

Active participle, J _;, j".

86

REFERENCE GRAMMAR

Imperative

,

~ ... .. JA-'

lESSO!-1 2.

REFERENCE GRAMMAR

Prepositions and Pronominal Suffixes

1. ~ and pronominal suffix t have

,

~

. "

~

you have, m.

you have, f.

he has

I, .....

she has

"

4-- - l..a.

we have

you have, pl. they have

.!~ • .#, ..--~

2. ~ and pronominal suffix
(to, on, at) me ~
• ,
you, m. ~
'"
you, f. ~
<II
,
him ,_.u
,I
her ~- t.."..h
, I
us ~
.' , -'" /
you, pl. ,.s-u -~
., ,
them ~-~ 87

LESSON 2 REFERENCE GRAMMAR
3. u-I' and pronominal suffix
to me ~J
. '
to you, m. ~,
J
f. •
to you" ~I
,J
..
to hint &.oJ I
:l
to her 4-JI _ 11
J •
to us L:...J!
.~ .~
to you, pl. jo.S-l~ - vSJI
•
.
to them urJ: - ~.' 88

EVALUATION

Part A
(~!I
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3. 4.

5.

You will hear 8 Syrian sentences. On a separate sheet of paper, write the letter which corresponds to the best translation for each sentences.

Do you know the young man and the teacher? ~~ould you like to JIleet the young man who is with the teacher?

Do you know the young man who is with the teacher? tiere you introduced to the young man who is with the teacher?

Who is sitting next to you?

Is (there) anyone sitting next to you? Did anyone sit next to you?

Can anyone sit next to you?

a. Yes, sit down.

b. No, please sit there.

c. Yes, please have a seat.

d. No, please sit down.

a. Who is the brother?

b. Where is your brother from?

c. Where is your friend from?

d. Where is the brother from?

a. Do you know (Ms.) ~amira?

b. I'd like to introduce you to (~s.) Samira.

c. Would you like to be introduced to (Ms.) Samira?

d. I wanted to introduce you to (Ms.) Samira.

89

LESSON 2

EVALUATION

6.

a. What is your name, sir?

b. Is the professor's name Karim?

c. What is the name of the professor?

d. The professor's name is Karim.

7.

a. Is your professor an American?
b. Excuse me, sir, I'm an American.
c. Excuse me, sir, are you an American?
d. -Excuse me, sir, aren't you an American? 8.

a. If it's possible, I'll drink it.

b. If it's possible, I'd be honored.

c. Possibly, I'd be honored. d.It's possible. I'd be honored.

Part B On a separate sheet of paper, write the Engli.i-; equivalent

~ for each of the following 5 recorded sentences.

Part C

Using SATTS, transcribe the following 5 recorded senters.

90

ENRICHMENT

A. Like other Arabic dialects, Syrian is replete with courtesies. Giving and receiving compliments, which is highly appropriate and an indication of proper upbringing, is a source of pleasure for Arabic speakers. For instance, ......:.JI, "young man" is used interchangeably with several titles: ~I_,> (gentleman), .)t..::-I· (Mr., pr-of e s sor ) ; ~.r (bridegroom), and ~~I (effendi). An introduction elicits responses such as u~ (I'd, or we'd,

be honored); u..".:.J1 L:...l J.--.., (The honor will overtake us); and u~' L:...l~ (The honor will be ours).

B. ~ has three different meanings depending upon the context.

1. ,- .'. , "yes," is a polite and formal answer to a queat.Lon or a response to someone's name being called.

2. ~ , a question by intonation, means "I beg your pardon." The person so addressed is expected to repeat what he has just said.

3. r p'., "What can I do for you," is used when someone

comes to your desk to ask for something.

~ , the SD equivalent of the MSA ~,means "yes." It

is similar to

o~, and

•

91

VOCABULARY

ENGLISH

SYRIAN

MSA

Ali (name)

America

American

American university

anyone

, .»-

Bashir (name)

..

~

colleague

Danny Roberts (name)

excuse me

,~

Faris (name)

friend

from

girl

Hamdan (name)

honored, I'm (we're)

t...:..,j- .-

'.;-

honored, I'll be (we'll be)

~- •...

...,.....-

honor is mine (ours), the ~~, ~,

I

L.:.I

If it's possible. introduce you (to)

.?- 1.J1

Is (are) there? There is (are) A.p.i

Jamil (name)

92